Living concrete with self-healing function on cracks attributed to inclusion of microorganisms: Theory,technology and engineering applications—A review

Concrete is the most widely used composite material in civil engineering. Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a green and environmental friendly technology, which has received extensive attention in repair of concrete cracks. This paper introduces the research progress in Southeast University research in past 16 years. In the early stage, MICP technology of urea hydrolyzed by Bacillus pasteurii was mainly investigated to repair the surface cracks and to fill large-size cracks with grouting. However, aiming at the hidden cracks that were difficult for human intervention, a new mineralization route of Bacillus mucilaginosus was proposed, which could repair faster than Bacillus alcalophilus, and the problem of ammonia emission in the repair process of Bacillus pasteurii was also solved. In addition, in order to improve the protection of bacteria and the self-healing efficiency of the later age cracks, the methods of fiber immobilization, carrier uniformly immobilization and core-shell structural immobilization had been compared and studied. The results showed that core-shell structural immobilization had good protection ability and strong designability. What’s more, the paper also summarized the characteristics of spore germination, cell activity, nucleation and biological calcium carbonate in crack zone, and introduced the application experience of microbial self-healing concrete in water conservancy projects and subway stations.

     

自修复混凝土中玻璃纤维管最佳掺量的确定

在混凝土中埋入含有修复剂的中空玻璃纤维管,形成自愈合系统。纤维管的掺量直接影响到修复效果,掺加量太少不能把产生的裂缝完全修复,太多则会影响到混凝土材料的宏观性能。通过在混凝土中掺入不同体积率的中空玻璃纤维管和空白混凝土对比试验,观察对混凝土试件抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度所造成的影响,确定出中空玻璃纤维管在混凝土中的最佳掺量。     

不同形式生物液加固砂土试验及机理分析

为研究用新鲜培养基重悬巴氏球菌菌体(RF)对砂土加固效果是否有促进作用及其作用机理,通过一系列溶液及砂柱试验对比分析4种不同形式生物液的尿素水解、诱导生成碳酸钙(MICP)及砂土加固能力.结果表明:培养完成后未经任何处理的原菌液(US)的尿素水解及MICP能力主要来源于菌体内脲酶,另一部分源于菌体裂解释放的游离脲酶;高菌液浓度时,用新鲜培养基重悬菌体可一定程度促进菌液中菌体的MICP能力,但由于RF制备时移除上清液(SS),造成脲酶损失,导致RF的总体MICP能力与原菌液基本相同;经原菌液加固的砂柱具有更高的抗剪强度及碳酸钙产量, 且原菌液中上清液和菌体的共存使砂颗粒间产生的胶结接触更有效.相比RF,原菌液兼顾简便、经济及高效性,因此,在MICP处理需快速加固的地基问题时原菌液应被优先选用.     

Numerical simulation on moisture transport in cracked cement-based materials in view of self-healing of crack

The moisture transport in cracked cement-based materials was investigated with priority by numerical simulation. The cracked cement-basis material was treated as two components system, including the cracks and cementitious mortar. The mass balance between the water in the cracks and in the cement mortar was considered. From the modeling results, it was seen that the water or vapor filled the crack immediately when the cracked cementitious mortar was put into contact with the water or vapor. The water/vapor penetrates into the mortar from the crack surfaces, as well as the external surface exposed in the outside condition. The existence of cracks increases the penetration of water/vapor into the cementitious mortar. As the basis for studying the self-healing in cracked concrete, the simulation on moisture transport provided important information about the water distribution and movement inside the cracked concrete.     

Self-Healing Concrete with Crystalline Admixture——A Review

The scope of the present paper is to understand the effects of crystalline admixture on the selfhealing capacity of the cementitious composites. Previous studies were examined and a conclusion was drawn to the effect that different additives to crystalline admixture tend to improve self-healing of concrete for larger cracks. It is recommended that initial treatment with chemical admixture can stimulate and heal further cracks and it has the better repeatability trend in mixing with the concretes and mechanical recovery is possible even under repetitive preloading. Effective self-healing with chemical admixtures even under open-air exposure, leads to study the importance of a service ability design parameter including the maximum allowable crack width by repeatability analysis as a function of the exposure with the concept of sealable crack width.     

