饮料中咖啡因含量的测定

采用HPLC法,以水为溶剂,0.02mol/L醋酸铵溶液—甲醇(7525)为流动相,在254nm波长下,测定饮料中咖啡因含量。回收率>97%,与按国家标准GB/T16344—1996测定值比较,两种方法的相对偏差<2%。方法简便,有实用价值。     

我国饮料食品接触材料暴露评估参数构建研究

目的建立我国饮料食品接触材料的暴露评估参数。方法利用2013年中国9省(市)居民饮料消费状况调查数据,计算饮料消费人群中各类包装的不同类型饮料的消费量,构建不同饮料食品接触材料的消费系数和食品分配系数。结果我国居民平均每天饮用的饮料为1 243.34 g,其中,塑料、玻璃、金属(带涂层)、纸和纸板(聚合物涂层)食品接触材料的消费系数分别为0.28、0.24、0.23和0.21。接触材料为塑料的饮料,主要为酸性和水性食品,食品分配系数分别为0.96和0.04。以无涂层金属材料包装的饮料为茶叶等干性食品。纸和纸板(无涂层)包装的饮料,主要是水性和酸性食品,食品分配系数分别为0.67和0.26。结论基于饮料实际消费状况调查数据构建的饮料食品接触材料暴露评估参数可为我国饮料食品接触材料安全性评估工作提供数据支持。     

湖南居民主要食品中锑的污染及暴露评估

目的掌握湖南省主要食品中锑的污染水平,评估湖南居民膳食中锑暴露安全性。方法运用湖南省常住居民营养与健康状况现状分析数据和2014—2015年湖南主要食品污染物监测数据,获得湖南地区居民膳食中锑暴露量,采用世界卫生组织规定锑的每日耐受摄入量(TDI)的限值,评价湖南居民从食物中摄入锑的安全性。结果粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉类、水产品、饮料、乳制品7类共1 445份食品样品中,锑检出率为80.8%(1 168/1 445),食品中锑含量的范围为ND~0.20 mg/kg,平均数为(0.046±0.17)mg/kg,中位数为0.008 4 mg/kg;湖南地区居民通过7类主要食品的锑暴露量为0.65μg/kg BW,安全限值(MOS)为9.2。蔬菜是膳食中锑暴露的主要来源,其贡献率为83.09%。结论湖南地区主要食品中锑的暴露水平未超过TDI值,MOS值1,居民膳食中锑暴露水平总体处于安全状态,但膳食中蔬菜类对锑暴露的贡献较大,值得关注。     

我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露风险评估

目的评估我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露量及其健康风险。方法利用2014年全国21类食物中铅含量数据、2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查和2013年中国居民饮料、饮料酒消费状况调查中的食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,计算我国成人膳食中铅暴露水平及其分布情况,并利用暴露限值(MOE)方法对潜在健康风险进行评估。结果虽然我国成人膳食的铅暴露水平总体呈下降趋势,但是我国成人仍有0.61%的个体MOE值≤1。大米及其制品、面粉及其制品、蔬菜和畜肉是我国成人膳食中铅的主要来源,占膳食总暴露量70%以上。结论我国成人居民膳食中铅暴露导致的健康风险较低,但有0.61%的个体健康风险需要关注。     

吉林省居民膳食汞暴露评估

目的掌握吉林省居民主要食物中汞含量水平,对居民食品中汞的膳食暴露健康风险进行初步评估。方法按照随机采样方法,2015~2016年在全省63个县市区采集8类1237份食物样品,按照GB/T5009.17-2003《食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》,结合居民膳食消费数据,计算、比较每周耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake,PTWI)。结果 8类食物中汞的平均含量均值为7.07μg/kg。总汞的每周平均暴露量为0.50~1.01μg/kg·bw,占PTWI的12.54%~25.19%。谷物类、水产类和蔬菜类是居民膳食中总汞的主要来源。结论吉林省地区居民膳食中总汞暴露水平是安全的。谷物类食品对居民膳食贡献率最高,且吉林省谷物类食物消费量大,故建议强化谷物类食物中汞污染的控制,从源头上降低其污染量,减少膳食风险。     

