盒形件固体颗粒介质板材成形工艺研究

固体颗粒介质板材成形工艺是采用固体颗粒微珠代替刚性凸(凹)模(或弹性体、液体)的作用对板材拉深成形的新工艺。选用非金属固体颗粒介质——GM颗粒作为研究对象,以固体颗粒介质在高应力水平下的体积压缩试验和摩擦强度试验为基础,应用散体力学理论中扩展的Drucker-Prager线性模型构建固体颗粒介质有限元材料模型。以具有非轴对称性的方盒形件为代表,进行固体颗粒介质成形工艺的有限元模拟,研究成形过程中板材的流动特征和壁厚分布规律。工艺试验成功得到方盒形零件,将加载曲线、成形过程变形特征和壁厚分布曲线与数值模拟结果比对较为吻合。分析表明,采用以散体力学为基础建立的固体颗粒介质材料模型进行工艺模拟,能够得到与试验较为接近的变形特征和力能参数,可以应用于制定工艺方案的依据,为该技术在板材成形中的应用起到指导和借鉴作用。     

固体颗粒介质成形工艺变形模型研究

介绍了固体颗粒介质成形新工艺,即采用固体颗粒介质代替刚性凸模(或弹性体、液体)的作用对板料进行软模成形的工艺,并阐述了新工艺的优点。自行设计制造了板料成形试验模具与装置,通过成形试验成功试制出子午面为抛物线与锥形两种典型曲面类零件。对成形件外轮廓的测量分析可知,固体颗粒介质成形过程中,自由变形区的形状可用抛物线函数非常精确地表示。通过建立抛物线函数变形模型,推导出两种典型零件成形中压头压入行程与板料最大变形量的函数关系。通过对板材固体颗粒介质成形新工艺进行数值模拟,进一步验证了抛物线函数变形模型。     

板料固体颗粒介质成形新工艺及其数值模拟

在板料成形技术中,板料软模成形是板料成形工艺中发展最快的工艺。但传统的板料软模成形工艺存在着许多缺点。为此,提出了既能克服现有软模成形工艺的缺点,又汲取各自优点的新的软模成形工艺——板料固体颗粒介质成形新工艺。板料固体颗粒介质成形新工艺是采用固体颗粒介质代替刚性凸模(或弹性体、液体)的作用对板料进行软模成形的先进工艺。该工艺具有模具结构简单,零件表面质量好,能够有效提高板材成形极限,节省多套模具和设备等优点。应用本工艺成功试制出深曲面类典型零件。通过将固体颗粒介质作为连续体介质处理,建立了子午面为抛物线形件的有限元模型。模拟和实测结果对比表明,应用连续体材料模型的模拟结果和实测结果较为接近。     

基于固体颗粒介质成形工艺筒形件拉深力学分析

将固体颗粒介质成形工艺应用于金属板材圆筒件的拉深成形,建立相应的板材拉深力学模型。在固体颗粒传力衰减模型的基础上,通过对工件直壁区的力学分析,得到拉深过程中所需压头单位压力的函数关系式。该关系式表明,当筒形件的直壁段成形后,随着拉深系数的增加,压头最大单位压力呈线性逐渐减小;板材与凹模表面间摩擦因数增大将导致压头单位压力加大,并且该增加趋势非常明显;颗粒介质与板材之间的摩擦因数增大却可以减小压头单位压力;随着颗粒介质初始装料高度的增加,压头单位压力相应增加,这是颗粒介质所传递的应力随传递距离增加而逐渐衰减的结果。并以镁合金板材为研究对象,进行基于颗粒介质成形工艺的拉深试验和有限元模拟验证。研究结果表明,试验、模拟结果与理论值基本吻合。     

抛物线壳体软模成形FEM-DEM耦合仿真研究

针对一些形状复杂、具有局部特征的难变形薄壁构件的成形问题,提出固体颗粒介质成形(Solid granules medium forming, SGMF)技术。并以薄壁的抛物线壳体零件为例,分析零件的特征及成形难点;基于ABAQUS平台,自行编制程序对抛物线壳体SGMF成形过程进行有限元法(Finite element method, FEM)和离散元法(Discrete element method, DEM)耦合仿真分析,探究不同摩擦因数对工件SGMF的影响。研究表明,FEM-DEM耦合分析技术兼顾离散颗粒介质与连续体板材各自的变形特点,能较准确模拟金属板材SGMF成形过程,并采用该耦合分析技术确定该抛物线壳体零件的最佳成形工艺参数;最后在模拟结果的基础上,开展抛物线壳体零件的颗粒介质成形试验研究,并成功试制出合格工件,试验结果与FEM-DEM耦合模拟结果基本吻合。     