Characteristics of Soybean Urease Mineralized Calcium Carbonate and Repair of Concrete Surface Damage

The C60 concrete blocks with surface crack damage under high temperature environment were soaked by adding appropriate amount of soybean urease into the CO(NH₂)₂-CaCl₂ solution,the soybean urease mineralized calcium carbonate were characterized,and the effect of repairing concrete surface crack damage were evaluated by the surface sedimentation of C60 concrete blocks in the study.The experimental results showed that the activity of soybean powder was statistically significant,and its productivity of urease was comparable with that of urease-producing bacteria.After immersion in a soybean solution,a layer of complete and continuous white sediment covered the concrete surface.The cracks on the concrete surface were completely shielded,and the rising temperature on infrared thermal image of the concrete after repair was lower than before.Besides,through analysis by SEM,EDS,and XRD,the products formed after repair were found to be calcite-type CaCO₃ with high purity,and the crystals exhibited different morphological features.The above results indicate that soybean urease can regulate and induce the formation of calcium carbonate,and the precipitate is innocuous and harmless,suitable for a new type of concrete crack repair material.     

Distribution of calcium carbonate in the process of concrete self-healing

The complete deposition distribution process of calcium carbonate is summarized in three directions of cracks. Distribution of calcium carbonate in the self-healing process of microbial concrete is studied in detail, with the help of a variety of analytical techniques. The results show that carbonate deposits along the x-axis direction of the cracks. The farther from the crack surfaces of concrete matrix in x-axis direction, the more the content of the substrate, the less content of calcium carbonate. Gradual accumulation of calcium carbonate along the y-axis direction is like building a house with bricks. Different repair points are gradually connected, and ultimately the whole of cracks are completely filled. In the z-axis direction, calcium deposits on the surface of fracture direction, when the crack is filled on the surface, because the internal crack hypoxia in the depths of cracks hardly produces calcium carbonate.     

基于泊松噪声-双边滤波算法的桥梁裂缝修补痕迹图像分割方法

裂缝作为混凝土桥梁的主要病害大量存在,部分裂缝修补后会二次开裂,在病害智能识别中,裂缝修补痕迹易与混凝土剥落等缺陷混淆,因此,裂缝修补痕迹的准确识别不仅是二次裂缝准确识别的基础,也是混凝土桥梁整体病害识别的重要环节。为了获取边缘清晰连续的裂缝修补痕迹,先对裂缝修补痕迹的图像添加泊松噪声,再利用双边滤波对添加的噪声及原有噪声进行平滑。然后用Otsu算法对裂缝修补痕迹进行图像分割,并使用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）评价滤波效果,使用运行时间和最大连续可用内存块（LCFB）使用情况评价分割效果。最后以河南省某高速公路桥梁历年定检中的裂缝修补痕迹图像为例,对方法进行实际验证。结果显示：经过泊松噪声-双边滤波算法处理后,裂缝修补痕迹图像PSNR值最高约35.090 1 dB,SSIM值可达约0.880 1,说明添加泊松噪声可改善图像质量并优化双边滤波效果;经过Otsu算法进行图像分割的运行时间比其他方法约短25%～50%,LCFB比其他方法约提高0.25%;经过处理的裂缝修补痕迹图像达到理想预期效果,验证了提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

钢筋混凝土梁新旧裂缝综合修补技术研究

混凝土结构裂缝几乎是不可避免的,但大部分裂缝都可以通过修补使混凝土结构物恢复原有功能.为了提高混凝土结构的耐久性,增强混凝土结构的使用功能,可以对混凝土结构构件中出现的裂缝进行修复.本研究提出了新旧裂缝综合修补技术,采用玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆结合灌浆法对混凝土梁进行裂缝修补试验研究,结果发现,这种综合修补方法可以使新补混凝...     

