CoCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层的制备和性能研究

采用激光熔覆技术在40 Cr钢基材表面制备CoCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层,使用SEM、XRD和EDS等手段分析涂层的显微组织和相组成,研究了涂层的制备工艺、显微硬度、耐磨损和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：在激光功率为700 W、扫描速度为6 mm/s条件下制备的CoCuFeNiTi高熵合金涂层表面质量较好,涂层与基体之间形成了良好的冶金结合;这种涂层由FCC相、少量的Cu₄Ti相和微纳级富Cu析出相构成,具有典型的树枝晶显微组织,Cu元素在枝晶间偏聚并形成微纳级富Cu析出相;涂层的显微硬度约为438.83HV,是基体的1.7倍;涂层的磨损质量损失约为基体的1/2,表明这种涂层具有更高的耐磨损性能。涂层的磨损,以黏着磨损为主伴有一定程度的磨粒磨损;这种涂层在pH=4的酸性溶液和3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性均优于基体。     

热锻模型面激光熔覆耐热耐磨覆层的试验研究

为了制备符合锻模使用性能要求的模膛型面耐热耐磨层,进行了在指定的W6Mo5Cr4V2基体上激光熔覆金属陶瓷Ni60／Ni-Cr-Cr2C2的试验研究。主要研究熔覆材料的成分构成,熔覆时的激光参数及所制备的熔覆层的物相、组织形貌及显微硬度分布。试验结果说明采用50％：50％的Ni60粉和Ni-Cr-Cr3C2粉做覆层材料,采用激光功率1．7Kw,扫描速度4mm／s,光斑直径为3mm,预涂厚度为0．6mm的激光熔覆工艺,可以得到组织细化硬度较高的激光覆层。说明激光熔覆金属陶瓷是制备热锻模膛表面强化层的一种有前途的方法。     

激光熔覆Al65Cu2OCr15准晶态合金的相选择问题

研究了在45#钢基体表面激光熔覆Al65Cu20Cr15准晶态合金过程中，工艺参数激光功率（P）和扫描速度（v)对激光熔覆涂层相结构的影响。结果表明，激光功率和扫描速度的变化使基体材料对熔覆涂层的稀释率发生改变，随着激光熔覆稀释率的增加，熔覆层的相结构依次为λ＋I，I＋β，β，β＋d，d Fe，激光熔覆涂层相结构的差异使涂层具有不同的显微硬度，参数δ（P／v)决定激光熔覆过程的稀释度，从而直接影响激光熔覆准晶涂层的相结构，涂层的表面显微硬度也因涂层相结构的不同而有所差异。     

304不锈钢激光熔覆Co-Ti3SiC2自润滑复合涂层微观组织与摩擦学性能

采用激光熔覆同步送粉法在304不锈钢上制备出自润滑耐磨涂层,熔覆粉末配比为纯Co,Co-2％Ti3 SiC2(质量分数,下同)和Co-8％Ti3 SiC2.借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对熔覆涂层进行表征,系统地研究304不锈钢与涂层在室温和600℃下的摩擦学性能与磨损机理.结果表明:激光熔覆Co-Ti3 SiC2涂层的平均显微硬度高于基体(240.3HV0.5),N1,N2和N3涂层的硬度分别为285.7HV0.5,356.3HV0.5和463.8HV0.5,涂层主要由连续基体γ-Co固溶体,硬质相Fe2 C,Cr7 C3和TiC,润滑相Ti3 SiC2组成.在室温下,基体和N1,N2,N3涂层的摩擦因数分别为0.56,0.62,0.68和0.42,N1,N2,N3三种涂层的磨损率分别为9.15×10-5,7.81×10-5,4.66×10-5 mm3/(N·m),均明显低于基体(66.42×10-5 mm3/(N·m));在高温下,基体和N1,N2,N3涂层的摩擦因数为0.66,0.54,0.52和0.46,N1,N2,N3三种涂层磨损率分别为37.79×10-5,35.6×10-5,18.83×10-5 mm3/(N·m),均低于基体(41.3×10-5 mm3/(N·m)).在室温和600℃下,涂层具有高于304不锈钢基体的显微硬度,且Co-8％Ti3 SiC2涂层呈现出最好的自润滑耐磨性能.     

