超高压水射流中空化现象对轮胎破碎作用研究

为了探讨超高压水射流破碎轮胎过程中,冲击波和微射流的作用机理,基于FLUENT软件环境,采用VOF模型求解Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了近壁面的空泡溃灭过程,结果表明,射流冲击物面时,空泡溃灭产生的压力脉冲远大于微射流产生的冲击压力。结合超高压水射流破碎轮胎试验,通过对胎面胶的切槽断面形貌进行观察,研究了微射流和冲击波对橡胶材料的破坏作用,认为橡胶材料在受到空化作用破坏时,表现出明显的冲击脆化现象,微射流在材料壁面冲击出边缘齐整的针孔状形貌,冲击波引发材料产生拉伸破坏。     

重冲击载荷作用下硬铝合金的损伤行为研究

在自制的冲击实验台上,以一定频率使钢球往复冲击硬铝试件盘,研究硬铝合金在干接触及两种不同黏度的润滑油润滑条件下,随冲击载荷大小及冲击次数变化的表面变形现象。结果表明:冲击时,由于凹坑中心产生的热量不断向边缘传递,使凹坑边缘形成凸起即形成所谓彩虹环;彩虹环高度随润滑油黏度的增加及载荷的增加而增加;润滑油的使用可以降低材料表面的塑性变形和磨损;对于干接触条件,凹坑内部发生微细颗粒碎化,而油润滑时凹坑内部出现微裂纹;微细颗粒碎化及微裂纹的程度均随冲击次数和载荷的增加而增加。     

微磨料空气射流加工特性研究

通过微磨料空气射流加工普通平板玻璃的试验研究,分析了加工时间、空气压力、磨料流量、喷射距离、喷射角度、磨料种类、喷嘴结构和尺寸等加工工艺参数与微磨料空气射流加工的材料冲蚀率及玻璃表面冲蚀加工凹坑尺寸（凹坑直径和凹坑深度）之间的关系,得出了这些工艺参数对微磨料空气射流加工效果的影响规律。结果表明：喷射距离对材料冲蚀率和冲蚀凹坑的尺寸影响最大,存在一个可以获得最大冲蚀率和加工深度的最佳喷射距离;喷嘴的形状、尺寸和喷射角度的不同直接改变加工凹坑的轮廓,是影响微磨料空气射流加工轮廓结构形状的关键因素。     

基于CFD的水轮机气蚀机制探讨

针对水轮机叶片表面气蚀的典型特征,利用CFD方法进行仿真计算,模拟气蚀形成和作用过程;根据模拟计算结果提出了新观点:空泡溃灭发生微射流以一定的倾角冲击壁面,壁面材料产生的最大应变在流束边界局部区域,呈环状分布;空泡气蚀在局部区域是渐进的,以“连锁反应”形式扩展,具有一定过流环境的分布特征;典型的冲蚀缺陷形貌是空泡气蚀在不同阶段的产物。     

粗糙体变形特性对接触过程的应力与应变的影响

运用W-M函数生成分形粗糙表面,建立一个新的双粗糙体接触模型,采用有限元方法模拟仿真了在粗糙体不同变形特性条件下的接触过程,并分析了接触表面的应力分布及不同接触位置的塑性应变随深度的变化规律．结果表明双粗糙接触表面的应力主要集中在个别的较高微凸体上,其应力最大值出现在微凸体肩部区域的位置;等效塑性应变在不同位置沿深度的变化,呈现出不同的规律,微凸体顶部区域沿深度方向的最大等效塑性应变均发生在次表层,材料表层下的塑性应变将会导致材料表层中的夹杂或微观缺陷周围萌生微孔和裂纹源,对比不同变形特性的模型,得出弹塑性一刚体模型的最大应力及应变值都大于弹塑性一弹塑性模型。     

基于JKR模型的粗糙圆柱表面线黏着接触分析*

利用粗糙平面接触模型,假定表面单个微凸体的接触采用JKR黏着接触模型,同时考虑圆柱体表面的整体变形,建立了粗糙圆柱表面线黏着接触模型,推导出表面等效压力分布方程。把压力方程量纲一化,采用修正Newton-Raphson法对方程进行迭代求解,计算出粗糙圆柱表面存在表面力作用下的等效压力分布曲线。结果表明外载荷不小于零时,接触中心压力为正,微凸体被压缩;而接触边缘处压力为负,微凸体被拉伸,表明黏着区域主要分布在接触边缘。同时计算出接触半宽随外载荷的变化曲线,当外载荷为拉伸力并大于某一临界值时,表面分开。并且与经典的接触模型进行了对比,发现低载时模型之间的差别较大,而载荷比较大时趋于一致。     

