基于凝结物覆盖率的露点仪自适应PID温控算法

在露点仪的测量过程中,露点温度是由控制器经过二阶振荡逼近得到的。但是在整个露点测量范围内,水汽凝结速度会有20000倍的差别,固定的控制参数并不适用于整个露点测量范围,会使露点仪的响应速度以及稳定性不理想。为了提高露点仪在整个露点测量范围内的测量速度以及系统测量的稳定性,提出了基于镜面凝结物覆盖率的自适应调整参数的温度控制算法。设定与凝结物覆盖率和镜面温度有关的反馈参数,根据反馈参数的变化来触发PID控制。另一方面,镜面凝结图像的熵值在有无凝结物时会有相当明显的差异。设定图像结露熵值作为阈值,将实时熵值与熵值阈值之差作为PID控制算法的输入,实现控制参数的自适应调节。结果表明,测量速度有了较大提高,同时兼顾了系统稳定而振荡小的特点。     

MEMS扫描镜温度可靠性测试

温度是MEMS扫描镜的一个重要失效因素。研究温度对MEMS扫描镜振幅的影响,再通过温度冲击试验和高低温存储试验测试温度对MEMS扫描镜可靠性的影响,分析扫描镜在试验中是否失效和失效的原因。试验结果表明:高温对MEMS扫描镜外框架和镜面振幅无影响,低温对MEMS扫描镜外框架振幅影响较大,增幅达12.3%,对镜面振幅无影响;低温存储由于水汽凝结会导致MEMS扫描镜失效,高温存储对MEMS扫描镜可靠性无影响。     

基于镜面成像技术的三维立体视觉测量与重构综述

利用镜面成像技术获取被测物体或场景的三维信息得到研究者越来越多的关注。光线与平面镜或曲面镜交互时产生镜面成像。平面镜的反射属性可以改善视觉效果,基于光路射线展开过程可应用于不同的平面镜成像系统,采用光路展开替代镜面交互应用于三维场景,得到虚拟三维空间,平面镜成像使得复杂的射线交互可以用一种虚拟的方式可视化,且坐标系统的变化容易跟踪。曲面镜成像通常不具有透视投影属性,根据曲面的曲率来改变空间显示。曲面镜常常导致折反射,故针对不同的三维立体视觉测量及重构需设计相应的几何恢复算法。从计算机图形学和计算机视觉的角度,分析了镜面成像的基本原理,对近年来较典型的基于镜面成像技术的三维测量与重构方法及最新研究进展进行综述。     

单-双镜面组合结构的全向深度获取系统

为避免成像系统对于单视点约束的要求,提高场景深度获取的准确性和灵活性,设计了一个由单透视相机、双抛物反射镜面同轴放置所构成的非单视点全向深度获取系统.首先分析了实现单视点约束存在的困难及基于非单视点成像系统获取深度的可行性;然后提出了在双镜面全向成像和单镜面全向成像2种不同方式下的深度计算方法;最后通过误差分析研究了镜面面型、基线距离及空间点位置对深度恢复结果的影响,并由此优化系统配置参数,使深度估计的总体误差保持在2%以内.该系统不仅可基于双反射镜面全向立体成像恢复水平方向360°的场景深度,也可仅利用单反射镜面全向成像获取空间线特征的三维信息.实验结果表明,文中系统具有较高的准确度,可用于不同精细程度需求下的摄影测量、三维重建、机器人导航等场合.     

基于CT的含水合物沉积物电阻率测量系统设计与开发

为满足从微观尺度研究沉积物孔隙中水合物分布对电阻率响应特性影响的需求,设计开发了基于CT的含水合物沉积物电阻率测量系统,包括天然气水合物实验模拟部分、电阻率测量部分和CT扫描部分,实现了水合物原位生成过程中电阻率和CT扫描图像的同时监测。通过开展甲烷水合物生成实验,验证了系统的可用性。实验结果表明：（1）电阻率随通过CT图像计算的水合物饱和度呈指数规律上升;（2）水合物饱和度为17.13%~30.72%时,阿尔奇公式中饱和度指数在1.57至2.48之间。所开发的测量系统为进一步开展不同环境条件下水合物生成分解实验提供了技术保障,为研究水合物微观分布对电阻率的影响以及优化水合物饱和度计算模型提供了数据支撑。     

