食品中有机磷杀虫剂残留分析方法的研究进展

对食品中有机磷杀虫剂(organophosphorus pesticides,OPPs)残留分析技术及其进展进行了综述。评述了前处理方法如固相萃取、基体固相分散萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取、固相微萃取和液相微萃取等技术在分析中的应用。概述了气相色谱、液相色谱及其联用技术、免疫分析技术、超临界流体色谱和毛细管电泳等检测技术用于分析食品中OPPs的优势和局限性,并展望了未来该领域研究的发展趋势。     

气味指纹技术在食品品质安全检测中的应用

介绍了常用的气味指纹分析技术:固相微萃取结合气质联用（SPME-GC-MS）技术、气相色谱-嗅闻（gas chromatography-olfactory,GC-O）技术和电子鼻（electronic nose）技术,综述了它们在食品新鲜度检测、有害微生物检测和货架期预测等方面应用的现状,展望了上述技术在食品品质劣变分析和安全检测中的发展趋势。      

食品风味物质前处理及分析方法研究进展

食品风味对消费、生产和科学研究至关重要。然而,食品风味化合物通常在产品中的浓度较低,构成成分相对复杂,这给它们的提取、分离和定量带来了挑战。快速、灵敏、准确的样品制备方法对测定食品中微量风味化合物起着至关重要的作用。样品制备的方法繁多,本文重点讨论了固相萃取、固相微萃取、搅拌棒吸附萃取、溶剂辅助风味蒸发、静态顶空、动态顶空、液-液萃取、同时蒸馏萃取的原理特点及应用。并对常用的色谱质谱和电子鼻技术进行了介绍。其中气相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用法、气相色谱-嗅觉-质谱联用法、全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用法是常用的色谱质谱方法。本文综述了食品风味物质的前处理和检测分析方法,以期为食品行业提供参考和借鉴。     

固相微萃取技术在生物毒素检测领域的应用

生物毒素是生物体自然产生的一类化学物质,会对农业、畜牧业、水产业造成严重的损失,同时还会通过污染食物对人类的生命健康和财产安全造成严重影响。然而食品样品基质复杂,严重阻碍了生物毒素的提取和检测。固相微萃取技术可以将目标分析物吸附在微量固相吸附剂表面,从而实现萃取、分离和富集,进而分析检测。因此,将其运用于食品中生物毒素的检测,通过萃取和预浓缩可实现目标物的高灵敏检测。近年来,改进萃取方法与开发新型吸附材料成为微萃取技术发展的关键方向。本文总结了近年来固相微萃取技术在方法学与材料学方面的研究发展,以及其在食品中生物毒素检测领域的应用研究,期望为后续科研人员在固相微萃取领域的进一步开发提供思路,并为生物毒素的高灵敏准确检测提供理论与技术支持。     

气相色谱技术在食品安全检测中的应用

食品安全是重大的民生问题,气相色谱技术以其应用范围广泛、分析快速高效等特点,在食品安全监督检验中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了气相色谱柱的种类、离子液体固定相的发展及微波萃取、超临界萃取、快速溶剂萃取、固相萃取、凝胶色谱层析净化等样品前处理技术的应用,同时介绍了多种常用气相色谱检测器、气相色谱-质谱联用和全二维色谱检测技术的发展。对气相色谱在食品添加剂、食品成分及食品中有害物质残留检测方面的应用进行了概述,展望了气相色谱技术的发展前景。     

顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术在谷物食品中的应用研究进展

顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用技术可对谷物食品挥发性或难挥发性风味物质进行富集并对混合成分鉴定、定性定量分析,具有操作简便、高效、准确、无需有机溶剂等优点,是目前应用较为广泛的风味分析方法。该文概述顶空固相微萃取及气相色谱质谱技术的原理和特点,着重研究在谷物原料,不同种类谷物加工食品加工工艺、贮藏挥发性风味物质等的研究进展,同时对顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术在谷物食品研究方向进行展望。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯样品前处理与分析检测方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）作为常用增塑剂广泛应用于塑料包装材料的生产,但因其具有致癌性、致畸性、致突变性和内分泌干扰毒性,食品中DEHP的分析与检测引起了广泛的关注。本文综述了食品中DEHP的样品前处理方法,包括索氏提取、超声波提取、固相萃取、固相微萃取等,并对其常用检测方法（如液相色谱法、气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用、液相色谱-质谱联用等）的研究进展进行了评述。      

动物源性食品中大环内酯类药物前处理及检测方法研究进展

大环内酯类药物是兽药中重要一员,在临床及兽药领域等均得到广泛应用,但兽药残留危害人类健康。文中对国内外测定动物源性食品中大环内酯类兽药残留前处理技术和检测方法进行了综述。前处理方法包括:溶剂萃取、固相萃取、加压液体萃取、中空纤维液相微萃取、基质固相分散萃取技术等;检测方法包括:微生物法、薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography,TLC)、紫外分光光度法(ultraviolet spectroscopy,UV)、毛细管电泳-电化学法(capillary electrophoresis-electrochemical method,CE-ECL),气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)和气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrography,GC-MS)、高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱联用技术(liquid chromatography-mass spectrum,HPLC-MS/MS)等。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定食品塑料包装袋中6 种酞酸酯类化合物

