超(超)临界主给水调节阀流场特性分析

针对某超(超)临界主给水调节阀在运行工况条件下出现的空化汽蚀现象,结合多级节流降压原理与多相流理论,采用Schnerr and Sauer空化模型和Mixture两相流模型,对调节阀内部流场进行数值模拟,研究了笼罩层数与导流槽宽度对流场空化的影响。结果表明,随着笼罩层数的增加,调节阀内的最低压强由0.015MPa上升至0.717 MPa,最大流速由147.1 m/s降至49.36 m/s,空化的汽相最大体积分数由0.979降至0.160,多级笼罩有助于实现逐级降压、限制流速及抑制空化的目的;同时在阀门结构尺寸允许条件下,适当增加导流槽宽度也有利于抑制空化。研究结果为该类调节阀的设计提供了参考。     

常规岛凝结水调节阀在小流量工况下的流场特性研究

为研究小流量工况下常规岛凝结水调节阀内部流场特性及能量耗散过程，以某新型国产调节阀及其管路系统为研究对象，建立三维瞬态仿真模型。选择电厂实际运行中存在工况，分析和探讨小流量工况下的调节阀流动特性，并通过速度功率谱密度对可引起调节阀流致振动的流场激振力进行研究。结果表明：多级套筒孔式结构为调节阀的主要压降机构，且各级槽道承担压降不均匀，其中第Ⅰ级承担压降份额最大，约为总压降的70%,并逐级递减；随着阀门入口压力上升，最大流速逐渐增大，流场稳定性下降，但整体流场分布相似；新型国产调节阀设计的迷宫环路使得不同槽道间的流体相互掺混，能量不断耗散，流场均匀性增强，有利于流场稳定；调节阀流体激振力主要在多级套筒孔式结构附近及内部迷宫环路，其中环路部分的振动强度和频率均高于相邻槽道，振动均为低频振动，集中在0～20Hz的低频波段，其可造成流致振动和阀内噪声。     

某型核电汽轮机高压主汽调节阀组稳定性研究

研究某ARABELLE型百万千瓦级核电汽轮机高压主汽调节阀组的稳定性,提出优化运行措施。以某ARABELLE型核电汽轮机为研究对象,根据高压主汽调节阀组的配汽方式和布置特点分析其运行特性;建立阀组振动测试系统,测试高压调节阀在不同开度下阀杆的振动情况,研究阀组的稳定性。结果表明:高压调节阀开度在约2.9%时,阀杆存在共振现象;随着阀门开度增加,阀杆振动幅值略有升高,但基本保持稳定,振动以流体高频湍流诱发振动为主,激振力频率集中在0～5000Hz频段;满功率下阀组内部蒸汽流速符合行业标准,具有良好的气动性能和整体稳定性。但该型核电汽轮机在夏季满功率工况时容易进入高压调节阀流量特性曲线的陡峭区域,存在阀位抖动、高压进油管油压脉动和进油管爆裂等缺陷,采取适当提高功率设定值的运行方式等,有助于维持阀门开度稳定和机组安全运行。     

AP1000核电汽轮机中调门内两相流动特性数值模拟

利用FLUENT对某AP1000核电汽轮机中压阀内的两相流动进行数值模拟。分别对调节阀在90°、40°、10°3种开度下的两相流与单相流流场比较分析,并对阀门压损以及影响压损的因素进行研究。结果表明:两相流在阀内的最大流速低于同等开度下单相流的最大流速,湿蒸汽两相流随开度的压损变化规律与单相流相似,但两相流的压损将近为单相流的两倍;蒸汽中水滴粒径大小对压力损失的影响较小,而蒸汽含水率对阀门压损影响非常大。     