激光铝热还原法制备Al2O3/Ti-Al基复合涂层

利用Al和TiO₂之间的放热化学反应, 采用激光原位合成技术在TC4钛合金基体材料表面制备了Al₂O₃/Ti-Al金属间化合物基复合涂层。对比分析了激光功率、激光束扫描速度和光斑尺寸变化对激光能量密度变化量的影响程度, 借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)和显微硬度计分别考察了激光束扫描速度对复合涂层表面宏观形貌、截面显微组织结构和显微硬度的影响。结果显示, 扫描速度的变化对激光能量密度变化量的影响程度最大, 光斑尺寸次之, 激光功率的变化影响最弱。随着激光束扫描速度的增大, 复合涂层表面渐趋粗糙, “鱼鳞纹”状形貌特征趋于明显, 复合涂层与基材结合区厚度减小。激光原位复合涂层主要由k-Al₂O₃和α-Al₂O₃增强相与α-Ti和α₂-Ti₃Al基体相组成。随着激光束扫描速度增大, 复合涂层内k-Al₂O₃部分转变为α-Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃增强相有由枝晶状向纤维状转变的趋势; 复合涂层截面显微硬度自基体至涂层表面过度平缓, 且涂层区显微硬度分布均匀, 明显高于基材平均显微硬度。     

基于PSO–BP–GA混合算法的激光熔覆工艺多目标优化

目的 为了提高镍基高温合金熔覆涂层的综合质量,提出了一种基于PSO–BP–GA混合算法的激光熔覆工艺优化方法。方法 选取工艺参数（激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率）为优化变量、熔覆层质量（稀释率、显微硬度、热影响区深度）为优化目标,根据正交试验结果建立PSO–BP神经网络预测模型,采用线性加权法和层次分析法建立熔覆层质量的综合评价体系,结合GA算法探寻综合质量最优的工艺参数组合。结果 PSO–BP神经网络模型预测值与试验值之间的相对误差不超过6%,最优工艺参数组合如下：激光功率为2 158 W、扫描速度为10.4 mm/s、送粉速率为2.9 r/min,其熔覆层稀释率降低了70.4%、显微硬度增大了25.4%、热影响区深度减少了41.8%。结论 该算法为制备出高性能镍基高温合金熔覆涂层提供了一定的参考与借鉴。     

镍基熔覆涂层受冲击载荷作用下的性能研究

45钢及1Cr18Ni9Ti表面激光熔覆WFCL-11涂层，研究了激光熔覆涂层与基体界面及表面显微组织和硬度特点，分析在冲击载荷作用下，显微组织、结合性能、硬度变化等特点。发现了不同基材与熔覆材料对结合面性能的影响。     

激光熔覆制备Ni60−WC−Co复合涂层工艺与性能研究

目的 提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的性能,采用激光熔覆制备Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层。方法 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计和摩擦磨损试验仪,研究了不同激光功率对复合涂层的微观形貌、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果 随着激光功率增大,复合涂层与基体之间紧密结合,致密均匀,球形WC颗粒均匀分布于复合涂层中,硬度、磨损量均先增大后减小;当激光功率过大时,复合涂层中WC颗粒增多,且部分WC颗粒发生热分解,生成的气体产生气孔。复合涂层物相主要由WC、W2C、γ?Ni、FeNi3、FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06、CoCx、Co3B2等相组成,复合涂层由顶部的树枝晶、中部的等轴晶和底部的柱状晶组成;当激光功率为1.5 kW时,硬度最高,磨损量最小,耐磨性最佳,磨损表面无明显磨损沟槽,主要呈磨粒磨损。结论 最优激光功率为1.5 kW,在此工艺下制备的Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层,可以提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的硬度和耐磨性。     

基于工业合金激光熔覆制备Fe基非晶涂层

以FeCoCrMoCBY块体合金为熔覆材料,采用激光熔覆在低碳钢表面制备非晶涂层,探讨不同激光功率对涂层成形及组织的影响,通过显微硬度仪、电化学工作站测试涂层显微硬度及耐腐蚀性能。研究结果表明,其他参数不变,激光功率为17.6~20.8 W时,涂层成形良好,与基材呈典型冶金结合。随激光功率增加,涂层稀释率升高,裂纹倾向增大,非晶化程度降低。激光功率为17.6 W时,涂层主要由非晶组成,稀释率低于24.2%,结构致密,包括热影响区、熔合区和熔覆区;涂层平均显微硬度为1 330HV,约高于基材9倍,在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能明显优于316L不锈钢。     

MoS2/Zr复合薄膜的制备及性能研究

采用新型中频磁控溅射技术及多弧离子镀相结合的复合镀膜工艺，在硬质合金YT14基体上制备了MoS2／Zr复合薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）考察MoS2／Zr复合薄膜表面及截面的形貌，利用能谱分析（EDX）薄膜的成分组成。测试涂层的厚度、显微硬度及涂层与基体之间的结合力等性能参数。结果表明：制备的MoS2／Zr复合薄膜结构致密，结合力约为60N，厚度约为2．6μm，硬度约为HV800。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...