非能动安全壳竖直平板降膜流动特性数值模拟

核电安全日益受到关注,非能动系统作为第三代核电系统具有很高的安全性。采用FLUENT流体体积分数(volume of fraction,VOF)模型和k-ε湍流模型对非能动安全壳冷却系统(passive containment cooling system,PCCS)三维平板降膜流动进行数值模拟。结果表明:1)在降膜过程中有波动现象,最终波动趋于平缓;2)水与空气逆流流动过程中发生轻微的液滴夹带;3)降膜流动受重力、表面张力与壁面黏滞力共同作用,液膜厚度沿横向分布均匀,沿高度方向平均液膜厚度越来越小,并且受进口水流速度与入口宽度影响,水流量一定时增加进口水流速度与入口宽度,平均液膜厚度增大,空气入口流速对水膜厚度影响相对较小。     

格子Boltzmann方法的竖壁汽液降膜数值研究

对原有的格子Boltzmann伪势模型进行了改进,提出表面张力可调的伪势模型,并基于改进后的伪势两相模型在二维条件下模拟了雷诺数为5、10和20时竖壁降膜的流动,进一步研究了液膜在入口处存在正弦扰动时的流动特性,分析了入口扰动和表面张力作用对液膜稳态波动的影响,总结了液膜稳态波动的规律.结果表明:数值计算得到的流形拓扑及波动特征与实验结论能较好地吻合,表明伪势模型能够较为真实地反映降膜流动的物理过程.     

水平管外降膜蒸发传热特性的数值模拟

为深入研究液膜内的微观传热机理,对水平管外降膜蒸发的传热特性进行了数值模拟,获得了液膜厚度、液膜流动速度和传热系数等热力参数在液膜内的分布特性。通过与实验数据的对比验证了数学模型的准确性。研究结果表明:在饱和蒸发温度62℃、传热温差2.8℃、管外径25.4mm和液膜入口速度0.071~0.15 m/s条件下,沿圆周方向,液膜厚度减小,传热系数增加,直至达到液膜热力发展区,膜厚和传热系数趋于稳定;受液膜内温度变化的影响,液膜内的粘度、表面张力和导热系数的变化对液膜传热特性产生显著影响。     

降膜流动及膜破裂特性的三维数值模拟

对平板降膜流动进行三维数值模拟,采用VOF模型追踪气液两相界面的变化,揭示了降膜流动的三维特性,小流量下液膜比较平滑,靠近边壁处厚度和速度达到极小值,液膜最易破裂;流量增大,液膜波动幅度变大,三维特性增强。考虑气液之间的相互作用,加入气液剪切力源项,气液同向时,液膜的厚度变薄,流速变大;逆向气流作用时,液膜受到气流拉扯,表面流速减小。通过大量数值实验拟合出液膜厚度的关联式并与众多学者的结果做了比较,验证了数值模拟的可行性。     

水平管外降膜蒸发微观传热特性

为了深入探究水平管降膜蒸发的微观传热特性,采用基于VOF法的计算流体模型对水平管外降膜蒸发进行数值模拟,通过求解控制方程得到液膜内的温度场和速度场。分析了不同入口边界温度和Re数下管外薄液膜内热边界层、无量纲温度和局部传热系数的微观传热特性变化规律,定量给出了热发展区与充分热发展区的边界位置。模拟结果表明:液膜入口温度越高,液膜热发展区覆盖的圆周角度越小;液膜内的热发展区覆盖的角度随Re数的增大而增加是平均传热系数随Re数增大的原因;管外圆周方向无量纲温度分布证明了液膜中的传热包含导热和对流传热;管外液膜内纯导热系数与局部传热系数的差值随倾斜角的增加而减少是由于对流效应沿管圆周方向减弱引起的。     

水平管降膜流动的三维数值模拟

采用VOF方法对水平管外液体降膜流动进行了三维模拟,研究在绝热情况下单根管外液膜流动随时间的变化特征。分析了管外液膜流动瞬态的5个阶段,即自由下落区、冲击区、发展区、充分发展区和尾流区的特点,以及水平管外稳定液膜厚度分布规律。结果表明,液膜厚度在120°附近最薄,管壁上半部分的液膜厚度要大于管壁下半部分液膜厚度。     

外波纹管管外降膜流动过程液膜厚度及速度分布特性

针对外波纹管管外降膜流动过程,采用实验结合数值模拟的方法,考察了液体喷淋密度、管间距和管径变化对液膜厚度周向分布的影响,并与光滑管进行了比较,同时分析了外波纹管管外液膜速度分布特性。结果表明:光滑管外液膜厚度由上至下沿周向呈先减小、后增加的趋势,在90°～120°之间液膜最薄;外波纹管去除波纹间凹槽内的液体后,波纹外的液膜厚度数值及其周向分布规律与相同直径的光滑管相似,周向平均液膜厚度随着液体喷淋密度的增加、管间距及管径的减小而增大;液膜沿周向分布的均匀程度及流动速度大小均与液膜厚度有关,波纹外液膜沿周向分布的不均匀性随着液膜厚度的增加而增加,气液界面处的液体速度沿周向分布规律与液膜厚度分布规律相反;相邻两波峰间凹槽内的液体存在局部循环流动。     

