花生混合乳干酪的研制

用花生乳代替部分牛乳生产干酪,既强化了干酪风味又增强了干酪的保健功能,并可降低生产成本.本试验对花生乳比例、发酵剂添加量、氯化钙的添加量、凝乳酶添加量4个因素对凝乳效果的影响进行单因素试验,确定适合比例后,再采用L9(34)正交试验设计,通过凝乳效果、出品率和感官评价等进行极差分析,确定最佳工艺参数为:花生乳添加量为10 %,发酵剂添加量为0.03 %,氯化钙添加量为0.08 %,凝乳酶添加量为0.0025 %.     

花生乳生鲜干酪的研制

以花生乳部分代替牛乳制作混合干酪,不仅可以使动植物蛋白得到互补,还可以使干酪具有花生的保健功效和特有的香味。针对花生乳添加量、发酵剂添加量、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量四个因素对凝乳效果和成品质量的影响进行单因素实验及L9(34)正交试验,最终结果表明:花生乳添加量为10%,发酵剂添加量为3%,氯化钙添加量为0.04%,凝乳酶添加量为0.025%时,凝乳效果最好。     

鹰嘴豆乳牛乳混合型干酪的加工工艺研究

试验以鹰嘴豆和牛乳为原料,通过单因素及正交试验确定鹰嘴豆乳牛乳混合型干酪优化的工艺参数。结果表明:混合型干酪的优化工艺条件为:鹰嘴豆乳添加量15%,发酵剂添加量(保加利亚乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌1∶1)10%,氯化钙添加量0.06%,凝乳酶添加量0.025%,制得的混合干酪具有鹰嘴豆和牛乳特有的滋味和气味,软硬适度、香味醇厚、营养丰富。     

牦牛乳Halloumi奶酪工艺优化及理化特性研究

以牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳为原料，通过牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度、热烫温度做单因素试验，以产率为评价指标进行四因素三水平正交试验，即牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例、氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、热烫温度，得到Halloumi奶酪最佳生产工艺为牦牛乳与荷斯坦牛乳比例4∶1、氯化钙添加量0.04 g/100 m L、凝乳酶添加量0.003 g/100 m L、热烫温度65℃。选取圆柱探头TA3/100，夹具TA-RT-KIT,测试速度为0.5 mm/s,返回速度为0.5 mm/s,形变量为50%的参数下测得单因素试验与正交试验产品的质构。制得的Halloumi奶酪水分含量26.04%，脂肪含量38.81%,pH 7.40，蛋白质含量30.16%。     

花生牛乳复合软质干酪的研制

为开发适合中国消费者口味的干酪,选取花生乳部分代替牛乳,进行了复合乳软质干酪的研究。结果表明:花生乳添加比例为15%、瑞士乳杆菌接种量4%、凝乳酶用量0.002%、CaCl2添加量0.03%时,复合干酪风味、质地最佳。     

几个影响新鲜软质干酪品质的因素研究

对影响新鲜软质干酪加工的主要因素进行了研究,通过研究新鲜软质干酪加工过程中发酵剂菌种配比、凝乳酶添加量、加热终温度,确定干酪的工艺流程及工艺参数。结果表明,原料乳中添加发酵剂(乳脂链球菌:嗜热链球菌)比例为8∶1,凝乳酶添加量为0.01 mL/100L牛乳,加热终温度为55℃为宜,可得到产率较高,口感良好的新鲜软质干酪。     

果味干酪加工工艺

以新鲜牛乳、香蕉果浆为原料,在新鲜软质干酪的制作基础上,研究了新鲜果味干酪的制作工艺。首先通过单因素实验和正交试验对影响牛乳凝乳效果的因素进行了初步探讨,确定了工艺参数:发酵剂的添加量为2%,pH为6.0,凝乳酶添加量为2g/L,CaCl2的添加量为0.03%。然后通过正交实验和感官评价对影响干酪风味的因素进行研究,白砂糖添加量为7%;黄原胶的添加量为0.5%;果浆的添加量为30%。最终制得的干酪不仅可以保持新鲜干酪特有的奶香味、质地和营养,还兼具有水果的香甜滋味。     

混合乳干酪生产工艺研究(2)混合乳干酪生产最佳工艺参数优化

本试验在已筛选出的发酵剂菌种、最佳凝乳酶和钙化合物的基础上,又综合考虑了影响混合乳(豆乳和牛乳)干酪的几大因素,即豆乳添加量,发酵剂添加量,乳酸钙添加量和凝乳酶添加量,由此优化出混合乳干酪生产的最佳工艺参数.结果表明最佳发酵剂为干酪乳杆菌99108+嗜热链球菌(11),最佳凝乳酶为皱胃酶,最佳钙化合物为乳酸钙,而70%大豆豆乳与30%牛乳混合,添加4%发酵剂,0.2%乳酸钙和0.015%皱胃酶则为最佳的工艺参数.     

