四足机器人轨迹规划及移动能耗分析

步行机器人移动能效率研究有重要意义。针对四足机器人对角小跑步态,对比分析了三种不同足端轨迹的移动能效率问题。将四足机器人的对角小跑步态周期分为摆动相和支撑相,采用D-H坐标法和反变换法进行了腿机构运动学正逆解分析。基于刚体动力学的质心运动定理分析足端接触模型,考虑动态步行中足端与地面间的接触,曲雅可比矩阵建立步行中足端接触力与关节驱动力矩的映射关系,并基于拉格朗日动力学建模法对四足机器人摆动相和支撑相分别进行动力学建模。规划了三种不同足端轨迹,分别为摆线函数、正弦函数和直线函数,对比分析了三种足端轨迹下的运动学和动力学特性。进行完整对角小跑步态周期的能量消耗分析,以移动能耗率为评价指标,对比分析三种足端轨迹的能量消耗,研究四足机器人步高、步距、关节起始角等步态参数对移动能量消耗的影响,为四足机器人的参数优化和轨迹规划提供理论依据。     

基于四足机器人稳定性的对角步态规划

四足机器人步态规划的合理性直接影响机器人的稳定性。文中结合虚拟腿、线性倒立摆和零力矩点原理,以占空比为0.5的对角步态为基础,在运动相过渡阶段加入10%周期的四足支撑过程。在支撑相时,用平滑的零力矩点轨迹推导出机器人质心轨迹,从而得到支撑相的足端轨迹;在摆动相时,结合椭圆与三次多项式规划了足端摆动相的轨迹,保证位置和速度的连续平滑性。通过动力学分析软件仿真分析,验证了新步态的合理性。     

少驱动六足机器人结构设计与轨迹优化

设计了一种具有良好稳定性和越障能力的少驱动六足机器人。对少驱动六足机器人的整体结构以及行走步态进行了分析,在此基础上建立了机器人足端点轨迹方程,得到了机器人行走和越障时足端点的运动要求。以六足机器人运动平稳性为目标函数,综合考虑杆长条件、传动性能、几何结构、越障条件和边界条件五类约束,建立了机器人足端轨迹优化模型。利用MATLAB优化工具箱的约束非线性函数fmincon对影响少驱动六足机器人足端轨迹曲线的参数进行优化,得到了满足运动特性要求的机器人腿部机构尺寸。通过对优化后得到的足端轨迹的分析,证明了少驱动六足机器人腿部机构的合理性,为后续六足机器人的研究与开发奠定了基础。     

电液驱动六足机器人三维空间力学分析

建立了六足机器人的腿部机构三维空间模型,对其关节液压缸设计优化问题进行了讨论。接着进一步建立了腿部机构力学模型,通过对静力学分析得到了机器人稳定状态时各关节的输出力矩特性,同时采用拉格朗日方法对机器人单腿机构进行了动力学分析,得到了单腿结构在运动过程中各关节的输出力矩特性。最后根据动力学分析结果用ADAMS软件对单腿机构进行了足端轨迹和腿部位姿仿真,仿真结果验证了腿部结构的运动平稳性,为后续研究工作提供了理论支撑。     

四足侦察机器人的设计与研究

针对便携式、微型化多地形适应型侦察设备的迫切需求,从仿生的角度设计出了一款四足侦察机器人。在确定采取外肘内膝总体对称布置后,首先完成了机器人腿部、支架和外壳等机构和结构件设计;随后对其中的腿部支撑、传动减振和关节驱动函数进行了设计说明;最后在动力学仿真软件中对四足机器人腿关节运动、整机运动、足端运动进行了运动学分析和慢跑步态的动力学分析,证明该机器人在运动平稳性和速度稳定性方面能够满足侦察设备的要求。     

基于能耗目标优化的多足爬墙机器人足力控制研究

针对多足爬墙机器人高空极限作业时需解决的能耗问题,提出了基于能耗性优化的多足爬墙机器人足力控制方法。以八足爬墙机器人为例,从机器人作业的安全性和能耗性角度描述了多足爬墙机器人的足力优化模型,实现了多足机器人的关节驱动力和足底接触力的转换,有效地减少了优化变量的数量,简化了优化的计算。通过分析多足爬墙机器人的关节驱动力约束和动力学约束,建立了机器人总电机功率与机器人运动步态及作业环境(包括攀爬角度与吸附平面的粗糙度)的关系。并综合考虑了爬墙机器人吸附安全等特殊性,对机器人的足底接触力进行优化,提高机器人对环境变化及支撑腿数量变化的适应能力,降低关节驱动电机的能耗,实现了机器人电机总能耗最小化的目标。实验仿真结果证明了所提出的控制方法简单可行。     