基于L1范数的全变分正则化超分辨重构算法

针对结构化照明显微成像系统的超分辨图像重构算法存在边界振铃效应、噪声免疫性差的问题,提出了一种基于L1范数的全变分正则化超分辨图像重构算法（简称L1/TV重构算法）。从结构化显微成像模型入手,分析了传统算法的设计原理和局限性;论述了L1/TV重构算法的原理,采用L1范数对重构图像保真度进行约束,并利用全变分正则化有效克服了重构过程的病态性,保护了重构图像边缘。对比研究传统重构算法和L1/TV重构算法的性能。实验结果表明：L1/TV重构算法具有更强的抗噪声干扰能力,重构图像空间分辨率更高。     

缺陷交互作用对陶瓷半导体导电性能的影响

本文借助于缺陷化学反应过程，分析了陶瓷半导体内缺陷间的交互作用，得到了陶瓷半导体实验研究的三个重要启示：（1）强还原（或氧化）或施主（或受主）掺杂对同一样品不能同时起到最佳效果；（2）本征原子空位对施主或受主的补偿导致电导率的非线性增长；（3）缺陷的缔合降低了半导化杂质的有效浓度，从而使电导性能发生异常变化。     

含盐量对土壤的水汽吸附及土壤水能量状态的影响

以甘肃景电灌区盐化土壤为对象用水汽平衡吸附法就盐分对土壤的水汽吸附和土壤水能量状态的影响进行了研究 .结果表明盐分显著增加了土壤水汽吸附量 ,水汽饱和度为 98%的情况下 ,含盐量为 1 0 .772 g/kg和 1 2 .887g/kg的两个土壤的水汽吸附量分别达到了 1 9.4 5 %和 2 5 .34 % .水汽饱和度大于65 %左右时水汽吸附有一个明显的转折点 ,.水汽饱和度大于 65 %时水汽吸附量主要受含盐量影响 ,而当饱和度小于 65 %时则主要受物理性粘粒含量的影响 .盐分非常显著地降低了土壤的水势 ,可以用盐化土样的水势与脱盐处理土样的水势估算盐化土样的渗透势 .估算结果表明在低水势段以及在相当大含水量范围内盐化土壤因盐分浓度所产生的渗透势的绝对值远大于基质势的绝对值     

基于正弦调制的激光平面测量系统的研究

针对高精度的大平面测量,构建了一种基于正弦调制的激光平面测量系统。该系统以激光器（LD）为光源,位置敏感探测器（PSD）为光电探测器,通过柱面透镜扩束获得测量基准平面一激光平面。分析了影响系统测量精度的主要因素,提出采用光源正弦调制的方法,以提高测量系统的抗干扰能力。实验结果表明：该系统具有较高的测量精度和输出稳定性。     

融合深度学习和凸优化迭代求解策略的逆合成孔径雷达成像方法

目的 针对基于压缩感知（CS）的逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）成像方法的成像质量和应用一直受到目标场景稀疏性好坏和迭代重建耗时长限制的问题,提出一种基于交替方向乘子法网络（ADMMN）的ISAR成像方法。方法 根据交替方向乘子法（ADMM）求解稀疏假设下CS ISAR成像模型时采取的分裂变量的策略,将凸优化迭代求解过程映射到一个多级的深度神经网络,构建出ADMMN。ADMMN通过训练学习欠采样的ISAR测量数据与高质量目标图像之间的映射关系,借此实现ISAR欠采样数据成像。结果 实验采用仿真卫星数据和实测飞机数据,两种数据的采样率分别为25%和10%。实验结果表明,相较于典型的CS ISAR正交匹配追踪（OMP）成像方法和贪婪卡尔曼滤波（GKF）成像方法,ADMMN成像方法能够更准确地重建目标区域散射点,在虚警（FA）、漏检（MD）和相对均方根误差（RRMSE）等成像质量评估指标上均有改善。在卫星数据成像实验中,相比于OMP和GKF,ADMMN在RRMSE指标上分别降低了49.8%和26.5%。在飞机数据成像实验中,相比于OMP和GKF,ADMMN在RRMSE指标上分别降低了68.7%和74.9%。此外,在验证ADMMN先验信息依赖性的实验中,分别采用卫星训练数据和飞机训练数据训练好的两种ADMMN,都能够对10%的飞机目标测量数据成像。结论 融合深度学习和凸优化迭代求解策略的ADMMN ISAR成像方法能够使用非常少的数据获得高质量的成像结果,且成像效率高。     

