红外光谱法测定(乙醇)醚化催化汽油中残余乙醇的含量

建立了红外光谱法测定 (乙醇 )醚化汽油中残余乙醇的方法 ,运用可调厚度吸收池消除汽油背景所产生的影响。当乙醇质量浓度为 1 5～ 13g/dl时 ,其误差为 0 1%～ 1 5 % ,相对标准偏差小于 3 % ,回收率为 99 2 %～10 1 5 %。该方法简单、快速、准确 ,也可用于无铅汽油中乙醇的测定     

石油天然气加工工业

TE6 2 2 .12 2 0 0 4 0 90 2 1四乙酸铅电位滴定法测定汽油中的硫醚硫〔刊〕/罗立文 ,夏道宏… (石油大学化学化工学院 )∥石油与天然气化工 .-2 0 0 3,32 (6 ) .- 393～ 395　　与传统的紫外光谱法相比 ,应用四乙酸铅电位滴定法测定汽油中硫醚硫的含量 ,具有化学计量点处电位突跃明显、电位值稳定、操作简单、结果准确可靠的特点。表明汽油中除硫醇硫及二硫化物对测定结果有影响外 ,其中的烯烃则对测定结果无影响。采用该测定方法测定胜华炼油厂FCC汽油中硫醚硫的含量为 0 .14 0 % ,该法标准偏差小于 0 .0 1% ,相对标准偏差小于 2 .86 %…     

乳浊液进样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定润滑油添加剂中的锌、铅

将乳浊液进样技术应用于火焰原子吸收光谱法 ,成功地测定了添加剂中的锌、铅 ,建立了测定润滑油添加剂中锌和铅的快速分析方法。对乳化剂的选择、背景吸收干扰、空白溶液的选择及检出限进行了考察。测定结果与灰化法-火焰原子吸收光谱法一致 ,相对误差小于± 2 5% ,t检验表明两种方法之间无显著性差异。相对标准偏差小于3 0 % ,锌的检出限 0 0 68mg/L、铅的检出限 0 2 7mg/L。本方法简便、快速、准确。     

世界废除含铅汽油进程

20世纪 90年代 ,世界含铅汽油比例约占 5 7% ,到 1 999年 ,世界约有 30多个国家 (地区 )完全废除了含铅汽油。 2 0 0 0年 ,世界含铅汽油比例已下降至不到 2 0 %。现在世界无铅汽油比例已达 80 %以上。变化最大的是亚洲。 1 996年汽油铅量还在 0 1 5ｇ/Ｌ以上 ,2 0 0 0年大多数亚洲国家的汽油已无铅化。中欧国家已同意 2 0 0 5年完全废除含铅汽油。约 8%的拉丁美洲汽油仍为含铅汽油。有人称 :当委内瑞拉完全废除含铅汽油之时 ,即是拉丁美洲国家汽油无铅化之日。中东正在加速汽油无铅化进程。废除含铅汽油面临最大挑战的是非洲 ,可能在本世纪…     

石化环保与安全

X5 2 0 0 4 115 6 3高标准清洁汽油与汽油清净剂〔刊〕/戴兵 (中国石化销售公司质量管理站 )∥石油库与加油站 .- 2 0 0 4 ,13(1) .- 2 9～ 30　　针对目前存在的一些误解 ,突出介绍了高标准清洁汽油是指符合GB17930 1999《车用无铅汽油》国家标准的低硫、低烯烃汽油 ,其“高标准清洁”概念侧重于汽油的组成 ;汽油清洁剂具有清除发动机燃油系统沉积物并抑制新的沉积物生成的功能 ,它侧重于汽油的使用性能。强调符合高标准清洁汽油标准的产品也应当加入有效的汽油清净剂。表 4 (张平摘 )X5 0 2 2 0 0 4 115 6 4应用便携式烟道气测试仪测定…     

高效液相色谱法/二极管阵列检测器分析乙二醇中的未知痕量杂质

建立了测定乙二醇中影响紫外透光率的痕量杂质的方法。采用高效液相色谱法 /二极管阵列检测器首次测定了乙二醇中的 3 -甲基 -1,2 -环戊二酮和 3 ,5 -二甲基 -1,2 -环戊二酮。这两种物质 ,回收率分别为 95 87%～99 95 %和 98 79%～ 10 1 1% ;相对标准偏差分别小于 1 72 %和 4 5 6% ;相关系数分别为 0 9999和 0 9998;最低检出限分别为 0 0 0 6μg/ml和 0 0 1μg/ml     

用国产车用无铅汽油进行L-38台架试验

论述了采用国产车用无铅汽油替代异辛烷加铅燃料进行L-38试验的初步研究进展。研究结果表明:分别采用中国97号车用无铅汽油与异辛烷加铅燃料进行L-38试验,3种油品的试验结果具有一致性。     

炼厂汽油中有机金属添加剂的测定

汽油中添加有机金属添加剂是为了提高汽油的抗爆性。这些添加剂往往分为三种 :四乙基铅、羰基锰 (MMT)、二茂铁 (TKC)。虽然《车用无铅汽油 (GB 17930 - 1999)》标准中规定了铅含量的最高上限为 0 0 0 5g/L ,锰含量上限为 0 0 18g/L ,但不准人为加入铅、铁、锰。因为这些金属     

