基于改进粒子群算法含双馈风电机组 配网无功优化研究

针对风电机组并网后对配电网无功补偿产生的影响,从双馈风电机组自身的有功、无功输出特性出发,基于场景概率的方法计算风力机组出力情况,以网损最小为目标函数寻求优化求解方法。利用改进粒子群算法来实现系统接入双馈风电机组后的无功优化,在Matlab 2013b软件中构造IEEE33节点模型并利用该算法求解。结果表明,双馈风电机组在参与系统无功优化时具有良好的性能,验证了该改进算法的有效性     

基于解耦安全域的多馈入交直流系统无功补偿装置落点研究

对于弱受端系统的多馈入交直流混联系统,直流子系统输电能力弱,功率调整范围小,快速功率调制时容易使换流母线的电压越限。在提升系统输电能力的措施中,安装无功补偿装置是一种十分有效的手段。为了确定无功补偿装置的最优落点位置,以STATCOM作为无功补偿装置,提出了基于解耦安全域的综合评价因子。该评价因子同时计及了在不同运行状态下,系统的输电能力以及解耦安全域内解的数量留存率等因素及其影响权重。算例分析表明,根据该综合评价因子的大小来确定多馈入交直流混联系统最佳的无功补偿装置落点方案,能够全面评价最优的无功补偿落点方案的优劣。     

同步耦合双馈风机的虚拟惯量优化控制技术

双馈风电机组在同步并网时虚拟出的可控惯性将显著影响电网的动态特性,仍须通过优化控制减少其附加运行风险,充分发挥其控制潜力。该文首先建立引入虚拟同步控制后的双馈风电机组的动态模型,并分析双馈风机与同步发电机之间建立的虚拟同步耦合关系。在此基础上,构建双馈风机同步并网系统的能量函数,基于同步并网耦合关系提出双馈风电机组的变惯量优化控制策略,并借助控制参数对系统稳定性的影响分析,设置虚拟惯量参数范围。最后,搭建双馈风机同步并网系统进行仿真验证,双馈风机的虚拟惯量需要在合理范围内通过变惯量优化才能为并网系统提供可靠的动态稳定支撑。     

基于最小网损的风电场无功优化分配策略

针对含双馈式风电机组的风电场接入系统维持接入点电压稳定性问题,通过分析通辽某风电场的实测数据,分析其无功补偿特点,提出了基于有功最小的无功优化分配策略;构建了以风力发电机、箱式变压器和集电线路有功损耗最小的无功优化分配目标函数,利用等微增率法对其求解;在考虑风电场有功损耗的前提下,充分利用双馈式风电机组无功调节能力,制定了该风电场无功分配方案。仿真结果表明该策略的可行性,对风电系统的经济运行具有一定的参考价值。     

风火打捆外送下风电对电网暂态失步的影响分析

为了研究双馈感应机型风电场对风火打捆外送系统暂态失步特性的影响,利用PSD-BPA仿真平台建立了风电场动态模型及风火打捆外送系统,从风电接入容量、风电无功电压运行方式、不同故障地点及风电场距离并网点位置4个方面仿真分析了风电场对系统失步特性的影响。揭示得到如下的影响规律:风电接入容量越大、风电恒电压运行方式、风电接入距离故障点较远、风电场距离并网点较近对风火打捆送端系统的暂态稳定性更有利。     

基于实测数据的双馈风电场集电线路时域距离保护

基于傅里叶算法的传统距离保护在用于双馈风电场集电线路时,受风电系统故障特性及过渡电阻的影响,会导致保护不能正确动作。提出了不受频率影响且具有抗过渡电阻能力的时域距离保护方法,通过分析双馈风电场发生故障后的短路电流特性,解析推导了离散傅里叶算法提取基频分量及过渡电阻产生的测量阻抗误差表达式,进一步分析了双馈风机短路电流特性对传统距离保护的影响。根据云南某风电场实测录波数据,对风电接入系统故障及风电场传统距离保护在双馈风电场集电线路上的动作特性进行分析,并对集电线路参数进行参数辨识。结果表明,时域距离保护不受风电场侧短路电流特性的影响,提高了集电线路距离保护的动作可靠性。     

大规模集中接入条件下风电涉网特性分析

结合当前新能源迅猛发展的现状,分析了双馈风力发电机组的基本原理,利用simulink模型仿真分析了大规模集中接入条件下风电运行特性及风险,并最终提出了"风机低电压穿越改造"、"开放风电机组无功调节能力"两相项关键措施。仿真结果表明,文中提出的技术措施可为大规模集中接入条件下,风电及电网的安全稳定运行供借鉴。     

双馈风电场VSC-HVDC系统接入弱电网的控制研究

由于大型并网风电场有功功率与无功功率的波动导致风电场并网母线及受端弱电网系统的电压和频率不稳定,提出用电压源换流器高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的电压与频率控制模型控制风电场并网母线的电压和频率。建立风电场经VSC-HVDC并入大电网的电力系统数学模型,详细设计VSC-HVDC的变流器WFVSC(风电场侧变流器)和GSVSC(电网侧变流器)控制环节,在电压和功率外环及电流内环双环控制的基础上,加入频率控制,以解决电网频率发生改变时,双馈变速风机无法对电网提供频率响应的问题。建立相同条件下高压交流(HVAC)并网的模型进行比较,仿真分析风电场风速波动和风电场出口端三相短路故障两种情况下的并网点(PCC)电压与频率变化,仿真结果验证了该控制模型的正确性和有效性。     