液压四足机器人机身扰动抑制及实验研究

针对液压四足机器人在运动过程中的机身扰动较大的问题,提出基于运动学和虚拟模型的液压四足机器人机身扰动抑制策略。分析机器人机身扰动产生的机理及其影响,建立四足机器人整机运动学方程,根据机器人实时姿态反馈抑制机身扰动。同时在机器人机身横滚和俯仰自由度上引入弹簧阻尼虚拟元件,通过调整虚拟力的大小控制机身姿态。面向机器人对角小跑步态,对机器人摆动相和支撑相进行足端轨迹规划。通过液压四足机器人平台进行实验验证,实验结果表明,该扰动抑制策略能够根据机器人的机身姿态调整关节角度,机器人机身起伏小,机器人实际运动轨迹与理论运动轨迹接近,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于足端轨迹规划算法的液压四足机器人步态控制策略

设计一种液压四足机器人仿生机构,通过设定相应的坐标系为机器人进行运动学建模,并对行走过程中单腿的相位关系进行了分析。针对行走过程中足端的拖地、滑动和接触冲击等问题,提出一种零冲击的足端轨迹规划改进算法,并实现了步态规划算法设计。步态规划根据步态中各腿间的相位关系,借助四足机器人运动学模型进行逆运动学解算,求出各腿的关节角度函数,利用机构的几何关系得到各液压缸伸缩量控制函数,对试验样机各腿进行伺服驱动控制,从而实现液压四足机器人的步态规划行走。仿真试验结果表明,在该策略驱动控制下液压四足机器人行走过程连续平稳,样机足端轨迹较为平滑,躯干起伏较小,证明了该足端轨迹规划方法用于四足机器人步态设计的合理性和有效性。     

四足并联腿步行机器人动力学

基于模块化和可重构理论,提出一种助老助残四足/两足可重构并联腿步行机器人。该机器人既可组合成两足步行机器人,亦可作为四足步行机器人使用。运用影响系数理论和虚功原理,对四足步行机器人静态步行时的摆动腿和机体机构进行动力学建模,导出摆动腿的动力学方程和机体机构超确定输入下的协调方程,按加权最小二乘法对四足并联腿步行机器人机体机构的动载进行最优协调分配,解决了机器人在行走过程中各分支运动约束而产生的动力耦合问题。     

液压四足机器人足端的力预测控制与运动平稳性

针对液压四足机器人在坚硬路面行走时,足端位置易受刚性冲击,导致运动姿态平稳性差的问题,提出一种液压四足机器人足端力预测控制方法。在分析液压四足机器人结构的基础上,根据运动学与力学模型构建了液压伺服系统的力控制模型;采用改进自适应布谷鸟优化BP神经网络算法建立足端力预测控制模型,通过仿真对比分析验证了该算法的可行性。最后通过液压四足机器人KL样机进行足端力及刚性地面行走测试,结果表明该方法能有效增强液压四足机器人腿部的力柔顺性,提高运动姿态平稳性。     

Energy efficiency analysis of quadruped robot with trot gait and combined cycloid foot trajectory

Quadruped robots consume a lot of energy, which is one of the factors restricting their application. Energy efficiency is one of the key evaluating indicators for walking robots. The relationship between energy and elastic elements of walking robots have been studied, but different walking gait patterns and contact status have important influences on locomotion energy efficiency, and the energy efficiency considering the foot-end trajectory has not been reported. Therefore, the energy consumption and energy efficiency of quadruped robot with trot gait and combined cycloid foot trajectory are studied. The forward and inverse kinematics of quadruped robot is derived. The combined cycloid function is proposed to generate horizontal and vertical foot trajectory respectively, which can ensure the acceleration curve of the foot-end smoother and more successive, and reduce the contact force between feet and environment. Because of the variable topology mechanism characteristic of quadruped robot, the leg state is divided into three different phases which are swing phase, transition phase and stance phase during one trot gait cycle. The non-continuous variable constraint between feet and environment of quadruped robot is studied. The dynamic model of quadruped robot is derived considering the variable topology mechanism characteristic, the periodic contact and elastic elements of the robot. The total energy consumption of walking robot during one gait cycle is analyzed based on the dynamic model. The specific resistance is used to evaluate energy efficiency of quadruped robot. The calculation results show the relationships between specific resistance and gait parameters, which can be used to determine the reasonable gait parameters.     