单液滴撞击薄液膜产生二次雾化过程的数值模拟

应用数值模拟方法研究单液滴撞击薄液膜的动力学行为.在二维轴对称坐标系内,采用VOF方法与网格局部瞬时加密技术相结合,跟踪液滴和液膜与空气间的气液两相界面.结果表明,液滴撞击薄液膜的演化行为主要受液滴初始动能、表面张力以及液体黏性的影响.初始动能越大,则形成的空间液膜最大高度越大,达到稳定状态越晚,飞溅开始时刻越早,飞溅生成的二次液滴数量也越多;在扩展后期及回缩阶段,空间液膜的形成主要受液体黏度影响,增加液体黏度会阻碍空间液膜飞溅;表面张力增大,形成的空间液膜高度减小、厚度增加,同时阻碍二次液滴的生成.     

三角形壁面液膜孤立波特性的实验研究

液膜的孤立波特性是影响液膜表面形态的重要因素,也是影响液膜换热特性的主要原因之一。通过搭建降液膜流动实验台,对倾斜三角形壁面上液膜流动进行实验测量,分析不同倾斜角度、雷诺数和沿程距离下孤立波波速和频率的变化规律。结果表明:孤立波波速与雷诺数呈正相关;三角形壁面上的孤立波波速高于平板壁面上;孤立波波速随着沿程距离的增加而逐渐增大;孤立波频率与雷诺数、倾斜角度和沿程距离均无明显相关性,而与其自身的产生过程密切相关。     

水平方形管进口区域单面冷却凝结换热

对方形管进口区蒸汽单侧冷却凝结进行可视化观测及参数测量,发现随蒸汽雷诺数(Re为1669～5553)的提高,凝结液成膜方式、发展演化和稳定性均与低雷诺数下由液滴、液桥合并形成的稳定液膜有较大差异。液膜不同流动形态,如周期性断裂、局部失稳、小溪流,对换热的影响十分显,进口区域存在的高换热特性正是由于液膜流动方式的不稳定性所致。高蒸汽雷诺数(Re为5553)时,蒸汽流动的脉动性、界面切应力及Marangoni效应是导致液膜断裂的主要原因。     

逆向气流条件下半椭圆管外水平降膜厚度分布研究

为研究半椭圆管水平降膜厚度的分布规律,搭建逆向气流条件下水平降膜实验平台,并结合数字图像处理技术,研究逆流风速(0～5 m/s)和喷淋流量(0.025～0.221 L/min)对液膜厚度的影响。研究表明:逆向气流会对管外水膜产生影响,并存在临界速度;当逆流风速低于临界速度,液膜厚度沿圆周方向先减小后增大,与无空气流动时相似;当逆流风速超过临界速度时,液膜分布严重不均甚至被吹飞;随着逆流风速增大,平均液膜厚度先增大后减小;随着喷淋流量增大,平均液膜厚度持续增大;当喷淋流量减小、逆流风速增大时,平均液膜厚度减小。     

沿垂直壁面气-液降膜流动传质过程的数值研究

在考虑气-液两相间质量源项和能量源项的条件下,基于VOF算法,建立了水和空气沿竖直平板壁面两相降膜流动传热传质的CFD模型。利用该模型研究了水和空气两相间的传质特性,分析了液膜波动、进气进液速度以及温度对传质的影响,计算结果表明:一定程度的液膜波动、进气速度和进液速度的提高、气-液之间的温差的增加,都能强化气-液之间的传质过程。     

Linear temporal and spatial stability formulations of two‐dimensional surface waves on evaporating,isothermal, or condensing liquid films

When a liquid film is under the evaporating or condensing condition, the flow stability is clearly different from that under an isothermal condition due to the thermal non‐equilibrium effect at the interface, especially under a lower Reynolds number. Based on Prandtl's boundary layer theory and complete boundary conditions, the universal temporal and spatial stability formulations are established using the collocation method for two‐dimensional surface waves of the evaporating or condensing and isothermal liquid films draining down an inclined wall. The evolution equations indicate that the flow stability is closely related to the Reynolds number, thermocapillarity, inclination angle, liquid property, and evaporation, isothermal, or condensation actions. The effects of the above factors are investigated with neutral stability curves at different Reynolds numbers, and stability characteristics are fully indicated in theory for evaporating or condensing films. Results show that the evaporation process destabilizes the film flow and condensation process stabilizes the film flow. Thermocapillarity has a stabilizing effect in an evaporation condition and an adverse effect in the condensation condition. For a lower Reynolds number, the vapor recoil and thermocapillary take dominant effects when compared to the inertia force in determining flow stability. At a higher Reynolds number, the flow stability is controlled by the inertia force. Present study indicates that the disturbance increases with an increase of the Reynolds number and inclination angle, and decreases with increase of Ka numbers. Furthermore, the effects of liquid properties and inclination angle are always significant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(4): 243–257, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20062     