静流元件调节阀气动及振动噪声性能试验研究

为改善船舶汽轮机调节阀门气动性能,改善阀门小开度下振动噪声特性,提出了一种新型阀门结构,该阀门结构由球型阀及静流元件构成。静流元件为一其上均布小孔的厚壁筒状件。设计了3组试验样件,对球型调节阀阀门本体及分别加装3组静流元件后的阀门进行了气动及振动噪声性能试验,分析了开孔数目不同的静流元件对阀门气动性能及振动噪声特性的影响。试验结果表明:阀门加装静流元件后,流量特性曲线发生较大变化,在阀门全升程范围内均具有调节特性,对小开度下阀门的振动噪声有较大程度改善,但与传统阀门相比,静流元件调节阀的气动损失增大。     

核电汽轮机的调节阀设计

核电汽轮机调节阀流量大、工作于湿蒸汽下，有着与火电调节阀完全不同的工作条件。讨论了它的设计特点有关的试验研究，包括阀门的消声、消振与气动性能以及阀的结构设计、油动机布置和动态分析等。     

600MW汽轮机组高压联合进汽阀变工况内部流场的特性分析

采用数值模拟方法对某600 MW汽轮机高压联合进汽阀的内部流动进行了分析.通过求解全三维N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型,得到了阀门内部的流场特性.在3种不同负荷下对主汽阀全开、调节阀阀门不同开启顺序时的流场进行模拟,并分析了流动损失产生的机理.结果表明:调节阀B的流量比调节阀A大,流动状态比调节阀A好;先开启调节阀B后开启调节阀A时,各截面的压损小,各阀门的流动状态好.     

600MW汽轮机组高压联合进汽阀变工况内部流场的特性分析

采用数值模拟方法对某600 MW汽轮机高压联合进汽阀的内部流动进行了分析.通过求解全三维N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型,得到了阀门内部的流场特性.在3种不同负荷下对主汽阀全开、调节阀阀门不同开启顺序时的流场进行模拟,并分析了流动损失产生的机理.结果表明:调节阀B的流量比调节阀A大,流动状态比调节阀A好;先开启调节阀B后开启调节阀A时,各截面的压损小,各阀门的流动状态好.     

储能过程设计参数对压缩空气储能系统性能影响研究

本文针对蓄热式压缩空气储能系统建立数学模型,利用MATLAB调用REFPROP软件获取不同状态下空气物性参数,进行总体计算程序开发,在储能系统输出功率为100 MW、膨胀机进口前压力及膨胀级数被固定的前提下,分析了压缩机不同总压比和级数对系统性能的影响。结果表明:对于固定压缩机级数,随着总压比的增加,储能系统效率降低,系统热能利用率降低,节流损失增加,系统热力学性能下降,而储释能工质质量流量降低,储气密度增加,体积减小;对于固定压缩机总压比,随着级数增加,储能系统效率降低,系统热能利用率降低,节流损失基本保持不变。     

基于低温烟气余热回收的纵翅片换热管性能模拟研究

纵翅片换热管是一种适合于低温烟气余热回收的换热部件,翅片的结构参数对管外烟气的换热性能和流动性能的影响较大。文中对三种不同高宽比的基管模型在六种不同入口速度下管外侧流体流动和传热特性进行数值模拟研究,研究结果表明:在相同雷诺数下,高宽比为1的基管模型换热性能最好,高宽比为2的基管模型进出口压降最小。进出口压降和平均对流换热系数随入口速度的增加而增大,因此在选择换热管入口烟气流速时,应在压降被允许的情况下,尽量选择较高的入口流速。     

Computational Cavitation Flows at Inception and Light Stages on an Axial-Flow Pump Blade and in a Cage-Guided Control Valve

Cavitation flows induced around an axial-flow pump blade and inside a high pressure cage-type valve are simu-lated by a two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis with the simplest treatment of bubble dynamics.Thefluid is assumed as a continuum of homogeneous dispersed mixture of water and vapor nuclei.The analysis isaimed to capture transient stages with high amplitude pressure change during the birth and collapse of the bubbleespecially at the stage of cavitation inception.By the pump blade analysis,in which the field pressure is moderate,cavitation number of the inception and locations of developed cavitation are found to agree with experimental re-suits in a wide flow range between high incidence and negative incidence.In the valve flow analysis,in which thewater pressure of 5MPa is reduced to 2MPa,pressure change responding to the bubble collapse between the vaporpressure lower than 1 KPa and the extreme pressure of higher than 10~4 KPa is captured through a stable computa-tion.Location of the inception bubble and pressure force to the valve plug is found agree well with the respectiveexperimental features.     

