变形温度对镁合金等通道转角挤压晶粒尺寸演变影响的有限元模拟

目的研究变形温度对AZ31B镁合金等通道转角挤压(ECAP)过程中晶粒尺寸演变的影响。方法建立AZ31B镁合金动态再结晶和晶粒长大数学模型,采用Fortran语言编写晶粒演变子程序,并通过商用有限元软件MARC的二次开发接口,建立耦合微观组织演变的AZ31B镁合金等通道转角挤压有限元模型,研究变形温度对等通道转角挤压过程应变场、再结晶百分数和晶粒尺寸的影响规律,并与实验结果进行比较。结果随变形温度从200℃增至400℃,原子热激活效应增强,再结晶百分数从75.37%增加至99%,平均晶粒尺寸从6.67μm增加至25.7μm,且晶粒尺寸分布均匀性增大,但是200℃变形的ECAP试样出现开裂。结论在250~300℃温度区间内进行ECAP变形,有助于获得细小均匀的微观组织,同时避免出现变形开裂。     

AZ61镁合金的均匀化处理

研究了不同退火温度和时间条件下AZ61铸态镁合金的显微组织以及硬度值,分析了温度和保温时间对组织转变和成分均匀性的影响.得出温度是影响均匀化进程的主要因素,并推荐AZ61铸态镁合金的退火工艺为400 ℃×12 h.     

热变形镁合金退火显微组织的定量研究

对热变形AZ31镁合金的显微组织、晶粒尺寸分布、平均晶粒尺寸、再结晶晶粒数目以及变形织构随退火时间的变化进行了定量分析,研究了不同热变形量AZ31镁合金在503 K的等温退火行为。结果表明:热变形AZ31镁合金的细晶组分随着退火时间的延长不断降低,退火过程按退火温度可分为孕育、再结晶急速长大和晶粒正常长大三个阶段,且各阶段的其长短几乎不受变形程度的影响。变形形成的微观织构在整个退火过程中几乎没有变化,说明热变形镁合金在退火过程中没有新核形成,即为连续静态再结晶。     

轧制ZK61镁合金板材晶粒长大行为

通过对热轧的ZK61镁合金板材试样分别进行不同温度和不同保温时间的退火实验,利用金相显微镜(OM)观察显微组织,对晶粒尺寸进行分析和处理,并建立数学模型,系统研究了轧制ZK61镁合金的晶粒长大行为。研究结果表明,晶粒尺寸随着退火温度的升高与退火时间的延长而粗化,退火温度对晶粒长大的影响比退火时间的影响明显。对于ZK61镁合金在250~450℃温度区间的晶粒长大过程,其晶粒尺寸与加热时间的关系可用Beck方程D~n-D_0~n=kt描述,其中k=k_0exp[-Q_g/(RT)]。计算可得晶粒长大指数n为3.5,长大激活能Qg为45kJ/mol。     

新型复合挤压工艺中温度对AZ61组织和性能的影响

针对镁合金棒材的工业化制备和加工,提出了一种新型的复合挤压方式,将正挤压(Extrusion)和剪切(Shear)结合(简称ES)。对经过不同温度下ES变形后AZ61镁合金棒材进行微观组织观察、硬度测试、室温拉伸性能测试及SEM,研究了ES变形工艺中变形温度对AZ61挤压棒材组织及性能的影响。结果表明:温度由380℃升至400℃时,动态再结晶进行得更充分,组织为细小等轴晶粒,但温度升至440℃时,晶粒出现长大;三个温度下断口均呈现塑性断裂特征,400℃时棒材的综合力学性能最好,其抗拉强度为296.7MPa,屈服强度为158.9MPa,伸长率为15.4%。     

AZ61镁合金热压缩变形组织研究

在gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上以应变速率为0.01 s-1和1s-1,变形温度为350℃和400℃,对AZ61镁合金热压缩变形,并对变形试样显微组织进行了研究。结果表明:热变形过程中发生了不同程度的动态再结晶,得到不完全再结晶组织。变形温度和应变速率对再结晶程度、再结晶晶粒尺寸均匀性有明显影响;以较低的温度配合高的应变速率,热变形后发生再结晶晶粒均匀细小;变形温度高且应变速率高时,发生动态再结晶的区域变小,再结晶晶粒尺寸偏大且极不均匀,低温高速热变形有利于获得均匀细小的再结晶组织。     