工艺过程对牛奶干酪出品率的影响

目的确定提高牛奶干酪出品率的最优工艺条件。方法经三因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验,研究凝乳酶添加量、酸度和氯化钙添加量对牛奶干酪出品率的影响。结果建立了各影响因子与牛奶干酪出品率关系的数学回归模型,确定了干酪出品率达到最高值时主要的工艺参数。结论凝乳酶添加量7 266 SU,原料乳酸度27度T,氯化钙添加量0.03%,干酪出品率最高值可达10.04%。     

影响新鲜软质干酪品质的因素研究

对影响新鲜软质干酪加工的主要因素进行了研究，通过研究新鲜软质干酪加工过程中发酵剂菌种配比、凝乳酶添加量、加热终温度，确定干酪的工艺流程及最佳工艺参数。结果表明，原料乳中添加发酵剂（乳脂链球菌：嗜热链球菌）比例为8：1，凝乳酶添加量为0．01mL（每100 L乳中），加热终温度为55℃为宜，可得到产率较高，口感良好的新鲜软质干酪。     

响应面法优化Camembert干酪加工工艺

在氯化钙添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度、排乳时间等单因素实验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理,采用4因素3水平响应曲面分析法,以凝乳效果为响应值建立二次多项回归模型,并验证模型的有效性。实验结果表明：Camembert干酪最佳制作工艺为氯化钙添加量为0．06％,凝乳酶添加量为0．02％,凝乳温度为32℃,排乳时间为30min。在此条件下,理论凝乳效果得分为89．63,验证值为89．50。     

乳糖替代凝乳酶制作大豆干酪技术初探

对加酶发酵制作干酪的传统方法进行了改进,用添加乳糖的方法来代替添加酶进行发酵.试验综合考察了影响混合豆乳(豆乳和牛乳)干酪凝乳的几个因素,即豆乳添加量、发酵剂添加量、乳糖添加量和乳酸钙添加量,并确定混合豆乳干酪的最佳凝乳工艺参数.试验结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:80%豆乳 3%发酵剂 3%乳糖 0.1%乳酸钙.     

Detection of milk powder and caseinates in Halloumi cheese

Halloumi cheese is traditionally manufactured from fresh milk. Nevertheless, dried dairy ingredients are sometimes illegally added to increase cheese yield. Lysinoalanine and furosine are newly formed molecules generated by heating and drying milk protein components. The levels of these molecular markers in the finished Halloumi have been investigated to verify their suitability to reveal the addition of skim milk powder and calcium caseinate to cheese milk. Because of the severe heating conditions applied in curd cooking, genuine Halloumi cheeses (n = 35), representative of the Cyprus production, were characterized by levels of lysinoalanine (mean value = 8.1 mg/100 g of protein) and furosine (mean value = 123 mg/100 g of protein) unusual for natural cheeses. Despite the variability of the values, a good correlation between the 2 parameters (R = 0.975) has been found in all cheeses, considering both the fresh and mature cheeses as well as those obtained from curd submitted to a prolonged cooking following a traditional practice adopted by a very small number of manufacturers. Experimental cheeses made by adding as low as 5% of skim milk powder, or calcium caseinate, or both, to cheese milk fell outside the prediction limits at ±2 standard deviation of the above-reported correlation regardless of curd cooking conditions or ripening length. This correlation may be adopted as a reliable index of Halloumi cheese genuineness.     

Improvement of low fat mozzarella cheese properties using denatured whey protein

Mozzarella cheese was made from buffalo milk (6% fat) or from partially skimmed buffalo milk (2 and 4% fat) with 0.5 and 1% denatured whey protein. Adding whey protein to buffalo milk decreased rennet coagulation time and curd tension whereas increased curd synaeresis. Addition of whey protein to cheese milk increased the acidity, total solids, ash, salt, salt in moisture, also some nitrogen fractions. The meltability and oiling‐off values increased but the calcium values of mozzarella cheese decreased. The sensory properties of low fat mozzarella cheese were improved by addition of whey protein to the cheese milk.     