Investigation of coolant flow distribution and the effects of cavitation on water pump performance in an automotive cooling system

Cavitation is a well‐known phenomenon that causes performance losses in all kinds of hydraulic machinery, including automotive water pumps. The present study uses a coolant flow test rig to investigate cavitation in water pumps. The coolant flow rate was measured for various coolant temperatures and compositions. This study validates that cavitation occurs during the coolant warm‐up period, in which coolant temperature is typically below 80°C. Cavitation was also related to a drop in the water pump inlet pressure and driving torque. Based on the results from this study, it can be concluded that cavitation is affected by coolant temperature, engine speed, and coolant composition. Furthermore, it is found that the use of an electric water pump is effective for minimizing the pressure drop and driving loss of the pump. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic water transport and droplet emergence in PEMFC gas diffusion layers

The dynamics of liquid water transport through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and into a gas flow channel are investigated with an ex situ experimental setup. Liquid water is injected through the bottom surface of the GDL, and the through-plane liquid pressure drop, droplet emergence and droplet detachment are studied. The dynamic behaviour of water transport in and on the surface of the GDL is observed through fluorescence microscopy, and the through-plane liquid pressure drop is measured with a pressure transducer. With an initially dry GDL, the initial breakthrough of liquid water in the GDL is preceded by a substantial growth of liquid water pressure. Post-breakthrough, droplets emerge with a high frequency, until a quasi-equilibrium liquid water pressure is achieved. The droplet emergence/detachment regime is followed by a transition into a slug formation regime. During the slug formation regime, droplets tend to pin near the breakthrough location, and the overall channel water content increases due to pinning and the formation of water slugs. Droplets emerge from the GDL at preferential breakthrough locations; however, these breakthrough locations change intermittently, suggesting a dynamic interconnection of water pathways within the GDL. The experiments are complemented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the volume of fluid method to illustrate the dynamic eruption mechanism.     

套筒结构对阀门节流特性影响机理分析

为研究套筒结构对汽轮机高压旁路阀节流特性影响机理,利用SST湍流模型对阀门内流道进行数值模拟,对比迷宫弯折型、条形孔型和圆柱直孔型3种套筒结构与同一套筒不同盘片对阀门节流特性影响。结果表明:3种套筒结构中迷宫弯折型套筒对阀门内汽流的降压、降速能力最强,其引起汽流滞止量最少,进入套筒内流道汽流碰撞损失最少;套筒各盘片的节流特性不同,越靠近套筒上方的盘片对汽流降压能力越强,越靠近套筒下方的盘片对汽流降速能力越强;阀门开度不同时同一盘片对阀门的节流特性影响也不同,但相对来说影响较小。     

柴油耦合喷嘴内空化流动对近场喷雾影响的模拟

柴油机共轨压力的提高使空化现象快速发生而影响柴油近场喷雾的初次破碎,进而对后续燃烧和排放产生作用.因此搭建了单孔柴油喷油器内外流耦合喷嘴三维数值模型,并进行了验证.在此基础上,模拟研究了针阀开启初期不同喷油压力下空化流动对近场喷雾特性的影响.模拟结果表明,喷孔内空化发展经历了3个阶段:单相流区(Fv<0.3％)、空化发...     

