层状裂隙岩体有自由面的渗流分析

针对互层状裂隙岩体中的渗流问题,总结了互层状裂隙岩体中的层面裂隙和构造裂隙发育规律,提出了一种互层状岩体中裂隙网络生成方法并基于双重介质饱和一非饱和渗流模型分析了软岩中存在和不存在切层裂隙两种情况下自由面渗流问题,讨论了层面裂隙、层问裂隙和切层裂隙隙宽对自由面的影响.结果表明,在互层状裂隙岩体有自由面渗流中可能出现多层自由面的现象,取决于层间、切层及层面裂隙隙宽的组合.     

裂隙连通性对岩体渗流场的影响分析

基于渗流理论,探讨了岩体裂隙的连通性概念,并推导了求解连通系数的解析式,依据裂隙几何特性的统计规律,应用Monte-Carlo法随机产生裂隙网络,结合数值法和连通系数的解析式,模拟了岩体裂隙网络的水流特性.算例结果表明,裂隙的连通性对岩体水流具有较大影响.     

DDA中裂隙岩体渗流网络识别方法的改进及应用

裂隙网络是岩体渗流的主要通道,对其进行准确高效的识别是实现基于DDA的渗流应力耦合方法的重要步骤。通过建立环块体裂隙排列数组,以裂隙为搜索路径,提出更简单、效率更高的节点识别方法;同时提出外边界、边界节点及外边界角点的识别方法,构建出包括以上要素的完整裂隙网络,使外水压力荷载能有效施加在块体系统上,扩展DDA裂隙网络识别方法的适用性。将此方法应用于基于DDA的渗流应力耦合模型,并结合算例进行考虑渗流应力耦合的数值计算。结果表明,该方法可准确识别出复杂裂隙网络,可结合基于DDA的渗流应力耦合程序完成模拟计算。研究成果为裂隙岩体在渗流状态下的失稳判断提供了依据。     

岩体单裂隙辐射流水力耦合试验研究

通过构造具有不同几何特征的裂隙，综合考虑粗糙度、法向压力、剪切位移的影响，研究了单裂隙辐射流条件的剪切渗流耦合特性。结果发现不同裂隙的渗流量和渗透系数随剪切位移变化明显，且法向压力的作用也随剪切位移增加而改变；对于表面轻微破坏的裂隙，初始剪切位移会增加裂隙渗透性，随后达到基本稳定，但裂隙一旦发生严重破坏并生成较多填充物，进一步剪切将会减小裂隙渗透性及导致其随剪切位移波动；对于生成大量填充物的裂隙，由于较高的水压会引起填充物在裂隙内重分布，从而封堵渗流路径，减少渗流量；在强耦合过程中裂隙渗透性随剪切位移的变化很难用一个统一关系表达式来描述，但粗糙度和法向压力的影响均与不同剪切阶段呈很强的关联性。     

基于人工神经网络的大坝渗透系统分区反演分析

基于人工神经网络的非线性映射特性,在三维渗流有限元计算的基础上,结合水头和渗流量等安全监测资料,提出了大坝渗透系数的反演方法,作为实例,结合基土石坝的安全监测资料,利用该方法反演得出了大坝坝体的渗透系数,坝基的平均渗透系数和两岸岩体的平均渗透系数,并利用反演成果进行了大坝渗流场分析,计算结果与安全监测资料相吻合。     

二维岩体裂隙网络有压渗流数值模拟分析

根据裂隙岩体的渗流机理对岩体裂隙网络中的渗流进行了合理简化和假设,以渗流立方定理、质量守恒定理和水流不可压缩假设为基础建立了裂隙网络的有压渗流模型,用改进DDA算法得到了裂隙几何信息,并用PCG算法和可视化编程技术开发了相应的计算程序.通过与Grenoble试验对比,验证了程序的合理性.对DECOVALEX项目的二维BMT模型进行了初步渗流计算,获得了均匀和非均匀裂隙条件下不同的渗流规律.该结果为研究岩石裂隙网络的应力-渗流耦合效应奠定了基础.     

裂隙网络渗流理论的软硬互层状岩体渗流分析

为研究软硬互层状岩体的渗透规律,根据层状岩体中的裂隙发育规律,把互层状岩体简化为由层面裂隙和构造裂隙组成的离散裂隙介质,建立了互层状岩体渗流离散裂隙网络模型,并根据裂隙交叉处的流量守恒原理求解其渗流场。通过一个算例验证了模型的合理性,并讨论了切层裂隙开度对垂直方向渗流的影响,得到了互层状岩体渗透场的分布特点。     

多场耦合条件下岩体裂隙流动特性分析

在岩体渗流场-应力场耦合作用下,裂隙流被处理成粗糙壁面狭窄流道中的Poiseuille 流,岩面粗糙度及缝内充填物对流动的影响用裂缝的几何分形特征表述,建立了相应的耦合流动控制方程.以某工程裂隙为算例,使用基于有限元法的分离迭代格式计算了裂隙流在岩体渗流场、应力场耦合作用下的流动特性,得到了裂隙几何分形特征与裂隙流量、流动与岩体应力及裂隙宽度的数值关系.     

变开度的岩体裂隙网络非稳定渗流数值分析

根据裂隙的几何特性所服从的分布特征,利用Monte-Carlo方法模拟岩体裂隙网络分布以及裂隙张开度.基于裂隙岩体网络非稳定渗流数学模型,编制程序并通过工程算例进行分析比较.结果表明：运用Monte-Carlo方法模拟岩体裂隙网络分布状况是比较好的方法;变开度时岩体裂隙渗流有明显的偏流效应现象,裂隙变开度时其滞后效应比等开度时更加明显;在变开度条件下,当上下游水头差较大时,水头分布变化受张开度的影响较大,不宜忽略,当上下游水头差较小时,影响非常小可以忽略.     

Monte-Carlo裂隙网络图的计算机处理与自动剖分

对Monte-Carlo方法模拟生成岩体裂隙网络图进行计算机程序处理,得到连通裂隙网络图.进行自动剖分生成节点和线元信息智能化处理,并保存图形文件实现数据的直观性显示.有效地减少了裂隙渗流计算的前处理工作量.给出一个实例并验证其处理的快速正确及方便可行性.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.