建立固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱同时测定食品塑料包装袋中6 种酞酸酯类化合物的分析方法,并对固相微萃取方式、萃取溶剂、萃取头涂层、萃取温度等参数进行优化。采用85 μm PA固相微萃取纤维头、正己烷为萃取溶剂,90 ℃平衡5 min后萃取吸附30 min,在250 ℃进样口解吸5 min后供气相色谱-质谱分析。结果表明：该方法的线性范围为0.25～50 mg/L,方法检出限为0.049～0.920 mg/L,回收率为82.2%～109.0%,相对标准偏差（n=6）为4.0%～12.0%,该方法能很好地富集基体中的目标化合物,满足食品塑料包装袋中多种酞酸酯类化合物的分析要求。     

新型固相微萃取技术在食品安全检测中的应用进展

介绍固相微萃取技术原理的基础上,探讨固相微萃取的新型制备技术及新型材料在萃取膜上的应用,综述近5年来固相微萃取在食品中重金属、兽药、农药、生物毒素及其他有机污染物残留检测中的应用新进展,并展望未来固相微萃取技术的发展方向。     

Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review

Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.     

荧光适体传感器在食品中镰刀菌毒素检测的研究进展

随着经济社会的发展和人们生活水平的提高,由镰刀菌毒素污染导致的食品安全问题受到广泛关注。检测技术作为食品安全的技术保障,越来越受到人们的重视。 鉴于镰刀菌毒素危害性大且广泛存在,镰刀菌毒素分析和控制对于人及动物安全尤为重要。近年来,快速、高效的镰刀菌毒素检测方法已成为国内外学者研究的热点,其中荧光适体传感器检测技术快速发展,已在食品安全检测领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文着重介绍了荧光适体传感器在镰刀菌毒素检测中的应用进展,包括其基本特征、原理及其应用。最后,对荧光适体传感器应用于食品中镰刀菌毒素检测现阶段亟待解决的问题进行了梳理和展望。本文可为荧光适体传感器的研究和相关新技术的开发提供参考。     

Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria

Bacterial toxins are food safety hazards causing about 10% of all reported foodborne outbreaks in Europe. Pertinent to Gram‐positive pathogens, the most relevant toxins are emetic toxin and diarrheal enterotoxins of Bacillus cereus, neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum, enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens, and a family of enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and some other staphylococci. These toxins are the most important virulence factors of respective foodborne pathogens and a primary cause of the related foodborne diseases. They are proteins or peptides that differ from each other in their size, structure, toxicity, toxicological end points, solubility, and stability, types of food matrix to which they are mostly related to. These differences influence the characteristics of required detection methods. Therefore, detection of these toxins in food samples, or detection of toxin production capacity in the bacterial isolate, remains one of the cornerstones of microbial food analysis and an essential tool in understanding the relevant properties of these toxins. Advanced research has led into new insights of the incidence of toxins, mechanisms of their production, their physicochemical properties, and their toxicological mode of action and dose‐response profile. This review focuses on biological, immunological, mass spectrometry, and molecular assays as the most commonly used detection and quantification methods for toxins of B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and S. aureus. Gathered and analyzed information provides a comprehensive blueprint of the existing knowledge on the principles of these assays, their application in food safety, limits of detection and quantification, matrices in which they are applicable, and type of information they provide to the user.     

化学性食物中毒因子检测技术研究进展

化学性食物中毒因子的确证因其毒物的不确定性和基质的复杂性一直是卫生检验领域的一个难题。本文从目标毒物分析(亚硝酸盐、农药、杀鼠剂、麻醉品及精神药品、生物毒素以及其它药物等)和非目标毒物筛查(样本前处理技术和仪器筛查技术)两个方面综述了当前化学性毒物检测技术的的主要研究进展, 介绍了相关方法的原理、应用、不足及发展方向, 以期为化学性食物中毒事件处置及未来研究提供借鉴。     

Food safety implications of the distribution of azaspiracids in the tissue compartments of scallops ( Pecten maximus )

Azaspiracids, a new class of shellfish toxins, have been implicated in several recent incidents of human intoxications following the consumption of mussels ( Mytilus edulis ). A study was undertaken to examine the distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in scallops ( Pecten maximus ) and individual shellfish were dissected into five tissue fractions for the determination of toxin composition. Separation of the predominant azaspiracids, AZA1-3, was achieved using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with detection by positive electrospray multiple tandem mass spectrometry. The AZP toxin composition was determined in the adductor muscle (meat), gonad (roe), hepatopancreas (digestive glands), mantle and gill of scallops. Substantial differences in the AZP toxin levels between tissue compartments were observed and toxins were concentrated predominantly, about 85%, in the hepatopancreas. There was also a significant variation in the total toxin levels between individual scallops from the same sample batch and the RSD was 60% (n = 9). Interestingly, although all three AZP toxins were present in phytoplankton and mussels, AZA3 was not detected in the scallop samples examined. It was concluded that to improve food safety, only the adductor muscle and gonad of scallops should be permitted for sale to the public.     