响应面法优化双蛋白干酪加工工艺

根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理,采用4因素3水平响应曲面分析法,以凝乳效果为响应值建立二次多项回归模型,并验证模型的有效性。实验结果表明：双蛋白干酪最佳制作工艺为豆乳添加量为20％（V／V）,氯化钙添加量0．04％,凝乳酶添加量为0．02％,凝乳温度为32℃。在此条件下,理论凝乳效果得分为87．67,验证值为88．00。     

High-Pressure Treatment and Freezing of Raw Goat Milk Curd for Cheese Manufacture: Effects on Cheese Characteristics

High-pressure treatment of raw goat milk curd was investigated as an alternative to thermal treatment of milk in cheese manufacture, and curd freezing as a procedure to surmount the seasonality of goat milk production. Experimental cheeses were made by mixing (70:30) fresh cow milk curd with frozen curd from pasteurized goat milk (PGC), frozen curd from raw goat milk (RGC), or frozen pressurized curd from raw goat milk (PRGC). Control cheese was made from a mixture (70:30) of pasteurized cow and goat milk. RGC cheese showed the highest counts of staphylococci, Gram-negative bacteria and coliforms, whereas PRGC cheese had maximum aminopeptidase activity, esterase activity, and overall proteolysis. Control cheese exhibited the highest dry matter content and peptide levels, the lowest concentration of free amino acids, the highest concentration of volatile compounds such as free fatty acids, alcohols and esters, and the firmest texture. Differences in sensory characteristics between experimental and control cheeses were of minor importance. High-pressure treatment of curd allowed the production of cheese of bacteriological quality similar to that of control cheese made using pasteurized milk, while curd freezing did not alter the sensory characteristics of experimental cheeses with respect to control cheese.     

Mozzarella干酪的研制

以新鲜牛乳为主要原料,通过干酪制造条件的优化研究,确定了制造Mozzarella干酪的工艺流程及主要参数,实验表明,新鲜牛乳经标准化使得酪蛋白与脂肪之比为0．84,然后加入发酵剂和凝乳酶,凝乳形成后,经切割,排乳清,并在热水中拉伸,盐渍即到成品,产品的平均脂肪和水分的含量分别为22．82％和50．74％,达到了Mozzarella干酪的质量要求。     

Potential influence of herd and animal factors on the yield of cheese and recovery of components from Sarda sheep milk,as determined by a laboratory bench-top model cheese-making

Individual milk samples from 169 Sarda sheep were collected to characterise the cheese-making potential through the use of a laboratory bench-top model cheese-manufacturing procedure. As the milk samples were not standardised before processing, the data collected at laboratory level fully reflected the great variability of milk from individual animals. The average cheese yield traits of fresh cheese, cheese dry matter and water retained in cheese (as percentages of the milk processed) were 20.6%, 10.1% and 10.6%. The average milk fat and protein recoveries in the curd were 94.0% and 76.7%, respectively. The values for daily production of curd and curd dry matter per sheep were 0.41 kg d⁻¹ and 0.20 kg d⁻¹, respectively. The cheese yield and cheese-related traits were mainly affected by the nutrient content of the milk and the individual effects of the stage of lactation and daily milk yield, respectively, but also by a large individual variation.     

Composition and aptitude for cheese-making of milk from cows,buffaloes, goats,sheep, dromedary camels,and donkeys

Bovines produce about 83% of the milk and dairy products consumed by humans worldwide, the rest represented by bubaline, caprine, ovine, camelid, and equine species, which are particularly important in areas of extensive pastoralism. Although milk is increasingly used for cheese production, the cheese-making efficiency of milk from the different species is not well known. This study compares the cheese-making ability of milk sampled from lactating females of the 6 dairy species in terms of milk composition, coagulation properties (using lactodynamography), curd-firming modeling, nutrients recovered in the curd, and cheese yield (through laboratory model-cheese production). Equine (donkey) milk had the lowest fat and protein content and did not coagulate after rennet addition. Buffalo and ewe milk yielded more fresh cheese (25.5 and 22.9%, respectively) than cow, goat, and dromedary milk (15.4, 11.9, and 13.8%, respectively). This was due to the greater fat and protein contents of the former species with respect to the latter, but also to the greater recovery of fat in the curd of bubaline (88.2%) than in the curd of camelid milk (55.0%) and consequent differences in the recoveries of milk total solids and energy in the curd; protein recovery, however, was much more similar across species (from 74.7% in dromedaries to 83.7% in bovine milk). Compared with bovine milk, the milk from the other Artiodactyla species coagulated more rapidly, reached curd firmness more quickly (especially ovine milk), had a more pronounced syneresis (especially caprine milk), had a greater potential asymptotical curd firmness (except dromedary and goat milk), and reached earlier maximum curd firmness (especially caprine and ovine milk). The maximum measured curd firmness was greater for bubaline and ovine milk, intermediate for bovine and caprine milk, and lower for camelid milk. The milk of all ruminant species can be used to make cheese, but, to improve efficiency, cheese-making procedures need to be optimized to take into account the large differences in their coagulation, curd-firming, and syneresis properties.