超高效液相色谱法测定饮料中咖啡因含量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱法测定饮料中咖啡因含量。方法 样品经预处理后, 所得溶液均过 0.22 μm滤膜, 经C18色谱柱分离, 以水和甲醇为流动相, 梯度洗脱, 流速为0.21 mL/min, 二极管陈列检测器进行分析。结果 咖啡因为1.0~100 μg/mL浓度范围内呈线性关系, 线性相关系数为0.9994, 加标回收率在90.3%~98.4 %之间, 相对标准偏差小于10 %(n=6), 检出限为0.05 mg/kg。结论 该方法操作简单、干扰小, 准确度可靠, 能够分析饮料中咖啡因。     

杭州市下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露评估

目的了解下城区居民主要食品中镉含量及居民膳食中镉暴露的风险。方法随机采集下城区11类食品进行镉含量检测,结合2009年下城区居民食物消费量调查数据,计算下城区居民膳食中镉的摄入量和安全限值(MOS)并进行风险评估。结果 875份食品中镉的总检出率为79.43%(695/875),总超标率为6.91%(55/796)。11类食品中菌藻类的紫菜镉含量最高为4.510 0 mg/kg。下城区居民主要膳食中镉每月平均总暴露量为15.785 8μg/kg BW,未超过镉暂定每月允许摄入量(25μg/kg BW),MOS1,表明经膳食暴露镉的健康风险较低。膳食中镉暴露贡献率最高的3类食品分别为水产品(43.97%)、菌藻类(17.42%)、大米(16.48%)。虽然下城区居民水产品和菌藻类的消费量很低,但因其镉污染严重,所以贡献率较高,为镉暴露高风险食品。结论下城区居民主要膳食中镉暴露水平总体上安全,水产品和菌藻类为镉暴露高风险食品,需加强水产品和菌藻类食品可能污染的问题研究。     

中国居民水产品中四种常见重金属暴露评估

目的评估中国居民水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷四种重金属的暴露水平和健康风险。方法利用2013—2017年水产品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量监测数据和相应食物消费量数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算中国居民水产品中四种重金属的摄入情况,依据相应健康指导值或基准剂量评估其潜在危险。结果各性别-年龄组人群镉、甲基汞的暴露量均低于其相应健康指导值,但除66岁以上女性组镉平均暴露量外,平均暴露量均在相应健康指导值的5%以上,高端暴露量(P95)超过健康指导值的20%。各人群铅、无机砷的暴露限值(MOE)均高于1。2～6岁性别-年龄组除无机砷外,另三种重金属平均暴露量和P95在各性别-年龄组中均最高。水产品中四种重金属贡献率最高的为海蟹和鱼类。结论中国居民通过水产品的铅、镉、汞、砷暴露量总体上低于相应的健康指导值或基准剂量,但达到通过制定限量标准进行管理的水平。鱼类和海蟹是对四种重金属暴露贡献率最高的水产品,高消费人群的重金属暴露需要加以关注,建议进一步开展重金属的累积暴露评估研究,明确水产品中重金属的累积暴露风险。     

咖啡因是能量饮料提神的唯一有效成分

近日《营养总揽》（Nutrition Reviews）杂志上的一项最新研究显示,红牛（Red Bull）等能量饮料之所以能提神,其中唯一有效的成分是咖啡因。     

栀子食用人群栀子苷暴露评估

目的 了解我国居民栀子食用情况,评估我国栀子食用人群栀子苷暴露水平及健康风险。方法 通过文献检索和专项监测收集我国栀子中栀子苷含量数据,结合2019—2022年我国食药物质消费量调查数据,采用简单分布方法和概率评估方法获得我国不同人群通过食用栀子的栀子苷暴露水平及健康风险。结果 我国9省栀子食用率为10.32%,每日食用量均值为0.36 g,高消费人群每日栀子食用量为1.48 g。简单分布评估显示,9省栀子食用人群的栀子苷每日平均暴露量为0.29 mg/kg·BW,高消费人群（P95）栀子苷暴露量为1.28 mg/kg·BW,9省栀子食用人群中有17.20%的居民通过食用栀子的栀子苷暴露量超过其每日可耐受摄入量（TDI,0.386 mg/kg·BW）。河南省食用人群每日平均暴露量最高,为0.54 mg/kg·BW。概率评估结果显示,我国14.70%的栀子食用人群栀子苷暴露量超过TDI,具有潜在健康风险。结论 我国栀子食用人群的栀子苷暴露风险总体较低,但部分高消费人群（P95）存在健康风险。     

Exposure and risk assessment for ochratoxin A and fumonisins in Japan

The authors performed exposure and risk assessments based on surveillance studies of retail foods in Japan that were undertaken during the past six years (2004–2010). The exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FBs) in different age groups, including toddlers and young children (1–6 years old), older children (7–14 years old), adolescents (15–19 years old) and adults (over 20 years old) was simulated, and the risk of these mycotoxins was evaluated by comparing the provisional maximum tolerated daily intake (PMTDI) for FBs and the provisional maximum tolerated weekly intake (PMTWI) for OTA established by the FAO/WHO Joint Export Committee on Food Additives. The exposure assessment for both mycotoxins in each age group in Japan indicated that the highest exposure occurred in toddlers and children, but in all cases the percentage of the PMTWI and PMTDI at the 99th percentile of exposure was less than 35% for OTA and 10% for FBs.     