沙滩清洁车履带底盘平衡梁减振器性能研究

为确定沙滩清洁车履带架上橡胶减振器最优的设计参数。首先利用三维建模软件Pro/E,建立橡胶减振器三维模型;然后运用ANSYS有限元分析法,对橡胶减振器在实际工作压力下进行静力学分析,求解出其的最大变形量、最大等效应力以及最大主应变峰值,并根据最大主应变峰值下的疲劳寿命预测公式预测其疲劳寿命;最后运用田口法对橡胶减振器进行优化设计。结果表明,橡胶内径值对减振器变形量影响最大,得出最优的设计尺寸,为橡胶减振器设计提供理论依据。     

磨料水射流对金属材料去除力和去除模型的研究

磨料水射流抛光技术作为一种新型技术,广泛应用于表面抛光加工作业中,利用含有细小磨料粒子的抛光液在高压作用下,与工件表面发生冲击、冲蚀而去除材料,以达到抛光目的。采用单颗粒磨料粒子使材料产生塑性变形模型来研究磨料水射流对金属材料的去除力,通过对纯水射流冲击材料的作用力和射流中磨料射流对材料的作用力以及接触应力的理论推导,得出磨料射流中轴线上磨料颗粒去除金属材料最大打击力和最大剪应力以及最大拉应力;通过建立伯努利方程,得到射流压力与金属材料的剪切力和拉应力的直接关系,为工程上磨料水射流抛光喷嘴设计和泵压选择提供了理论参考依据。     

镍微合金化9310钢的高温热变形行为

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟试验机在温度1 173~1 473K、应变速率0.01~10s-1的条件下,对镍微合金化9310钢的高温热变形前行为进行了研究,得到了试验钢的高温流变曲线,并用光学显微镜观察了试验钢变形前后的显微组织。结果表明:镍微合金化9310钢的流变应力和峰值应变随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小;试验钢在真应变为0.9,应变速率为0.01~10s-1的条件下,随着应变速率的提高,其发生完全动态再结晶的温度也逐渐升高;测得试验钢的热变形激活能Q值为362.649kJ·mol-1,并建立了其热变形方程以及动态再结晶条件下峰值应变σp与Zener-Hollomon因子的关系式。     

自激振荡脉冲射流频率特性实验研究

为了研究射流峰值压力频率和脉冲射流峰值压力以及自激振荡装置结构参数间的相互关系,运用流体网络理论建立了自激振荡装置相似网络模型,并完成了单腔室自激振荡脉冲实验。相似网络模型和实验结果表明:脉冲压力峰值频率不仅取决于系统的固有频率,还决定于系统的阻尼比;射流压力峰值频率随腔长的增大而减小,随泵压的升高而增大,存在一个最佳腔长使射流峰值压力最大;自激振荡装置具有低波滤通性,当来流脉动主频与自激振荡装置固有频率相近时,脉冲射流压力峰值最大。     

Study on unsteady tip leakage vortex cavitation in an axial-flow pump using an improved filter-based model

The aim of the present investigation is to simulate and analyze the tip leakage flow structure and instantaneous evolution of tip vortex cavitation in a scaled axial-flow pump model. The improved filter-based turbulence model based on the density correction and a homogeneous cavitation model were used for implementing this work. The results show that when entering into the tip clearance, the backward flow separates from the blade tip near the pressure side, resulting in the generation of a corner vortex with high magnitude of turbulence kinetic energy. Then, at the exit of the tip clearance, the leakage jets would re-attach on the blade tip wall. Moreover, the maximum swirling strength method was employed in identifying the TLV core and a counter-rotating induced vortex near the end-wall successfully. The three-dimensional cavitation patterns and in-plain cavitation structures obtained by the improved numerical method agree well with the experimental results. At the sheet cavitation trailing edge in the tip region, the perpendicular cavitation cloud induced by TLV sheds and migrates toward the pressure side of the neighboring blade. During its migration, it breaks down abruptly and generates a large number of small-scale cavities, leading to severe degradation of the pump performance, which is similar with the phenomenon observed by Tan et al. [35].     

