基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型和尺寸效应研究

为研究混凝土断裂特性与尺寸效应,引入断裂能和等效应变表示混凝土的损伤演化规律,结合混凝土塑性变形特征,提出基于断裂能的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型,并建立相应的数值计算模型。为验证数值计算结果的合理性,引入改进的能量尺寸效应公式进行对比分析。通过对三点弯曲梁的有限元数值模拟和断裂参数敏感性分析发现,尺寸较小的梁失效时,断裂过程区未扩展至特征长度,限制了能量耗散,从而提高了梁的抗断裂能力,增强了梁的名义强度;随着尺寸增大,失效时的断裂过程区逐渐接近特征长度,梁的名义强度逐渐减小;当断裂过程区达到特征长度后,结构名义强度不再随梁尺寸的增大而减小。     

基于离散元的岩石断裂尺寸效应及断裂过程区演化特征分析

为了在离散元中研究岩石的非线性断裂过程,基于幂律型位移软化接触模型,针对一系列相似边切槽半圆盘花岗岩的三点弯曲试验进行数值模拟,并分析了其尺寸效应和断裂过程区演化规律。荷载位移曲线的峰后特征表明,随着半圆盘半径的增大,延性破坏逐渐过渡为脆性破坏,而测试结构的强度模拟结果与Baant尺寸效应理论吻合较好。在加载过程中,断裂过程区长度先增大后减小,并在荷载位移曲线的峰后达到最大值,该最大值与结构尺寸密切相关,当试件尺寸足够大,断裂过程区不受边界的约束而充分扩展,可达到饱和长度,而小尺寸试件的断裂过程区扩展会受到边界条件的限制。     

混凝土Ⅰ、Ⅱ复合型裂纹断裂准则及其尺寸效应的试验研究

本文用三点弯曲试件和四点加荷试件对混凝土Ⅰ、Ⅱ复合型断裂进行了试验研究,试验结果表明:混凝土的临界断裂曲线与最大拉应力准则相符,K_(IC)存在尺寸效应,但断裂时的K_Ⅰ/K_(IC),K_Ⅱ/K(IC)不存在尺寸效应.     

不同配筋率对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度的影响

为深入了解配筋率对钢筋混凝土断裂韧度的影响,制作了3组12根带预制裂缝的钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁并做了断裂试验,根据试验导出了钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁试件断裂参数解析计算公式,分析了不同配筋率对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁断裂韧度的影响程度。结果表明,钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁试件的开裂荷载主要由混凝土主体结构所决定,最大荷载主要由混凝土内部配置的钢筋情况所决定;裂缝亚临界扩展相对值随着配筋率的增加呈线性增加;配筋率的变化对失稳断裂韧度有一定影响,但对起裂断裂韧度影响不大;配筋率的增加,可有效提高试件的韧性和抵抗失稳破坏的能力。     

强度等级对混凝土双K断裂参数的影响

将线弹性断裂理论与虚拟裂缝模型相结合,利用三点弯曲梁试件在试验中测得了最大荷载、裂缝口张开位移等参数,并据此计算了尺寸为1 100mm×300mm×300mm的3组不同强度等级混凝土试件的起裂荷载、临界有效裂缝长度、起裂断裂韧度、失稳断裂韧度(即双K断裂参数)。结果表明,起裂荷载、最大荷载、起裂断裂韧度、失稳断裂韧度均随试件强度等级的增大而增大,且起裂荷载占失稳荷载的比重亦随试件强度等级的增大而增大,试件从起裂到破坏持续时间随强度等级的增大而变短。起裂韧度与失稳韧度的比值小于起裂荷载与最大荷载的比值。试件设计强度等级越大,临界有效裂缝长度值越小,延续越差,脆性越大,由起裂到失稳的时间亦越短。     

岩石与混凝土界面裂缝断裂准则及断裂能的

对梁型试件进行试验研究得到了岩石与混凝土Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型界面裂缝的临界断裂曲线方程;并对三点弯曲梁测出荷载-位移全曲线,计算出断裂能GF.     