圆锥形凹模径向分块压边拉深工艺实验研究

采用圆锥形凹模拉深工艺可以提高成形极限,但需要用压边圈将板坯先压成与凹模面吻合的形状,当变形程度较大时,板坯很容易起皱。为了克服这一缺点,提出了将圆锥形凹模与径向分块压边方法结合的工艺,该工艺可有效改善压边圈与板坯的约束状态,从而达到抑制起皱的目的。对圆筒形件的拉深成形,采用了刚柔复合的径向分块压边圈结构,设计了圆锥形凹模径向分块多压边圈拉深模,取不同凹模半锥角的圆锥形凹模进行了圆筒形件的拉深成形实验。实验表明,新的压边方法能有效克服初始成形过程的起皱,可与锥度较小的凹模一起使用。采用凹模半锥角为45°的凹模,得到AA5754、AA6061和08Al三种板材的极限拉深系数分别为0.410、0.431、0.373,显著提高了成形极限。对圆锥形凹模的拉深成形,给出了理论计算成形极限的方法,理论与实验结果非常接近。     

筒形件颗粒软凹模拉深成形试验研究

分析了颗粒软凹模成形的工艺特点,设计了筒形件颗粒软凹模拉深成形试验模具,对筒形件颗粒软凹模拉深成形进行了试验研究,成形出了质量良好的圆筒零件.颗粒软凹模拉深成形零件各部分的厚度均减小,而且随着拉深高度的增加,减薄量增大.与刚性模具拉深工艺相比,该工艺可有效提高板材的拉深成形极限.颗粒软凹模拉深成形和刚性模具拉深筒形件各部位表面微观形貌的对比分析表明:颗粒软凹模成形可抑制凸模圆角区域微裂纹的产生.     

基于离散元法的固体颗粒介质传力特性研究

固体颗粒介质成形工艺是采用固体颗粒介质代替刚性凸模(凹模)的作用,对金属板料、管材拉深胀形的先进工艺,在复杂零件精密成形、难加工材料成形、温热成形等方面具有独特优势.为揭示该工艺中固体颗粒介质的传力特性,采用离散元法(Discrete/distinct element method,DEM)数值模拟固体颗粒介质在单轴压缩下的受力过程,从力链角度分析固体颗粒介质在压缩过程中细观结构的变化规律,并以直径1mm不锈钢球为传力介质,自行设计颗粒介质传力性能试验,数值模拟结果与实测值吻合较好.研究发现颗粒配位数与体积份额呈幂函数关系,侧压系数与压应力亦呈幂函数关系,且当内部力链结构趋于稳定时,侧压系数趋于定值.应用散体力学研究方法推导出固体颗粒介质压力衰减规律,进而得到介质传力极限距离,这对如何准确控制成形中颗粒介质压力分布,提高加工工件的成形性能具有重要意义.     

基于正交试验的半球形拉深成形工艺参数优化

以某半球形TA1钛合金拉深成形件为例,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立了拉深成形三位模型和数值模拟正交试验方案。以是否破裂和起皱为衡量指标,探究凹凸模间隙、拉深速度和压边力对拉深成形件质量的影响,结果表明:起皱现象主要出现在压边区域不影响成形件质量,对底部最小厚度的影响从大到小依次为拉深速度、压边力以及凹凸模间隙。基于正交试验结果设计优化方案,得到最优工艺参数组合并将其应用于实际生产得到表面质量较好的拉深成形件,结果表明:基于正交试验对拉深成形工艺参数优化的方案可行,可以为企业生产提供指导,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

固体颗粒介质成形新工艺试验研究与应力分析

自行设计制造了固体颗粒介质传压性能试验与测试装置,通过试验测得到了固体颗粒的传压规律.建立了板料在拉深力作用下的两种力学模型:线性分布载荷和二次函数分布载荷的力学模型.自行设计制造了板料成形试验模具与装置,通过对成形试验件的测量与分析,建立了自由变形抛物线函数变形模型.对固体颗粒介质板料拉胀成形未贴模时塑性变形阶段进行了塑性变形分析,推导出了自由变形区的应力分布计算公式,为固体颗粒介质板料拉胀成形塑性理论研究奠定了基础.     