功率超声珩磨空化试验分析

功率超声珩磨加工过程中会发生空化现象,为探究空化对被加工材料表面的影响,进行超声珩磨空化正交试验并针对凹坑最大直径、表面侵蚀率、表面粗糙度三个指标进行试验分析,这三个指标可分别表征单泡溃灭强度,整体空化强度及空化对材料表面质量影响,结果表明：空化造成材料表面微小凹坑,影响凹坑最大直径的主要因素依次为距离和振幅,距离越小,振幅越大,则凹坑最大直径越大;影响表面侵蚀率的主要因素依次为试验时间和距离;而振幅则对材料表面粗糙度的影响最大,在距离5 mm、振幅65%、试验时间1/3 min条件下,试样表面粗糙度降低,表面质量提高。因此,在一定条件下,空化效应有助于改善超声珩磨中工件表面质量,试验分析结果对超声珩磨实际加工具有借鉴意义。     

Cavitating nozzle flows in micro- and minichannels under the effect of turbulence

The cavitation phenomenon inside micro- and minichannel configurations was numerically investigated. The simulations for each channel were performed at different upstream pressures varying from 1 to 15 MPa. Two microchannel configurations with inner diameters of 152 and 254 μm and two minichannel configurations with inner diameters of 504 and 762 μm were simulated. To validate the numerical approach, micro-jet impingement from a microchannel with an inner diameter of 152 μm was first simulated at different Reynolds numbers. Then, the mixture model was used to model the multiphase flow inside the channels. The results of this study present major differences in the cavitating flows between the micro- and miniscale channels and show that the pressure profile and vapor phase distribution exhibit different features. The static pressure drops to negative values (tensile stress) in microchannels, while the minimum static pressure in minichannels is found to be equal to vapor saturation pressure, and higher velocity magnitudes especially at the outlet are visible in the microchannels. It is shown that for higher upstream pressures, the cavitating flow extends over the length of the micro/minichannel, thereby increasing the possibility of collapse at the outlet. The effect of energy associated with turbulence was investigated at high Reynolds numbers for both micro/minichannels and its impact was analyzed using wall shear stress, turbulence kinetic energy and mean velocity at various locations of the micro/minichannels.     

倒角阀座式水压锥阀空化射流动态行为数值模拟

使用可压缩的VOF空化两相流算法对倒角型阀座水压锥阀的空化射流进行了三维瞬态流场仿真。模拟结果揭示,空化结构首先在狭窄的倒角阀座流道内以附着空化的形式出现;在压差为4.4 MPa的工况条件下,空化分布集中在3个区域,阀座流道内及阀芯后沿的附着型空化,阀座流道至阀芯后沿的漩涡空化。射流势核在阀座流道入口及阀芯后沿均有分离流现象,从而诱发附着型空化;而大尺寸漩涡结构主要分布于射流势核的自由剪切层侧,漩涡空化亦相应地集中在自由剪切层侧,壁面侧偶发性形成薄层型漩涡空化。由于整体的空化行为涉及多个不同类型空化的耦合,其动态演变的周期特性受到干扰。阀座流道后部的脱落空化伴有明显的三维漩涡结构,阀芯后沿的漩涡空化与附着空化通过耦合作用形成大尺寸汽泡结构,揭示了后沿下游稀疏分布的大尺寸空化结构的产生过程。通过开展三维瞬态模拟,结合流场结构探索了空化射流的动态特性,从流体力学的层面解释了实验观测到的空化形态及分布规律。     

表面形貌与空化噪声的相关性研究

空蚀过程中,材料的表面形貌与噪声均会发生变化。在超声振动空蚀装置中,空泡的溃灭情况并不会随着空蚀阶段的发展而发生变化,即空泡噪声不变。固体材料在空泡溃灭时形成的微射流或冲击波作用下所形成的噪声是引起整体噪声变化的主要因素,并受材料表面形貌的影响。通过相关性分析方法,得出在超声振动空蚀实验装置中,由于空泡溃灭冲击固体表面所形成噪声的特征频率所在频段的中心频率为3.15 kHz与6.3 kHz,并且它们对应的声压级随粗糙度的增大而逐渐减小。     

Material and velocity effects on cavitation erosion pitting

Cavitation erosion during the incubation period was investigated via pitting tests conducted on three different materials: an Aluminum alloy, a Nickel Aluminum Bronze alloy and a Duplex Stainless Steel. Pitting tests were conducted in a cavitation tunnel in the velocity range 45–90 m/s at a constant cavitation number. The test section was made of a straight nozzle 16 mm in diameter discharged into the radial 2.5 mm space between two flat walls. Cavitation appears in the form of a toroidal cavity attached to the nozzle exit and damage on the samples facing the nozzle is concentrated in a circular ring centered in the cavity closure region. The exposure time was adjusted to avoid pit overlapping. The material surface was examined using a conventional contact profilometer which allowed us to identify the pits, count them, and measure their main characteristics such as depth, surface area, and volume. From these the pitting rate, the coverage rate, and the depth of deformation rate were defined. Pits were classified according to their diameter. For all materials and operating conditions, pitting rate appears to follow an exponential law in relation to the pit diameter. This law depends upon two parameters only, which were identified as the coverage time τ (i.e. the time required for the surface to be covered by erosion pits) and a characteristic pit diameter δ, which corresponds to the pits whose contribution to the coverage process is the highest. Scaling laws for pitting were derived accounting for both material properties and flow velocity, and a procedure to make pitting test results non-dimensional is proposed. The influence of the material on pitting test results was analyzed. It is shown that the damage is not correlated in simple terms with the elastic limit determined from conventional tensile tests and it is conjectured that other parameters such as the strain rate might play a significant role and should be included in the analysis. The effect of flow velocity on both parameters τ and δ was analyzed and a classical power law was found for the influence of the flow velocity on pitting rate for all three materials. Finally, some analysis and discussion is given concerning distributions of pit volume and pit depth.     