无铅航空汽油芳胺类添加剂的功效研究

以航空汽油(马达法辛烷值(MON)为93.7)为基础油,加入芳胺类抗爆剂调配出95号和100号无铅航空汽油。采用环块实验测量发动机40Cr金属材料的磨痕长度,评价航空汽油对发动机排气阀阀座等金属材料抗磨性的影响,并测量经汽油浸泡后橡胶试样所发生的外观、质量变化以考察油品对燃油管路中密封所用橡胶部件溶胀作用的程度。依上述实验结果,分析辛烷值相近的无铅芳胺汽油与加铅汽油在抗磨性、溶胀性上的差异。结果表明,加芳胺无铅航空汽油的抗磨性、溶胀性均较辛烷值相近的加铅汽油差,而在加芳胺类抗爆剂的无铅航空汽油中添加抗氧剂可抑制其对橡胶制品的溶胀作用,减弱发动机中相应部件受到溶胀作用的影响。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石脑油中痕量元素

对中国石化某炼油厂的石脑油样品进行有机溶剂稀释预处理,然后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定石脑油样品中的砷、铅、铜、汞、锌、钠、钙、镁、铬、锰等元素含量,建立石脑油中痕量元素的分析方法。针对不同元素遇到的干扰不同,采用相应的分析方法以消除质谱干扰,采用合适的溶剂降低基体干扰,考察方法的精密度并进行实际石脑油样品的测定。结果表明：用商用PremiSolv ICP稀释剂将石脑油样品稀释10倍,同时采用含质量分数为10%己烷的稀释剂配制标准溶液,采用碰撞模式(KED)或反应模式(DRC)消除质谱干扰;石脑油中各元素重复性的相对标准偏差均小于5%,加标回收率在90%～110%之间。所建立的有机直接进样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行样品的分析快速、准确,适用于石脑油中多种痕量元素的同时测定。     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定汽油中铅、铁、锰含量

利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,建立了能量色散X射线荧光光谱法同时快速测定汽油中Pb,Fe,Mn含量的方法,并对方法进行了准确性和重复性考察。结果表明,Pb,Fe,Mn质量分数在0~100μg/g范围内均具有良好的线性关系,检出限分别为0.06,0.4,0.09μg/g,回收率均在91.7%~107.9%之间,相对标准偏差均小于3.0%。该方法可以同时快速测定汽油中的Pb,Fe,Mn元素含量。     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

EFFECT OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) AS A GASOLINE ADDITIVE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

The effect of blending unleaded gasoline with different proportions of methyl-t-butyl ether MTBE (10, 15 and 20 vol % ) on engine performance was studied using a fixed compression ratio SI engine (Opel 4 -cylinder ). The exhaust gases were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the hydrocarbons emitted. The results have shown that MTBE blends gave slightly better engine performance than the unleaded gasoline as evidenced by the power output. Analysis of exhaust gases shows better carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all MTBE blends tested than unleaded gasoline. A higher carbon dioxide exhaust emission of the blends than the unleaded gasoline also confirms their better combustion. The 20 vol % MTBE blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of all blends used. A comparison was also made between a     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

EFFECT OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) AS A GASOLINE ADDITIVE ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

ABSTRACT

The effect of blending unleaded gasoline with different proportions of methyl-t-butyl ether MTBE (10, 15 and 20 vol % ) on engine performance was studied using a fixed compression ratio SI engine (Opel 4 -cylinder ). The exhaust gases were analyzed for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the hydrocarbons emitted. The results have shown that MTBE blends gave slightly better engine performance than the unleaded gasoline as evidenced by the power output. Analysis of exhaust gases shows better carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions for all MTBE blends tested than unleaded gasoline. A higher carbon dioxide exhaust emission of the blends than the unleaded gasoline also confirms their better combustion. The 20 vol % MTBE blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions of all blends used. A comparison was also made between a     

石油加工物料中硫化物的形态分析

用气相色谱-原子发射光谱联用技术对多套石油加工装置的98个进出口的物料中硫化物的形态分布进行了研究。分别建立了汽油类、柴油类、水样和气体试样的色谱分离条件,以多种方法对物料中的硫化物进行定性;分别以噻吩和H2S为标准试样,用外标法进行了定量。实验结果表明,当硫的质量浓度小于120mg/L时,硫的质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达0.998,汽油试样中5个主要硫化物测定的相对标准偏差均小于4%,噻吩标准试样的测定回收率为96.2%～101.6%,检出限为0.1mg/L。基本掌握了有关进出口物料中硫化物的形态和含量。该方法可用于分析石油加工过程中的各物料中硫的形态和含量。     

Atmospheric Loadings of Lead From Refined Petroleum Products Consumption in Southwestern Nigeria

Deleterious impact of lead from the use of motor fuels is of major concern. Lead levels of gasoline and diesel samples from States in Southwestern Nigeria were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, according to the standard ASTM D3237-97 method. Lead concentrations ranged from 0.491–1.903 mg/L for gasoline and 2.301–10.97 mg/L for diesel. Estimated lead levels in gasoline were below the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) Nigeria limit of 3.37 mg/l. Percentage lead contributions from gasoline and diesel fuel consumption were minimal due to various fuel lead-level regulations that have been established over the years.     

GC-MS法检测车用汽油中C1~C4醇

C1~C4醇是生产无铅汽油的常用添加物,其含量需严格控制,以满足车用汽油的性能与环保要求。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）建立了车用汽油中C1~C4醇类添加物的定性和定量分析方法。定性分析采用全扫描,利用标准物质的质谱谱图与色谱保留时间确定待测醇类化合物的种类;定量分析采用选择离子扫描（SIM）,有效降低了汽油本底对测试的干扰,提高了方法的选择性,并结合内标法进行测试,减小了仪器状态波动对定量分析结果的影响。实验结果表明：所建立的方法对质量分数在0.1% ~9.0%范围内的C1~C4醇有良好的线性响应,线性相关系数均在0.995以上,具有良好的准确度和重复性,加标回收率在91.47% ~104.56%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于2.3%,能够用于车用汽油中C1~C4醇的快速、准确分析。