累积风险评估方法在典型人群饮料中铅和镉联合暴露评估中的应用

目的利用典型人群饮料中铅和镉的暴露数据,研究不同累积风险评估方法在评价化学物质联合暴露风险中的应用。方法以中学生、大学生和白领人群为对象,利用饮料中铅和镉的专项监测数据和3类人群饮料消费量数据计算暴露量;检索科学文献获得2种重金属污染物的毒理学数据和健康指导值等参数,假定饮料中重金属污染物的风险控制水平低于健康指导值的5%。基于分级评估原则,分别采用危害指数(HI)法、靶器官毒性剂量(TTD)法和证据权重(WOE)法3种累积风险评估方法,评估饮料中铅和镉联合暴露的健康风险,并与2种污染物的单独暴露风险进行比较。结果以健康指导值的5%比较,中学生通过饮料的铅暴露超过该值。HI法评估结果发现,白领人群饮料消费者的HI值小于1,中学生和大学生饮料消费者的HI值大于1。基于各效应终点的TTD法评估结果发现,铅和镉联合暴露对3类人群的肾脏效应的HI值均大于1,对心血管系统和神经系统,仅中学生人群HI值大于等于1;对于其他作用终点,3类人群的HI值均小于1。WOE法评估结果发现,铅和镉联合暴露仅对中学生的心血管系统和神经系统的交互作用校正后的HI值大于1。结论不同累积风险评估方法可用于评估食品中不同化学物质联合暴露的累积风险,可根据支持数据的充分性和管理需要,采用分级评估原则选择合适的累积风险评估方法。     

典型膳食来源亚硝酸钠暴露对我国人群健康风险的研究

目的 评估中国居民膳食因素亚硝酸钠摄入量及对健康影响的潜在风险,为食品安全风险管理提供科学依据.方法 应用典型食品(酱类、肉制品和腌菜)中亚硝酸钠含量的实际监测结果和我国居民对含亚硝酸钠食品实际的膳食消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,对我国居民全人群的膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量进行估计,并与国际组织JECFA制定的亚硝酸钠每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较.结果 全人群的亚硝酸钠平均摄入量为0.021 mg/kgBW/day,占ADI的30.0％,而高暴露人群(亚硝酸钠摄入量的P97.5)的亚硝酸钠摄入量为0.150 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的2.1倍;各性别-年龄组人群的膳食亚硝酸钠平均摄入量均未超过ADI,但就各组高暴露人群而言,亚硝酸钠摄入量范围为0.124 8 ～0.275 0 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的1.8～3.9倍;酱/咸菜是我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的主要来源,占总摄入量的61.9％.结论 我国全人群平均膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量处于安全水平,但高暴露人群摄入的亚硝酸钠具有较高的健康风险,需予以重点关注;调整饮食习惯和行为,改进食品加工工艺,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸钠的产生是降低我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的有效手段.     

Exposure of the Irish population to PBDEs in food: consideration of parameter uncertainty and variability for risk assessment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants used to retard the ignition and/or spread of fire. PBDEs are used in various consumer products, such as textiles, mattresses and TV screens. This study presents a chemical risk assessment for the Irish population based on exposure to PBDEs from food. Special regard is given to the influence of parameter uncertainty and variability on the margins of safety. To quantitatively model uncertainty and variability in concentration data and variability in consumer behavior, a hierarchical probabilistic model was constructed. This model was evaluated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D-MCS) approach. By considering uncertainty and variability in concentration data, margins of safety (MOS) were derived that are lower by a factor of ～2 compared to MOS based on dose estimates that only consider variability. The lowest MOS is 7.5?×?10⁴ for BDE-99, with impaired spermatogenesis as toxic endpoint. Assuming an MOS of 10⁴ as acceptable, we conclude that there is no significant risk for human health through intake of contaminated food. To investigate whether additional measurements could improve the quality of dose estimates, the statistic “uncertainty-to-variability (UVR)” was developed. By applying the UVR to our dose estimates, we show that, in our case, the datasets contain little uncertainty and additional measurements would not significantly improve the quality of dose estimates.     