孤岛双馈风电场接入LCC-HVDC的黑启动与协同控制策略

提出一种基于新型同步调相机的孤岛双馈风电场接入LCC-HVDC的黑启动与协同控制策略。在LCC-HVDC送端交流母线配置新型同步调相机,利用其强大的无功调节能力稳定送端交流母线电压,以便为风电场中双馈发电机（DFIG）的启动与正常运行提供电压参考并保证LCC-HVDC整流器正常换相;新型同步调相机具备惯量响应能力,可以配合LCC-HVDC整流器来协同控制送端系统有功功率平衡,从而使LCC-HVDC跟踪孤岛风电场实时发出的有功功率进行有功外送。基于PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真验证了所提黑启动与协同控制策略的有效性。     

计及无功补偿的双馈风机低电压穿越技术

为抑制风力发电的间歇性及波动性,需对风电并网系统低电压穿越技术的研究分析。另外,风电并网系统的无功调节性能也是研究的重点及热点。因此,提出一种计及无功补偿的双馈风机低电压穿越控制策略。首先针对传统撬棒的不足,提出了双模式切换的改进撬棒结构,可以减小撬棒投入期间从电网吸收的无功功率,同时更好地抑制转子过电流;其次针对低电压穿越的过程中无功补偿问题,提出了基于STATCOM的动态无功补偿,结合风机自身无功调节能力与改进Crowbar保护电路投切协同控制,促进双馈风电系统LVRT期间风电并网点电压的快速恢复和抑制转子侧过电流,改善双馈风机的低电压穿越性能。通过PSCAD/EMTDC进行仿真验证,结果证明了所提策略的有效性。     

Effect of intermittent voltage source converter faults on the overall performance of wind energy conversion system

The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is interfaced to the AC network through voltage source converters (VSCs) which are considered to be the core of the DFIG system. This paper investigates the impact of different intermittent VSC faults on the overall performance of a DFIG-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The fault ride through capability of the DFIG under various VSC faults is also investigated. Faults such as open circuit and short circuit across the switches, when they occur within the grid side converter (GSC) and rotor side converter (RSC), are considered and compared in this paper. Short circuit and open circuit across the DC-link capacitor are also considered in this study as common VSC problems. Simulation results indicate that the short circuit faults have a severe impact on the overall performance of the DFIG, especially when they occur within the GSC. This is attributed to the fact that the GSC directly regulates the point of common coupling voltage. The open circuit faults have less impact on the performance of the DFIG-based WECS. A proper controller along with flexible AC transmission device should be available to compensate the required active and reactive power during these faults. A protection technique is necessary to detect these faults in advance to protect the VSC switches and the machine winding from any catastrophic failure.     

混合直流输电系统中柔性直流单元的作用和控制优化

常规直流和柔性直流并联构成的混合直流输电系统,可发挥常规直流大功率输电和柔性直流有功/无功快速解耦控制的优势,尤其针对落点极弱交流系统有较好的经济技术性能。结合云南电网与南网主网背靠背异步联网工程实例,分析了混合直流中柔直单元对于系统稳态运行和故障恢复特性的改善作用及效果,并进一步提出了柔直单元的功率优化控制策略。仿真分析结果表明,柔直单元对于合理配置无功小组、提高弱系统强度、改善故障后常规直流恢复特性效果明显,验证了功率优化控制策略的有效性。     

Engineering practices for the integration of large-scale renewable energy VSC-HVDC systems

With the continuous development of power electronic devices, intelligent control systems, and other technologies, the voltage level and transmission capacity of voltage source converter (VSC)-high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology will continue to increase, while the system losses and costs will gradually decrease. Therefore, it can be foreseen that VSC-HVDC transmission technology will be more widely applied in future large-scale renewable energy development projects. Adopting VSC-HVDC transmission technology can be used to overcome issues encountered by large-scale renewable energy transmission and integration projects, such as a weak local power grid, lack of support for synchronous power supply, and insufficient accommodation capacity. However, this solution also faces many technical challenges because of the differences between renewable energy and traditional synchronous power generation systems. Based on actual engineering practices that are used worldwide, this article analyzes the technical challenges encountered by integrating large-scale renewable energy systems that adopt the use of VSC-HVDC technology, while aiming to provide support for future research and engineering projects related to VSC-HVDC-based large-scale renewable energy integration projects.     