Numerical simulation of two‐phase cross flow in the gas diffusion layer microstructure of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The cross flow in the under‐land gas diffusion layer (GDL) between 2 adjacent channels plays an important role on water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A 3‐dimensional (3D) two‐phase model that is based on volume of fluid is developed to study the liquid water‐air cross flow within the GDL between 2 adjacent channels. By considering the detailed GDL microstructures, various types of air‐water cross flows are investigated by 3D numerical simulation. Liquid water at 4 locations is studied, including droplets at the GDL surface and liquid at the GDL‐catalyst layer interface. It is found that the water droplet at the higher‐pressure channel corner is easier to be removed by cross flow compared with droplets at other locations. Large pressure difference Δp facilitates the faster water removal from the higher‐pressure channel. The contact angle of the GDL fiber is the key parameter that determines the cross flow of the droplet in the higher‐pressure channel. It is observed that the droplet in the higher‐pressure channel is difficult to flow through the hydrophobic GDL. Numerical simulations are also performed to investigate the water emerging process from different pores of the GDL bottom. It is found that the amount of liquid water removed by cross flow mainly depends on the pore's location, and the water under the land is removed entirely into the lower‐pressure channel by cross flow.     

柴油机喷油嘴喷射过程空化效应数值分析

以某型机械式喷油器为对象,采用CFD软件STAR-CCM+,基于不可压缩流体体积函数(VOF)多相流模型,研究分析了在怠速、50%负荷、100%负荷工况下,完整喷射期内喷油嘴处的内流场及空化效应。结果表明:喷射过程中针阀升程的变化对于流动和空化特性影响显著,针阀升程较小时,在针阀的拐角处形成局部低压区,空化现象开始发生,形成大量的燃油蒸气,并在囊室内形成显著的二次涡漩流动,在喷孔底部产生二次空化;在相同的针阀升程下,压强越大,空化效应越显著。     

螺旋形实心锥喷嘴雾化特性试验研究

为了对氨法脱硫用螺旋形实心锥喷嘴的雾化特性进行准确预测,基于高速阴影技术和图像处理方法,对两种不同螺旋升角的螺旋形实心锥喷嘴的流量特性、喷雾场结构特征、雾化角变化规律、破碎长度、液滴空间分布及平均粒径进行分析。结合脱硫常用的空心锥离心式喷嘴,开展了两种喷嘴的稳定性对比分析。结果表明:螺旋形实心锥喷嘴的流量特性与螺旋升角无关,其喷雾场呈螺旋状同心锥面分布,雾化后液滴也呈螺旋形多层次分布,即实心锥分布;螺旋形实心锥喷嘴雾化角在喷注压降大于0.05 MPa时与螺旋形升角有关,与流量和喷注压降无关;考虑螺旋面升角对液滴平均粒径的影响,得到了新的索太尔平均直径(SMD)经验关系式,预测结果与试验结果趋势一致,且螺旋升角越大,液滴平均粒径越小;螺旋形实心锥喷嘴在喷注压降小于0.05 MPa时也能保证稳定雾化,而空心锥离心式喷嘴会出现约为9 Hz的自激振荡现象,喷雾场呈"宝塔形",且具有明显的Klystron效应。     

Investigation of water droplet kinetics and optimization of channel geometry for PEM fuel cell cathodes

The kinetics and transport mechanisms of water droplets in model flow field channels of a low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell were investigated. The pressure drop at different air flows was measured for different channel geometries in a graphite plate as employed for fuel cell bipolar plates. The minimum air flow required for the movement of a water droplet in the flow channel was identified. From the experimental findings, recommendations for the development of flow fields with high condensate removal capabilities combined with low pressure differences were drawn to allow for an efficient operation of PEM fuel cells.     

Direct observation of the two-phase flow in the air channel of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and of the effects of a clogging/unclogging sequence on the current density distribution

A small single-channel fuel cell prototype was built with the objective of monitoring the appearance and transport of water droplets in the gas channels in usual operating conditions. It allows the simultaneous observation of droplets and of their local effects on current density. The first results show that the air flow rate seems to control the transition between two different water removal mechanisms: a plug flow when the air stoichiometry is low, with significant disturbances in the local current density, pressure drop and fuel cell performance, and a more conventional flow with steadier removal of smaller droplets when the stoichiometry is higher.