基于XFEM的混凝土楔入劈拉断裂过程模拟分析

为研究混凝土的楔入劈拉断裂特性,采用扩展有限元法数值模拟了不同缝高比、不同截面高度的混凝土楔入劈拉试件断裂过程,研究了混凝土楔入劈拉试件裂缝扩展特性和尺寸效应。结果表明,起裂韧度受初始缝高比和试件截面高度的影响较小,但不具有明显的尺寸效应;当缝高比大于0.5或截面高度大于500 mm时,失稳韧度才不具有尺寸效应。结果可为混凝土断裂特性研究提供参考。     

砌石体的断裂韧度

用断裂力学理论研究带裂纹材料和构件的强度及裂纹扩展的规律,自五十年代开始,首先在金属材料特别是高强度合金材料方面,取得了较大的进展.六十年代开始,断裂力学在水工结构中的应用开始被人们重视起来.国内外就混凝土的断裂准则和断裂韧度的测试已发表了不少有价值的研究成果.而断裂力学在砌石体材料上的应用,国内外尚未见到报导.1984年,我们借用金属材料测定断裂韧度的方法,对变厚度砌石体试件进行了测定.试验表明在测试范围内,砌石体的临界应力强度因子K_1.与试件厚度无关.在这个基础上,我们又进行了变平面尺寸试件的K_1.测试,目的在于比较全面的探讨用断裂力学理论解决带裂纹的砌石体材料的可行性和裂纹扩展的规律.     

岩性特征对混凝土坝体-基岩原位直剪试验力学特性影响分析

以广西巴马县坡月水库工程为研究对象,采用平推法开展不同法向应力(0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 MPa)下混凝土坝体-基岩原位直剪试验,探究岩性特征对混凝土坝体-基岩力学特性的影响。结果表明,不同法向应力下试样的剪切应力-位移曲线均表现出试样内部初始缺陷受力微裂纹扩展的稳定扩展阶段、微裂缝逐渐扩展形成宏观裂缝的不稳定扩展阶段及混凝土与岩体分离的开裂阶段3个阶段;法向应力、岩体岩性对试样的断裂能均有显著影响。不同法向应力下,试样断裂能的范围为16.65～177.28 N/m,断裂能随着法向应力或灰色砂岩含量增大而增大,随泥质粉砂岩含量或风化程度增大而减小;混凝土坝体-基岩的抗剪强度随基岩中灰色砂岩含量增大而增大,随泥质粉砂岩含量或基岩风化程度增大而减小。研究结果可为类似研究提供试验参考。     

混凝土直拉试验和三点弯曲断裂试验确定的软化曲线的比较

通过混凝土材料直拉和弯曲试验,分别取得了混凝土拉伸软化曲线,并对比分析了直拉试验和三点弯曲断裂试验结果。结果表明,直拉试验所得受拉峰值应力较三点弯曲断裂试验小,这是因为在三点弯曲断裂试验中,应变梯度提高了混凝土的受拉峰值应变,从而提高了受拉峰值应力;直拉试验所得断裂能比三点弯曲断裂试验略大。总体上看,两种试验所得混凝土软化关系相近。因此,三点弯曲断裂试验可代替直拉试验获得混凝土拉伸软化曲线。     

A curved beam fracture toughness specimen

A curved beam specimen, with outer-to-inner radius ratio of 1·31, is investigated for fracture toughness testing of material from cylindrical components. Experimental stress-intensity factor calibrations, obtained from fracture tests and compliance measurements, show good agreement with theoretical data from modified mapping-collocation and finite element analyses, and also with the proposed standard C-shape calibration transposed to satisfy three-point bending conditions. The specimen achieves considerable economy of size over a straight specimen, and can have reduced crack length and width without detriment to its performance. Practical aspects of testing this specimen are considered.     