生蚝壳作为微生物固化砂土钙源的试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation,MICP）是一种新兴的环保地基加固技术,使用该技术需消耗大量化学分析级试剂,如尿素、钙盐等,对环境等造成一定的不良影响。基于利用废弃资源的理念,选取厨余垃圾生蚝壳作为MICP固化砂土钙源,并与用硝酸钙、氯化钙作为钙源进行对比。通过无侧限抗压强度试验、渗透试验、碳酸钙质量分数测试、干密度试验和扫描电镜试验（SEM）等探讨该方法的可行性。试验结果表明,以生蚝壳为钙源的MICP固化砂柱的平均孔径最大,但其表观孔隙率最低,无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数、碳酸钙质量分数、干密度等物理力学指标均优于化学钙。SEM试验结果显示,不同钙源固化砂柱砂颗粒表面均有碳酸钙沉淀生成,生蚝壳钙源获得的碳酸钙沉淀晶体形态是表面比较粗糙,伴有微小孔隙的球体形态;硝酸钙获得的碳酸钙沉淀是介于球状和棱柱体之间的多棱角的簇状;氯化钙获得的碳酸钙沉淀呈现颗粒相互交错堆积的簇状。     

智能型混凝土修补材料体系研究进展

智能型混凝土修补材料,是指能够自动识别混凝土微裂纹等结构缺陷并自动激发本身的修补物质对混凝土的裂纹等缺陷产生修补作用,从而恢复或提高混凝土的强度与使用寿命的一类修补材料。这种智能化的修补方式使得该类修补材料具有良好的开发、应用前景。本文介绍了近年来该类别修补材料的研究状况。并详细介绍了水泥基渗透结晶型智能修补材料和自修补智能混凝土体系的修补机理,使用与研究发展状况。     

钢筋混凝土水池壁板贯通裂缝自愈合及渗漏试验研究

为了研究贯通裂缝的自愈合及渗漏特性,通过在水池壁板贯通裂缝上施加不同高度的恒水头,测试贯通裂缝自愈合能力,同时测试水头下降时通过贯通裂缝水的渗漏率.试验结果表明:通过混凝土贯通裂缝的水有流速时,贯通裂缝依然会发生自愈合;通过贯通裂缝液体渗漏率随水头高度的下降基本呈线性关系.     

Healing effectiveness of cracks rehabilitation in reinforced concrete using electrodeposition method

An electrodeposition method and its experimental device for rehabilitation of cracks in reinforced concrete were proposed. Porous concrete is proposed to simulate cracked concrete, and mass increment, permeation coefficient and sound velocity of ultrasonic wave were used to be evaluating indicators of healing effectiveness of crack rehabilitation in this method. Effect of currency density, concentration of electrolyte solution on healing effectiveness of porous reinforced concretes with different total void ratio was studied. The experimental results indicate that the simulation of porous concrete for cracks can reflect the healing effectiveness of electrodeposition method effectively, Total void ratio of porous concrete has little effect on healing effectiveness of electrodeposition at early ages. The higher the currency density or concentration of electrolyte solution is, the higher the electrodeposition rate and sound velocity in porous concrete are, and the lower the permeation coefficient of porous concrete will be. Mg（OH）2 crystals produced in high current density are large, thin sheet-shaped and arranged loosely.     

Mimic-biology research on self-recovering mechanism of cavity-type crack

Modeling method was used to research the recovering law of inner cavity-type cracks during the processes of high-temperature plastic deformation. It was found that the self-recovering of cavity-type fault was similar to the self-healing of wound of skin and fracture. The self-recovering process of cavity-type fault was investigated according to the rule of self-healing of wound in human body. The recrystallization mechanism of self-recovering of cavity-type fault was discovered. A new method is presented to study the self-recovering mechanism of cavity-type cracks.     