Numerical investigation of multi-point forming process for sheet metal: wrinkling, dimpling and springback

Multi-point forming (MPF) is a new flexible technique for manufacturing three-dimensional sheet metal parts. In this procedure, a pair of opposed matrices of punch elements substitute for the conventional fixed shape die sets, and the sheet metal can be formed rapidly between the matrices. Extensive numerical simulations of the processes for forming spherical and saddle-shaped parts were carried out by dynamic explicit finite element analysis. The contacting process between sheet metal and punch elements in MPF was investigated, and the variations of forming force with respect to the tool travel were analyzed. The wrinkling processes were simulated, and the MPF limit curves without wrinkles for spherical and saddle-shaped parts were obtained. Dimple is a particular defect in MPF, through the comparison of the thickness strains calculated by solid FE and shell FE, the finite elements appropriate for the numerical analysis of dimpling were detected, and the limit forming force without dimples was determined. Springback processes of MPF were simulated based on explicit-implicit algorithm. The springbacks and their distributions under different conditions were investigated.     

Numerical and experimental approach to reduce bouncing effect in electromagnetic forming process using cushion plate

Electromagnetic forming (EMF) is a high strain rate forming process that uses Lorentz force. In this study, electromagnetic forming with a rectangular block shape in the center of the forming die was examined to determine the possibility and applicability of EMF. However, the high speed of the process in the absence of a medium between the coil and the workpiece results in bouncing of the workpiece, which may result in poor forming. So, in this study, the use of a cushion plate is proposed as a means of reducing the degree of bounce in an EMF process. A 3D electromagnetic numerical model using a spiral forming coil was considered. An RLC circuit, coupled with the spiral coil, was numerically simulated to determine the deformation behavior and design parameters, such as the input current and the magnetic forces. A cushion plate was used between the forming coil and the sheet to be deformed to reduce the extent of bounce. In the numerical simulation, the sheet was found to be well fitted to the objective die with the cushion plate. The simulation results showed that the extent of bounce was drastically reduced because of the velocity direction of the workpiece and the cushion plate. The experiment was performed using 24 kJ to deform Al 1100 with a thickness of 1.27 mm, based on the simulation results. The deformed sheet was well formed, and closely fitted the objective die with a minimum of wrinkling, relative to the results obtained without a cushion plate. As a result, an EMF process with a middle-block die was successfully established both numerically and experimentally to reduce the bouncing.     

数值模拟的双层金属板拉深成形工艺研究

某轿车排气歧管保护罩采用双层镀铝钢板同步拉深工艺制成,为获得最佳成形工艺参数,避免拉深时产生严重减薄及起皱现象,采用Dynaform软件对双层金属板同步拉深成形过程进行了有限元数值模拟,分析了压边力对拉深成形过程的影响,获得了不同压边力下保护罩内、外层板的壁厚减薄与增厚分布规律。结果表明,与单层板拉深成形相似,对于复杂型面双层金属板拉深件而言,单纯增加压边力并不能完全避免拉深过程中的起皱现象;采用压边力及合理布置拉深筋,可以保证内、外层板材料塑性流动均匀,有效抑制起皱、拉裂等缺陷。根据数值模拟结果进行了产品试制,获得了质量合格的拉深件。     

薄板起皱失稳数值模拟计算方法

汽车、航天、航空等领域的零件制造轻量化趋势致使管板材成形起皱失稳缺陷的预测成为行业的重点关注问题。基于目前常规数值模拟算法未包含起皱失稳判据从而无法解决起皱数值预测的现状,利用平板对角拉伸试验作为对比验证对象,利用大型平台软件ABAQUS证实了用于模拟薄板变形的常规壳单元动态显式算法（^*DYNAMIC）以及用于结构件屈曲计算的弧长法（^*RIKS）无法用于计算薄板成形起皱问题,尝试并比较了“用于微缺陷引入的特征值分析（^*BUCKLE）+^*DYNAMIC分析”相结合分析方法、“^*BUCKLE分析+^*RIKS分析”相结合的分析方法以及“三维实体单元动态显式算法”三种方式对薄板起皱失稳问题的运算结果,围绕计算精度、适用范围、算法特征等方面对这三种算法进行研究,确立了从多方面考察综合性能最佳的薄板成形起皱失稳数值模拟方法。     