Uncertainty analysis of the use of a retailer fidelity card scheme in the assessment of food additive intake

The feasibility of using a retailer fidelity card scheme to estimate food additive intake was investigated in an earlier study. Fidelity card survey information was combined with information provided by the retailer on levels of the food colour Sunset Yellow (E110) in the foods to estimate a daily exposure to the additive in the Swiss population. As with any dietary exposure method the fidelity card scheme is subject to uncertainties and in this paper the impact of uncertainties associated with input variables including the amounts of food purchased, the levels of E110 in food, the proportion of food purchased at the retailer, the rate of fidelity card usage, the proportion of foods consumed outside of the home and bodyweights and with systematic uncertainties was assessed using a qualitative, deterministic and probabilistic approach. An analysis of the sensitivity of the results to each of the probabilistic inputs was also undertaken. The analysis identified the key factors responsible for uncertainty within the model and demonstrated how the application of some simple probabilistic approaches can be used quantitatively to assess uncertainty.     

Exposure assessment of the Belgian population to pesticide residues through fruit and vegetable consumption

Exposure of the Belgian consumer to pesticide residues from the consumption of fruit and vegetables was determined based on data collected in the Belgian food consumption survey performed by the Scientific Institute for Public Health and data from the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain 2005 monitoring programme. A first screening of pesticide residue exposure was performed by a deterministic approach. For most pesticide residues studied, the exposure was 100 times lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). However, for a high consumer (97.5th percentile of consumption) the intake could reach 23% of the ADI for imazalil, 15% for chlorpropham, 14% for the dithiocarbamates, 10% for dimethoate and lambda-cyhalothrin, and 9% for chlorpyriphos. Nevertheless, probabilistic exposure assessment performed on these pesticides in a second phase of the study indicated that, except for chlorpropham, the probability to exceed the ADI is much lower than 0.1%.     

Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessment of the Chinese population to cypermethrin residues

A probabilistic estimation of dietary exposure to cypermethrin residues for the Chinese population was performed. Cypermethrin residue data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program for 2001–2006, encompassing 14,096 samples from 36 commodities with a detection rate of 10.4%. Food consumption data were gathered from the national nutrition and health survey conducted in 2002, comprising 65,915 consumers aged 2–100 years and 3701 children of 2–6 years old. The whole country was roughly divided into six regions and the ranges of the median and of P99.9 exposure estimated for these regions were 0.018–0.026 and 3.131–7.095?µg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, respectively. Pak-choi and Chinese cabbage contributed 33.9 and 13.2%, respectively, to the cypermethrin intake for the general population, while pak-choi and citrus covered 30.7 and 22.5% of the total intake for children, respectively. The exposure of the rural population was higher than urban populations. Rural areas mainly located in the plains of central China had among the highest exposure of the six regions, accounting for 17.7% of the ARfD at P99.9, while the 99.99th percentile of exposure for children, especially rural children, far exceeded the ARfD, which is a cause for concern.     

深圳市市售动物源性食品中氯霉素残留量暴露评估

目的 调查研究深圳市市售动物源性食品中氯霉素残留状况及暴露风险,为引导消费和开展安全监管提供借鉴和参考。方法 随机采集2018—2019年深圳市市售畜肉、禽肉、水产品共计511份,使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中氯霉素的含量,采用点评估法计算深圳市居民通过食用动物源性食品的氯霉素暴露量,并采用暴露边界比(MOE)法对其健康风险进行评估。结果 160份畜肉和60份禽肉中未检出氯霉素,291份水产品(包括贝类、虾、淡水鱼)中氯霉素检出率为26.80%(78/291),其中贝类样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～205.00μg/kg,平均值为13.71μg/kg,检出率为37.21%(64/172);虾样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～2.20μg/kg,平均值为0.20μg/kg,检出率为13.64%(3/22);淡水鱼样品中氯霉素含量为0.05～1.90μg/kg,平均值为0.11μg/kg,检出率为11.34%(11/97),所有样品中氯霉素总检出率为15.26%(78/511)。膳食暴露风险评估结果表明,深圳市居民膳食动物源性食品摄入氯霉素的平均日暴露量为2.06×10^-3