斜线槽上游泵送机械密封流固耦合分析*

采用Pro/E软件建立斜线槽上游泵送机械密封流固耦合三维几何模型,在ANSYS Workbench中进行单向流固耦合计算,在不同工况条件下对SiC、WC、YWN8三种动环材料进行有限元对比分析,研究材料和工况参数对应力和变形的影响。结果表明:最大应力和最大变形均发生在斜线槽外径边缘,最大应力随转速的增加逐渐减小,转速对最大变形基本没有影响;压差对最大应力和最大变形影响较大,且均随压差呈线性增加的趋势;研究有3种材料中,YWN8最大变形最大,不适合做密封动环材料,而SiC的最大变形最小,且具有较强的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,在其他条件都满足要求的前提下,推荐优先选用SiC为密封动环材料。     

Morphology of an aluminum alloy eroded by a normally incident jet of angular erodent particles

A morphological study of the erosion of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy by the normal impact of a crushed glass erodent particle jet was conducted. Erosion patterns were studied at several stages by varying the average particle velocity and the exposure time. The surfaces were studied using a scanning electron microscope supplemented with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. A profilometer was used to measure surface profiles and a depth gauge was used to measure depths. Transformation from deformation to cutting wear induced by the erosion process was observed, and discussion of the dynamics of the erosion process is presented.The morphology of the damage pattern reflects the flow pattern of erodent particles inside the pit. From morphological comparisons of the pits with time over the average particle velocities from 41 to 87 m s^?1 (driving gas pressures from 0.14 to 0.82 MPa), damage mechanisms were postulated and further insight into the erosion process was gained. Four distinct erosion regions were identified. Concentric ripple-type patterns appeared after the width-to-depth ratio of pits reached approximately 2.5. Cutting wear predominated at advanced stages in all erosion zones. Evidence for deformation wear appeared at the initial stage of erosion. The transformation to cutting wear appeared to occur simultaneously as the erosion rate transformed from the incubation period to the acceleration period. The correlation between erosion rate and jet velocity resulted in an exponent of 3.68, which agreed with some earlier normal impingement studies. Embedment of crushed glass was at a maximum at the bottom of the pit, and it decreased gradually from the pit edge to the undamaged region.     

近球壁射流空泡溃灭对微细颗粒破碎效果的影响

为有效解决大规模机械粉体制备中存在的微细颗粒团聚和粉磨极限等问题,采用了空化射流冲击结合磨介研磨的微细颗粒制备方法,并对近球壁空化射流有效冲击破碎颗粒开展了研究。理论分析了近球壁空泡溃灭对微细颗粒的冲击特性,得出了颗粒冲击破碎的有效量纲一距离及临界空泡最大半径;通过空化射流冲击球壁的数值模拟仿真,分析了喷嘴入口压力和靶距对近球壁空泡分布的影响。为验证理论与数值分析结果,开展了基于靶距、转速率、颗粒质量分数和喷嘴数目等多因素的石英砂球磨空化破碎对比实验,实验结果与理论和数值分析结果吻合良好,验证了此方法的有效性。研究结果表明：空化冲击结合磨介研磨微细颗粒的破碎率比单一研磨微细颗粒的破碎率更高;在空化射流入口压力5 MPa下,靶距和转速率是石英砂微细颗粒破碎效果的主要影响因素,其次是喷嘴数目。     

夹心式压电超声换能器声场分析

对谐振频率为28.4 kHz的夹心式压电超声换能器声场进行仿真分析,研究空化气泡对声场分布及噪声的影响。以COMSOL软件压力声学接口为基础,对换能器进行瞬态分析,观察有无空化气泡时空间内的声压分布情况,对比两种情况下截点位置的声压变化曲线及频域分布曲线。通过试验对仿真结果进行验证,确认空化气泡的存在增强了空间中的声场,使水中最大声压值由8×104 Pa增大至2.5×105 Pa,空气中最大声压值由80 Pa增大至140 Pa。水中的高声压区集中在空化区域内,空化区域后方的声压减弱。与此同时,空化气泡使空气中的低频噪声增加,截点位置的声压幅值由原来的2 Pa增大至4 Pa。