Kinematics and dynamics analysis of a quadruped walking robot with parallel leg mechanism

It is desired to require a walking robot for the elderly and the disabled to have large capacity,high stiffness,stability,etc.However,the existing walking robots cannot achieve these requirements because of the weight-payload ratio and simple function.Therefore,Improvement of enhancing capacity and functions of the walking robot is an important research issue.According to walking requirements and combining modularization and reconfigurable ideas,a quadruped/biped reconfigurable walking robot with parallel leg mechanism is proposed.The proposed robot can be used for both a biped and a quadruped walking robot.The kinematics and performance analysis of a 3-UPU parallel mechanism which is the basic leg mechanism of a quadruped walking robot are conducted and the structural parameters are optimized.The results show that performance of the walking robot is optimal when the circumradius R,r of the upper and lower platform of leg mechanism are 161.7 mm,57.7 mm,respectively.Based on the optimal results,the kinematics and dynamics of the quadruped walking robot in the static walking mode are derived with the application of parallel mechanism and influence coefficient theory,and the optimal coordination distribution of the dynamic load for the quadruped walking robot with over-determinate inputs is analyzed,which solves dynamic load coupling caused by the branches’ constraint of the robot in the walk process.Besides laying a theoretical foundation for development of the prototype,the kinematics and dynamics studies on the quadruped walking robot also boost the theoretical research of the quadruped walking and the practical applications of parallel mechanism.     

液压四足机器人单腿竖直跳跃步态规划

针对机器人跳跃运动落地时冲击力大的问题,面向竖直跳跃运动,以液压四足机器人单腿为研究对象,建立液压驱动四足机器人单腿运动学模型,并分别对机器人单腿处于起跳相、落地相和腾空相时进行轨迹规划;根据关节参数,通过运动学逆解求得驱动函数,利用仿真软件ADAMS进行竖直跳跃步态仿真;搭建单腿实验平台,进行实验验证,依据得到的动态特性,分析步态规划的准确性及合理性,为后续液压四足机器人动步态的研究提供设计和控制依据。     

基于地面反力检测的四足马机器人适应步行法

为适应国内外对四足马机器人进行的广泛研究,根据四足马机器人的结构模型和步行稳定性分析,对其适应步行法进行了研究。首先,介绍了具有12个运动关节和球形脚部的四足马机器人结构模型,并求出了其运动学反解;其次,在分析步行稳定性和检测地面反力的基础上,提出了一种四足马机器人适应步行的实现方法;最后,通过自制的小型四足马机器人进行了适应步行实验。实验结果表明,所提出的四足马机器人适应步行法具有可行性。     

Force control compensation method with variable load stiffness and damping of the hydraulic drive unit force control system

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit (HDU), and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.     

直驱式四足机器人的结构优化设计与研究

设计了一种直驱式四足机器人。基于弹簧倒立摆模型建立了腿部刚度特性模型,分析了腿部杆长比、姿态角与刚度特性的关系,讨论了杆长比对能量利用效率的影响。对五杆同轴腿进行正向运动学和逆向运动学的分析,推导出位置控制算法模型,并利用雅可比矩阵推导出腿部驱动电机输入电流与足端受力的关系。对搭建的直驱式四足机器人进行奔跑实验和跳跃实验,验证了该机器人结构设计的合理性。     

四足机器人 Trot 步态偏航分析及其控制

为了解决四足机器人在对角小跑步态中存在的绕对角线翻转而导致在直线行走时出现偏航问题,在理论分析偏航现象的基础上提出一种姿态控制方法。首先建立四足机器人整体运动模型,通过数值分析和计算,得到偏航产生的根本原因:一是机体由于重力影响,会产生绕支撑对角线的翻转力矩;二是处于支撑相时,髋关节产生的反作用力矩,导致步态时序会提前或延后,引起绕机体对角线翻转。然后在此基础上,建立姿态控制模型,通过传感器测得偏航值,反方向补偿其偏航。最后进行动力学仿真实验,发现机器人在不加姿态控制的情况下,出现较大偏航值,而在应用姿态控制之后,偏航值得到了明显改善,仿真实验对比证明了该姿态控制方法有效地解决偏航问题。