Effect of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator on Stability of a Weak Grid

In this paper, we illustrate the effect of adding a hypothetical 100-MW doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind power plant to a weak transmission system. The effects of various wind plant load factors (100, 60 and 25% of nameplate rating) are investigated. System performance is compared to a 100-MW conventional synchronous generator interconnected at the same location. The conventional generator is installed some distance away. The simulations demonstrated that DFIG generators provide a good damping performance under these conditions. These results support the conclusion that modern wind power plants, equipped with power electronics and low-voltage ride-through capability, can be interconnected to weak power grids without reducing stability. To conduct the studies, we selected an area of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council power system that is electrically far from major generation centers and is weakly connected to the bulk transmission system. The area contains large motor loads. We observed the dynamic response of large motors in the vicinity, especially their ability to ride through fault events. The studies were conducted using positive sequence phasor time-domain analysis     

Fault ride-through capability of DFIG wind turbines

This paper concentrates on the fault ride-through capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. The main attention in the paper is, therefore, drawn to the control of the DFIG wind turbine and of its power converter and to the ability to protect itself without disconnection during grid faults. The paper provides also an overview on the interaction between variable-speed DFIG wind turbines and the power system subjected to disturbances, such as short circuit faults. The dynamic model of DFIG wind turbine includes models for both mechanical components as well as for all electrical components, controllers and for the protection device of DFIG necessary during grid faults. The viewpoint of the paper is to carry out different simulations to provide insight and understanding of the grid fault impact on both DFIG wind turbines and on the power system itself. The dynamic behaviour of DFIG wind turbines during grid faults is simulated and assessed by using a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The data for the wind turbines are not linked to a specific manufacturer, but are representative for the turbine and generator type used in variable-speed DFIG wind turbines with pitch control.     

VSC-based direct torque and reactive power control of doubly fed induction generator

This paper proposes a novel direct torque and reactive power control (DTC) for grid-connected doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) in the wind power generation applications. The proposed DTC strategy employs a variable structure control (VSC) scheme to calculate the required rotor control voltage directly and to eliminate the instantaneous errors of active and reactive powers without involving any synchronous coordinate transformations, which essentially enhances the transient performance. Constant switching frequency is achieved as well by using space vector modulation (SVM), which eases the designs of power converter and ac harmonic filters. Simulated results on a 2 MW grid-connected DFIG system are presented and compared with those of the classic voltage-oriented vector control (VC) and traditional look-up-table (LUT) direct power control (DPC). The proposed VSC DTC maintains enhanced transient performance similar to the LUT DPC and keeps the steady-state harmonic spectra at the identical level as the VC strategy when the network is strictly balanced. Besides, the VSC DTC strategy is capable of fully eliminating the double-frequency pulsations in both the electromagnetic torque and the stator reactive power during network voltage unbalance.     

Short‐circuit analysis of a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine with direct current chopper protection

Modern doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines can ride through a symmetrical fault in the network by using a chopper protection on the direct current (DC) link without triggering a crowbar protection. A novel method to model the DC link system of such wind turbines as an equivalent resistance during symmetrical faults is presented in this paper. The method allows looking at the DFIG with chopper protection as to one with an equivalent crowbar protection and, hence, to apply to the former type of DFIG short‐circuit calculation methods developed for a DFIG with crowbar protection. This may be a valid help in short‐circuit calculations, for example, for protection settings. It also allows simulating for short‐circuit studies a DFIG with chopper protection, often not available in a standard power system simulation software, by using an equivalent DFIG with crowbar protection, which is a standard model in power system simulation software. The results for the short‐circuit current obtained through the proposed method are compared with simulations of a detailed model of a DFIG with chopper protection under different conditions, which showed good agreement. It is also shown that the DFIG with chopper protection delivers lower short‐circuit current than a DFIG with standard crowbar protection, especially for low initial loading. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光伏电网电压不平衡及跌落补偿控制系统的设计

鉴于非线性冲击负载的影响,光伏电网母线出现电压跌落大、电压不平衡问题。提出一种基于三相VSC的超导储能技术前馈线性化控制方法。利用三相VSC变流器构建数学模型,如果简单地以交轴电流和直流电压来构建控制系统,物理上很难实现。所以文中以直轴和交轴电流来实现电流闭环控制,并在直轴电流环前置电压调节器实现了直流电压的前馈闭环控制。从而推导出三相VSC变流器的逆系统．并构造出伪线性系统。考虑建模误差、系统的快速反应和增强鲁棒性,采用内环PI控制器对伪线性系统进行综合。实现了交轴电流分量和直流电压的解耦,对该闭环控制系统计算机仿真的效果良好。     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

Doubly fed induction generator model for transient stability analysis

This paper proposes a model of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) suitable for transient stability studies. The main assumption adopted in the model is that the current control loops, which are much faster than the electromechanic transients under study, do not have a significant influence on the transient stability of the power system and may be considered instantaneous. The proposed DFIG model is a set of algebraic equations which are solved using an iterative procedure. A method is also proposed to calculate the DFIG initial conditions. A detailed variable-speed windmill model has been developed using the proposed DFIG model. This windmill model has been integrated in a transient stability simulation program in order to demonstrate its feasibility. Several simulations have been performed using a base case which includes a small grid, a wind farm represented by a single windmill, and different operation points. The evolution of several electric variables during the simulations is shown and discussed.