链格孢霉毒素检测方法研究进展

链格孢霉菌属于丝状真菌,是一种普遍存在于环境中的病原体和腐生菌,是低温环境下导致水果、蔬菜等农产品腐烂变质的主要微生物。链格孢霉毒素中有70多种具有明显毒性,对人或牲畜具有诱变性、致癌性和致畸性等慢性或急性毒性作用,因此引起了科学家们的广泛关注。但到目前为止,国内外现行的食品中真菌毒素的限量标准中尚不包括链格孢霉毒素,并且通常采用液相、液相-质谱、气相、气相-质谱等相关的检测方法进行检测。本文首先对链格孢霉菌的3种主要的次级代谢产物——链格孢酚、链格孢酚单甲醚和细交链孢菌酮酸的分类及毒性性质进行介绍;其次,对其主要的传统检测方法和快速检测方法进行综述;最后,对链格孢霉毒素检测的新技术新方法进行了展望。     

Culture‐Independent Rapid Detection Methods for Bacterial Pathogens and Toxins in Food Matrices

Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens and toxins in foods is necessary to provide real‐time results to mitigate foodborne illness outbreaks. Cultural enrichment methods, although the most widely used, are time‐consuming and therefore inadequate for rapid pathogen detection from food samples. The development of novel “rapid” detection methods has decreased detection time dramatically. This review presents an overview of detection methods for various foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, and bacterial toxins in food matrices, with emphasis on those methods which do not require cultural enrichment. Discussed methods include nucleic acid‐, immunological‐, and biosensor‐based techniques. A summary of each type of detection method is given, including referenced methods from the literature. Since these discussed methods do not require cultural enrichment, there is a higher probability of interference from the food matrices. Therefore, the review also discusses the potential interference of food components on detection methods and addresses preprocessing strategies to overcome matrix associated inhibition and to concentrate low quantities of pathogens and toxins in food. Development of rapid and sensitive detection technologies advances and ensures public health safety and security.     

Detection of Alternaria fungal contamination in cereal grains by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay

Alternaria sp. are important fungal contaminants of grain products; they secrete four structural classes of compounds that are toxic or carcinogenic to plants and animals and cause considerable economic losses to growers and the food-processing industry. Alternaria toxins have been detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other techniques. Here, we report the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the detection of Alternaria DNA. PCR primers were designed to anneal to the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of the 5.8S rDNA gene of Alternaria alternata or Alternaria solani but not to other microbial or plant DNA. We compared the sensitivity of PCR in detecting Alternaria DNA, that of the HPLC method in detecting Alternaria alternariol and alternariol methyl ether toxins, and that of the morphological examination of mycelia and conidia in experimentally infested corn samples. The sensitivity of toxin detection for HPLC was above the level of contamination in a set of commercially obtained grain samples, resulting in negative scores for all samples, while the PCR-based method and mold growth plating followed by morphological identification of Alternaria gave parallel, positive results for 8 of 10 samples. The PCR assay required just 8 h, enabling the rapid and simultaneous testing of many samples at a low cost. PCR-based evidence for the presence of Alternaria DNA followed by positive assay results for Alternaria toxins would support the rejection of a shipment of grain.     

Measurement of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in eggs by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of common fungi capable of infesting human food and animal feeds. Lower-quality feeds given to chickens may be contaminated with T-2 toxin, which may affect their health. The literature suggests that T-2 toxin is transmitted from the hen to the eggs. This article describes the development of a liquid chromatographic assay for T-2 and the related mycotoxin HT-2 in eggs. T-2 and HT-2 toxins were isolated from spiked eggs with a tandem charcoal-alumina-Florisil column and immunoaffinity column cleanup. The isolated toxins were derivatized with the fluorophore 1-anthroyl nitrile, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and quantitated by fluorescence. The limit of detection of the method was 1 ng ml(-1) (parts per billion) of T-2 and HT-2 in whole (with shell removed) eggs. The limit of quantitation for both toxins was 5 ng ml(-1). Recoveries from spiked eggs over the range from 5 to 50 ng ml(-1) averaged 89.2% for T-2 and 100.3% for HT-2, with coefficients of variation of 3.5 and 8.2%, respectively. This method is sensitive enough to be used to check for the presence of T-2 or HT-2 toxins in eggs.