自由表面摩擦和蒸发对过冷下降液膜传热的影响

从理论上对下降液膜在自由表面上存在反向剪切力和蒸发散热情况下的换热特性进行了分析,得到了膜厚、换热系数的无量纲关系式,讨论了剪切力、液膜雷诺数、壁面热流、蒸发率对流动和传热的影响。     

Comparative study between parallel and counter flow configurations between air and falling film desiccant in the presence of nanoparticle suspensions

A comparative numerical study is employed to investigate the heat and mass transfer between air and falling film desiccant in parallel and counter flow configurations. Nanoparticles suspensions are added to the falling film desiccant to study heat and mass transfer enhancements. The numerical results show that the parallel flow channel provides better dehumidification and cooling processes of the air than counter flow configuration for a wide range of pertinent parameters. Low air Reynolds number enhances the dehumidification and cooling rates of the air and high air Reynolds number improves the regeneration rate of the liquid desiccant. An increase in the channel height results in enhancing the dehumidification and cooling processes of air and regeneration rate of liquid desiccant. The dehumidification and cooling rates of air are improved with an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles and dispersion factor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-Wave and Integral Boundary Layer Analysis of Falling Film Flow on Walls With Three-Dimensional Periodic Structures

Falling films exhibit very complex wavy patterns, which depend on the properties of the liquid, the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle, and the distance from the film inlet. The film hydrodynamics governs the heat and mass transfer in the liquid films. Our vision is to control and enhance heat and mass transport by using walls with specific microscale topographies that influence the falling film flow, stability, and wavy pattern. In this work, long-wave theory and integral boundary layer approximation are used for modeling the falling film flow on walls with three-dimensional periodic microstructures. The wall topography is periodic both in the main flow direction and in the transverse direction. Examples of such microstructures are longitudinal grooves with sinusoidal path (or meandering grooves) and herringbone structures. The effects of the Reynolds number, the wall inclination angle, and the longitudinal and transverse periods of the structure on the shape of liquid–gas interface are investigated. It is shown that, as opposed to straight grooves in longitudinal direction, grooves with meandering paths may lead to significant interface deformations.     

Stability of conducting viscous film flowing down an inclined plane with linear temperature variation in the presence of a uniform normal electric field

Weakly nonlinear stability analysis of a thin liquid film falling down a heated inclined plane with linear temperature variation in the presence of a uniform normal electric field has been investigated within the finite amplitude regime. A generalized kinematic equation for the development of free surface is derived by using long wave expansion method. A normal mode approach and the method of multiple scales are used to investigate the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analysis of film flow, respectively. It is found that both Marangoni and electric Weber numbers have destabilizing effect on the film flow. The study reveals that both supercritical stability and subcritical instability are possible for this type of film flow. It is interesting to note that both the Marangoni and electric Weber numbers have qualitatively same influence on the stability characteristics but the effect of Marangoni number is much stronger compare to the electric Weber number. Scrutinizing the effect of Marangoni and electric Weber numbers on the amplitude and speed of waves it is found that, in the supercritical region amplitude and speed of the nonlinear waves increases with the increase in Marangoni and electric Weber numbers, while in the subcritical region the threshold amplitude decreases with the increase in Marangoni and electric Weber numbers. Finally, we obtain that spatially uniform solution is side-band stable in the supercritical region for our considered parameter range.     

剪切层流蒸发液膜的传热特性

为克服理论分析中气液界面对流换热难以计算的问题,基于气相传热模型,建立了在同向或反向切应力作用下层流饱和蒸发液膜的传热模型,推导出无量纲液膜厚度和壁面对流换热系数与流动长度、界面切应力和初始雷诺数间的理论关系式.研究表明,受液膜蒸发的影响,液膜厚度沿流动长度不断减小,换热传热系数不断增加;同向切应力具有减薄液膜厚度和增大传热系数的作用;反向切应力则具有相反的作用,其影响更为明显.这一理论模型可以反映层流饱和蒸发液膜的传热特性.     

水平管降膜冷态流动形态及滞后现象实验研究

以25.00 mm铝黄铜管水平管外降膜流动过程为研究对象,对以水为工质的管间流动形态及管间距对临界雷诺数的影响进行研究,基于观察到的流动形态变化的五个阶段分析了流型转换的滞后现象。计算了泰勒波长理论值并与实验测量值进行对比分析。研究结果表明,流动形态的五个阶段,临界雷诺数随管间距增大而增大,滞后现象存在于各个临界流态转化点中,柱帘-帘阶段滞后区间最大,实验泰勒波长较理论值略低,且在理论值附近波动。     

Effects of tangential velocity distribution on flow stability in a draft tube

Numerical simulations of the flow in the draft tube of a Francis turbine are carried out in order to elucidate the effects of tangential velocity on flow stability.Influence of the location of the maximum tangential velocity is explored considering the equality of the total energy at the inlet of the draft tube.It is found that the amplitude of the pressure fluctuation decreases when the location of the maximum of the tangential velocity moves from the centre to the wall on the cross section.Thus,the stability of the flow in the draft tube increases with the moving of the location of the maximum tangential velocity.However,the relative hydraulic loss increases and the recovery coefficient of the draft tube decreases slightly.