Dew point measurement for organic vapor mixture using a quartz crystal sensor

A dew point measurement device for organic vapor mixtures using a quartz crystal sensor was proposed, and its performance was examined with acetone–methanol mixtures. The device has a sensor module to accommodate the quartz crystal sensor and a cooling system. The variation in resonant frequency of the sensor indicates the condensation of sample vapor, which tells the beginning moment of condensation, i.e., dew point. The measurement results with the proposed device were compared with the predicted dew points from the UNIQUAC equation and other experimental outcome to examine the performance of the device. Though some measurement error was yielded, it is proved that the proposed device is useful for measuring the dew points of organic vapors at different pressures.     

Microscopic verification of sensitive circuits of a quartz resonator applied in dew point recognition

This paper is aimed to carry out experimental verification of sensitive circuits of a quartz resonator applied in dew point recognition and it is proven at a microscopic level to be feasible in dew point recognition with great reliability and accuracy by using the high speed video. The sensor based on the sensitive circuits of a quartz resonator is composed of a quartz crystal and a Peltier module. Proactive approach is taken to produce condensation on the surface of the quartz crystal. The electrical parameters of the quartz crystal is changed due to dew condensation and then the resonant circuit stops oscillating. Initially, it needs to analyze the oscillation circuit and electrical characteristics of the quartz crystal, and then take photos of the surface of quartz electrodes with the high speed camera and microscope. Gray statistics is made for images of dew formation in its whole process. When the statistical results are analyzed in comparison to oscillation of the circuit, it shows that the time of the circuit oscillation stopping is roughly consistent with the time when moisture condensation occurs on the surface of the quartz electrode. And the time error of the two phenomena is less than 0.5 s, which is much less than response time of the platinum resistance sensor to the temperature. Furthermore, the results provide a strong theoretical basis for further measurement of the dew point temperature by this recognition method.     

Dew point and relative humidity measurement using a quartz resonant sensor

A new dew point measurement device for humidity measurement in high temperature environment using a quartz crystal sensor was proposed. Combined with Peltier module and quartz crystal, active condensation occurs in the quartz surface to change the mass on the surface of quartz crystal, and use the shift of its resonant frequency identify the time of condensation. This quartz sensor does not require any absorbent material, and it is directly stuck on the Peltier element. The sensor system can also be achieved relative humidity measurement based on dew point and ambient-temperature measuring. It can operate in the range of dew point temperature from 50 to ?30 °C, and in the range of relative humidity from 1 to 90 % RH. The measured dew points values and relative humidity values showed very good agreement with reference values and were within ±0.3 °C, 1 % RH, respectively over the whole temperature range.     

露点仪自动检定系统的开发与设计

基于机器视觉原理和参数自整定的模糊PID控制理论,设计开发了一种新型的露点仪自动检定系统,解决了传统的露点仪检定系统数据量多、误差大、露点温度检定点难以控制、工作效率低等问题。该系统采用模糊PID调节器实现露点发生器露点温度固定点的自动控制,通过机器视觉装置实现了标准露点仪和被检露点仪的数据的自动采集和处理;同时开发了上位机数据处理与管理系统软件,实现人机交互和数据管理,自动采集与处理、自动存储及检定判定,自动生成原始记录和证书等功能。测试结果验证表明,该系统运行可靠,检定精度能够达到要求。该系统采用模块化设计,具备良好的灵活性、可靠性和可扩展性,可根据实际检定需求进行修改或扩展,大大提高了露点仪检定的精确性和工作效率。     