电磁力作用下平板变形的实验研究

通过平板件的电磁无底凹模成形、有底凹模成形的实验研究，发现不同形式的压边圈可以导致不同的工件变形高度。有底凹模成形时，在设备能量足以使工件变形达到凹模底部的情况下，工件的最大变形高度小于凹模深度，并且电压越大，工件的变形高度越小，而且在较大电压的情况下，工件底部还会出现反向变形。对实验现象进行了分析，认为不同形式的压边圈，板料所受径向拉深力不同，导致不同的工件变形高度；板料受撞击产生的反向运动是导致工件最大变形高度小于凹模深度的主要原因。     

Investigation of hydrodynamic deep drawing for conical�Ccylindrical cups

Forming conical parts is one of the complex and difficult fields in sheet-metal forming processes. Because of low-contact area of the sheet with punch tip in the initial stages of forming, bursting occurs on the sheet. Moreover, since most of the sheet surface in the area between the punch tip and blank holder is free, wrinkles appear on the wall of the drawing part. Thus, these parts are normally formed in industry by spinning, explosive forming, or multi-stage deep drawing processes. In this paper, forming pure copper and St14 conical?Ccylindrical cups in the hydrodynamic deep drawing process was studied using finite element (FE) simulation and experiment. The effect of pressure path on the occurrence of defects and thickness distribution and drawing ratio of the sheet was studied. It was concluded that at low pressures, bursting occurs on the contact area of sheet with punch tip. At higher pressures, the cup was formed, but the wall thickness distribution depends on the pressure path. It was also illustrated that for the pressure path with a certain maximum amount, the workpiece was formed adequately with minimum sheet thickness reduction. Internal pressures more than this maximum amounts did not affect on the thickness distribution. By applying the desired pressure path, conical?Ccylindrical cups with high deep drawing ratio were achieved.     

Electromagnetic blank restrainer in sheet metal forming processes

Electromagnetic blank restrainer (EMBR) is a new technology that was recently developed to control material movement in sheet metal forming processes. Magnetic attraction on the ferrous sheet metal is the intrinsic property of EMBR. Such magnetic force is quantified using Maxwell's stress tensor to assess the feasibility of EMBR in the sheet metal forming process. The 3D finite element analysis (FEA) of an electromagnetic system is conducted to determine the distribution of magnetic flux density on contacting surfaces of the sheet metal. The distribution is then used to estimate the magnetic force. Experiments have been conducted to measure the magnetic force and compare with results from the FEA. Biaxial-loading apparatus has been built to measure restraining forces on the sheet metal with blankholder, drawbead, and EMBR. All the restraining forces are put together in a chart to see where each method stands with respect to one another. In order to evaluate the quality of forming with each method, an experimental die has been built. The die forms a channel in a single stroke and provides a direct indication of how each restraining method controls blank movement in the die. The real advantage of EMBR lies in the effectiveness of force control and its flexible location in a sheet metal forming die. To prove this, a prototype has been built in a tryout die where house appliance panel is formed with blankholder and EMBR. EMBRs are locally installed in the die and actively controlled during the forming process. The part formed with EMBR shows a significant improvement in the forming quality. At the end of this paper, two immediate impacts that EMBR can bring to the sheet metal forming industry are also discussed.     

AA7075-T6圆筒形零件热态颗粒介质压力成形过程的力学分析

基于颗粒介质传压性能试验和AA7075-T6板材材料性能试验,对采用热态颗粒介质压力成形(HGMF)工艺拉深成形圆筒形件的法兰区、传力区和自由变形区进行了塑性力学分析,求解得到内压非均匀分布条件下成形压力的函数关系式,并与实测数据进行比对。分析结果表明,在成形中后期产生较大的偏差,理论求解最大成形力低于实测值24.6%。工艺试验研究表明,在成形温度为250℃条件下,采用HGMF工艺可一道次成形AA7075-T6圆筒形零件(底部为自由变形区)的极限拉伸比(LDR)为1.71。HGMF工艺操作便捷,装置简单,可在通用压力设备上实现轻合金板材件热成形,适用于航空、航天和军工等领域中小批量产品。