Self-healing of cracks in concrete with various crystalline mineral additives in underground environment

Cracks can deteriorate mechanical properties and/or durability of concrete. A few studies have shown that, cracks can autogenously heal under a certain conditions besides the traditional passive repair with a deliberate external intervention. For underground concrete structures, the presence of water, as a necessity for chemical reactions of the healing additives, is beneficial to healing concrete. In this paper, a natural healing method by mineral additives was developed according to the chemical and physical characteristics of underground environment. The healing capacity of three different crystalline mineral materials classified namely, carbonate, calcium sulphoaluminate expansive agent and natural metakaolin due to permeation- crystallization, expansion and pozzolanic reaction, has been assessed from the mechanical properties, referring to the relative elastic modulus, the strength restoration, and the water permeability of the healed specimens. In addition, the morphology of the healing products in the vicinity of the crack was observed. The results indicate that the specimens incorporated with the three mineral additives show different healing capacity according to the improved mechanical properties and permeability. The permeability of the host matrix decreased a lot after crack healing by natural metakaolin followed by carbonate whereas no noticeable improvement of water permeability has been observed for the specimens mixed with expansive agent. The specimens incorporated with carbonate show the best mechanical restoration in terms of relative elastic modulus and compressive strength. Although the dominate element is CaCO3 by reaction of CO32-, either from the dissolved CO2 or from the additives, and Ca2＋ in the cementitious system to fill the cracks, the healing capacity depends greatly on the morphology and the properties of the newly formed products.     

常见混凝土裂缝的成因及修复措施

混凝土裂缝是混凝土工程施工中较常出现的质量问题.针对混凝土裂缝问题,分析了几种常见混凝土裂缝的形成原因,总结出数种行之有效的修复措施,为今后在施工过程中混凝土裂缝的预防、控制和修复提供了一定的帮助和参考.     

混凝土构造物外观质量病害分析

主要针对混凝土构造物外观颜色的形成原因、主要影响因素和混凝土温度裂缝的种类、外部表现以及产生的原因进行浅要的分析与阐述．并从原材料质量、施工工艺、施工工序、施工措施、合理利用外加剂、外部环境约束条件等方面,以及混凝土在浇筑、养护、拆模等细部环节上给出相应的防治与控制措施,达到比较反映混凝土基色的混凝土构件良好的外观质量,即经济又美观而且耐久．     

混凝土早期受荷对后期强度影响的研究

应力加载的历史,应在混凝土龄期处于相对较长的时期,要避免过早受荷,早期微裂缝的出现和开展对混凝土的后期工作性能不利,是耐久性的重要隐患。通过自行设计的持荷试验装置,分别研究了C30和C50混凝土在标准养护3d和5d,持续加载至28d后强度的变化,得出混凝土的自愈能力导致早龄期受荷对后期强度影响不大的结论。     

地下水浮力对地下建筑结构安全的影响

为研究地下水浮力对地下建筑结构产生的损伤特征和机理,通过一典型工程实例的结构变形和裂缝原因分析,并结合有限元程序对结构变形和变形后刚度变化的模拟计算,对地下水浮力作用下造成的结构变形机理,混凝土梁、柱、墙裂缝特征,以及对结构安全的影响进行研究。研究结果表明：当地下水浮力超出地下建筑自身重量,地下建筑在浮力作用下产生隆起变形和整体上移的趋势,而在周边挡墙处该上移趋势受土体约束,致使各柱、墙竖向变形不一致,导致结构构件开裂甚至局部破坏。损伤后的结构刚度大大降低。结构的总体损伤程度与平面尺寸相关,并受平面短边尺寸的控制,且结构构件损伤呈现周边大于中部的特征。     

防射线大体积混凝土施工的防裂措施

国内大型医院的放射操作室常设计为大体积混凝土，利用混凝土本身的厚度、密实度及质量来防放射线的穿透。但大体积混凝土施工中常会产生施工裂缝，以致降低了它防放射作用的效果。为了防止大体积混凝土施工出现裂缝，除了采取调整混凝土配合比设计、施工模板结构设计、支撑体系设计等技术措施外，还需要对大体积混凝土底板、墙体和顶板处采用技术保温措施。现结合某工程施工实例，将混凝土内外温差控制在25℃以内能有效防止裂缝出现，从而确保了混凝土的施工质量，达到了大体积混凝土防射线的效果。