氧化铝薄膜式湿度仪的在线应用

通过对氧化铝薄膜式湿度仪工作原理的介绍，分析了此类湿度仪的良好性能，并比较了压力露点与常压露点的数值差异。针对宝钢冷轧厂能源车间的在线实际应用，较详细地分析了影响湿度测量的两种取样装置结构及其用途，以及介质的工作压力温度和响应时间对测量结果影响的剖析。该湿度仪可及时准确地测量湿度值，对使用在线氧化铝膜湿度仪的用户有所启发。     

Relating the X-band opacity of a tropical tree canopy to sapflow, rain interception and dew formation

During summer and autumn 2007, a 11 GHz microwave radiometer was deployed in an experimental tree plantation in Sardinilla, Panama. The opacity of the tree canopy was derived from incoming brightness temperatures received on the ground. A collocated eddy-covariance flux tower measured water vapor fluxes and meteorological variables above the canopy. In addition, xylem sapflow of trees was measured within the flux tower footprint. We observed considerable diurnal differences between measured canopy opacities and modeled theoretical opacities that were closely linked to xylem sapflow. It is speculated that dielectric changes in the leaves induced by the sapflow are causing the observed diurnal changes. In addition, canopy intercepted rain and dew formation also modulated the diurnal opacity cycle. With an enhanced canopy opacity model accounting for water deposited on the leaves, we quantified the influence of canopy stored water (i.e. intercepted water and dew) on the opacity. A time series of dew formation and rain interception was directly monitored during a period of two weeks. We found that during light rainfall up to 60% of the rain amount is intercepted by the canopy whereas during periods of intense rainfall only 4% were intercepted. On average, 0.17 mm of dew was formed during the night. Dew evaporation contributed 5% to the total water vapor flux measured above the canopy.     

管道中涡轮流量计流动噪声的测量分析

涡轮流量计是测量管道中流体流量的常用仪器,但其测量过程中会产生附加噪声,影响管道系统中流体机械流动噪声的测量研究。在离心泵流动噪声试验系统上对涡轮流量计测量过程中产生的附加噪声进行了测量分析,搞清了其声学特性及其对流体机械流动噪声测量的影响,提出了在流体机械流动噪声测量过程中消除涡轮流量计流动噪声的方法。     

大口径光学组件面形检测系统研究

利用角差法原理设计了一种集高精度测角仪与五棱镜于一体的面形检测系统,实现了大口径平面镜不同姿态下的面形测试。系统主要由光学系统、三维运动平台、图像处理系统和面形数据绘制与管理等组成,突破常规以大测大的高成本检测方法。实验结果表明,水平方向上的均方根误差(RMS)为0.03μm,垂直方向上的RMS为0.07μm,全面形的RMS为0.06μm,能满足检测需要。     

基于显微视觉的微小型零件跟踪系统

微装配过程中的运动目标跟踪是一个新兴的研究方向。构建了一个由CCD相机、显微镜头、电控云台和图像处理模块组建的、针对微小型零件的显微视觉跟踪系统。为克服显微视场范围小的局限性,提出一种基于SIFT特征点的模板匹配和Kalman预测相结合的跟踪算法,通过Kalman预测实现在局部范围内的模板匹配,利用SIFT特征对模板匹配的结果进行校正和更新。实验结果表明：提出的跟踪算法能得到稳定的目标局部特征,并准确地跟踪到目标,对亮度变化、成像模糊等影响因素有较强的适应能力。     

Development of local ambient gas control technologies for atmospheric MEMS process

This paper reports a local ambient gas control technology for atmospheric MEMS processes, especially plasma processes, using a new local ambient gas control head. First, the local ambient gas control with this head was investigated by a computational fluid dynamics code. After confirmation of the safe evacuation and the feasible cleanness level, which is comparable to the impurity level in semiconductor grade gas (below 10 ppm), a prototype apparatus was fabricated based on the simulation results. Measuring gas distribution by a gas analyzer, a O₂ meter and a dew point meter, the local ambient gas control was confirmed experimentally. Next, H₂ plasma generation was achieved in open air with H₂ concentrations of 0–100 % even above the explosive limit in air (4.1 %) safely. In addition, Cu reduction and SiO₂ etching by H₂ plasma were demonstrated in open air. These results show high potential of our local ambient gas control technology for atmospheric MEMS processes.