基于质点平衡法的混凝土三点弯曲梁破坏过程模拟

针对现有混凝土破坏过程模拟方法存在的不足,将质点平衡法应用于混凝土三点弯曲梁的开裂特性模拟。结果表明,结构自身的应力分布决定裂缝的分布区域,而混凝土内部各组分的力学性能直接决定裂缝细部扩展路径,质点平衡法适合模拟考虑细观结构的混凝土结构的开裂特性。研究成果可为混凝土细观力学特性的研究提供参考。     

The reasonable design of Charpy-size specimen for fracture toughness test in nuclear surveillance

Use of a precracked and side-grooved Charpy-size specimen is an economical and convenient single-specimen method of evaluating the elastic-plastic fracture toughness of nuclear pressure vessel steels. This paper has studied the influence of side-groove depth on fracture toughness and stable increment of crack on several pressure vessel steels in detail. Test results are compared with those of large-size specimens which the National Standard of China (i.e. GB 2038) requires. The research results indicate that using a precracked Charpy-size specimen with side-groove depth 30% and adopting the energy before the maximum load of a three-point bending test curve, the elastic-plastic fracture toughness of materials can be evaluated conservatively when the crack begins to propagate, and the reasonable design of a Charpy-size specimen for fracture toughness tests in nuclear surveillance has been established. At the same time, the constraint effect and thickening action of the side-groove on a Charpy-size specimen have also been discussed, and theoretically explained.     

3D cohesive modelling of hydrogen embrittlement in the heat affected zone of an X70 pipeline steel

A three-dimensional finite cohesive element approach has been developed and applied in order to simulate the crack initiation of hydrogen-induced fracture. A single edge notched tension specimen of an X70 weld heat affected zone was simulated. The results were compared to similar two-dimensional plane strain model and the cohesive parameters were calibrated to fit the experimental results. The three dimensional simulations gave higher values in terms of opening stress at the stress peak, plastic strain levels at the crack tip and hydrogen lattice concentration when compared with two-dimensional simulations under the same global net section stress levels. Nevertheless a higher cohesive strength was needed for the 2D model for the onset of crack propagation. The best fit to the experimental data were obtained for a cohesive strength of 1840 MPa and 1620 MPa for the 2D and 3D simulation respectively. The critical opening was assigned to 0.3 mm for both models. The threshold stress intensities K_IC,HE were 142 MPa√m and 146 MPa√m for the 2D and 3D models, respectively.     

基于扩展有限元的非对称四点梁复合型开裂分析

针对裂纹在三维实体中沿曲线或曲折路径扩展问题,应用三维扩展有限元的基本原理,结合ABAQUS有限元分析软件和粘聚裂缝模型,对混凝土梁在荷载作用下的复合型开裂过程进行了数值模拟分析。模拟结果与试验资料对比分析结果表明,基于扩展有限元法的三维模型对裂纹路径具有较高的预测精度,能有效分析实际工程中的复杂断裂失效问题。     

基于二维多向固定裂缝模型的钢筋混凝土梁开裂过程模拟

作为一种准脆性材料,钢筋混凝土开裂是一个复杂的非线性问题。基于二维多向固定裂缝模型,运用DIANA软件对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁进行数值模拟。结果表明,在梁内无钢筋、有钢筋、钢筋加密三种条件下的混凝土变形和裂缝扩展过程均可被有效模拟;钢筋的横截面积越大,裂缝的宽度越小,变形结果符合相关理论,且裂缝扩展和分布情况符合实践经验。说明二维多向固定裂缝模型适用于钢筋混凝土结构的开裂模拟。     

Contamination and moisture absorption effects on the mechanical properties of catalyst coated membranes in PEM fuel cells

Mechanical degradation of the catalyst coated membrane (CCM), which contains a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) proton transport layer, can significantly deteriorate the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. We initially report on the adhesive and cohesive fracture properties of CCMs and show that failure occurs cohesively in the catalyst layer (CL). We then investigate the effects of foreign cations and chloride contamination and moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of CCMs. The fracture resistance of contaminated CCMs is significantly reduced and the time dependent growth of cracks in the CLs in moist air environments occurs at lower crack driving force thresholds. The deterioration in fracture resistance of the CCMs after foreign cation contamination is related to cation interaction with the molecular structure of PFSA polymer. The harmful effect of chloride contamination is attributed to chloride blocking on the surface of catalyst Pt particles, which tends to weaken the catalyst-polymer interface and induces crack initiation and subsequent propagation with lower energy. The accelerated time dependent crack growth at higher humidity is explained by the role of water molecules on weakening ionic interactions and the intermolecular strength of the PFSA polymer.