镁合金 AZ40M 再结晶晶粒尺寸与硬度模型研究

目的研究变形温度及变形速率对镁合金AZ40M再结晶晶粒尺寸以及硬度的影响。方法在gleeble-1500D热模拟机上进行热物理模拟压缩实验,变形温度为250~400℃,变形速率为0.001~1 s-1,通过金相法观测AZ40M镁合金在不同变形条件下的组织形貌,采用维氏硬度计测出镁合金热变形后的硬度值。结果当升高变形温度或降低变形速率时,材料的晶粒尺寸增大且硬度减小。结论得出了再结晶晶粒尺寸的变化规律,建立了AZ40M镁合金的晶粒尺寸与硬度的关系模型。     

连续挤压制备铝包镁复合棒材的组织与力学性能EI北大核心

在不同的加热温度下,采用不同尺寸的坯料并利用连续挤压工艺进行6063铝合金包AZ31镁合金复合材料的制备,获得尺寸为∅5 mm的复合棒材。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、金相显微镜以及万能拉伸试验机等分析手段对制备的复合棒材进行微观组织分析和力学性能测试。结果表明:连续挤压工艺可显著细化复合棒材镁芯的晶粒。坯料在室温挤压时,镁芯的平均晶粒尺寸为15.4μm,复合棒材的抗拉强度为141.4 MPa,伸长率为6.6%。加热温度升高至450℃时,镁芯晶粒开始长大,复合棒材的抗拉强度略有下降,伸长率提高到10%。随着镁芯直径增大,组织均匀性和晶粒细化效果提高,平均晶粒尺寸为12.8μm。在连续挤压过程中,铝镁之间发生相互扩散,产生硬度较高的铝镁结合层,结合层最大厚度为4.8μm。利用Deform有限元软件模拟连续挤压过程中的材料流动,得到了Al和Mg的温度与应变分布,有助于分析连续挤压过程中复合棒材的组织演变。     

连续挤压制备铝包镁复合棒材的组织与力学性能

在不同的加热温度下,采用不同尺寸的坯料并利用连续挤压工艺进行6063铝合金包AZ31镁合金复合材料的制备,获得尺寸为?5 mm的复合棒材。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、金相显微镜以及万能拉伸试验机等分析手段对制备的复合棒材进行微观组织分析和力学性能测试。结果表明：连续挤压工艺可显著细化复合棒材镁芯的晶粒。坯料在室温挤压时,镁芯的平均晶粒尺寸为15.4μm,复合棒材的抗拉强度为141.4 MPa,伸长率为6.6%。加热温度升高至450℃时,镁芯晶粒开始长大,复合棒材的抗拉强度略有下降,伸长率提高到10%。随着镁芯直径增大,组织均匀性和晶粒细化效果提高,平均晶粒尺寸为12.8μm。在连续挤压过程中,铝镁之间发生相互扩散,产生硬度较高的铝镁结合层,结合层最大厚度为4.8μm。利用Deform有限元软件模拟连续挤压过程中的材料流动,得到了Al和Mg的温度与应变分布,有助于分析连续挤压过程中复合棒材的组织演变。     

大塑性变形的AM60镁合金半固态等温处理研究

为了制备晶粒细小且球化程度高的的AM60镁合金半固态坯料,对铸态和等径道角挤压态的AM60镁合金半固态等温处理过程进行了研究.借助金相显微镜对AM60镁合金铸坯和等径道角挤压后的铸坯在半固态等温处理中的微观组织演变进行了观察.研究结果表明:对于AM60镁合金,直接等温处理获得的半固坯晶粒很粗大,其平均晶粒尺寸都在100μm以上,晶粒球化效果不理想,很难获得合格的半固态坯;新SIMA法是一种非常理想制备AM60镁合金半固态坯的方法,利用该方法制备的AM60半固态坯的微观组织晶粒十分细小,平均晶粒尺寸在8～22μm,晶粒球化程度高;随着保温时间的延长,新SIMA法制备的AM60半固态坯的微观组织出现长大现象;随着等温处理温度的升高,固相晶粒的平均尺寸先增加后减小,晶粒球化程度越来越高.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from