2219铝合金TIG和FSW接头力学及疲劳性能

目的 研究钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对2219铝合金(母材)力学及疲劳性能的影响。方法 通过拉伸试验,得到了母材、TIG和FSW接头的抗拉强度和伸长率;通过疲劳性能试验测试了母材、TIG和FSW接头在不同应力下相应的疲劳寿命,根据疲劳试验结果绘制了其试样的S-N曲线;使用扫描电子显微镜观察并分析了疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 未焊接的铝合金母材抗拉强度和伸长率最高,分别为506 MPa和15.92%;TIG接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为330 MPa和7.65%,FSW接头抗拉强度和伸长率分别为310 MPa和8.74%。母材、TIG和FSW接头等3种疲劳试样在2×10⁶次循环下的疲劳强度分别为129、108、115 MPa,其疲劳断口均可分为裂纹源区、裂纹扩展区和瞬间断裂区,疲劳裂纹分别起始于试样表面的局部变形区、第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷。疲劳裂纹扩展区的主要形貌为疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹,瞬间断裂区以脆性断裂为主。结论 TIG和FSW等2种焊接工艺均导致了2219铝合金的强度、塑韧性和疲劳性能降低,其接头表面的第二相夹杂物和“吻接”缺陷促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。     

2195-2219异种铝合金焊接接头的微观组织和性能

用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)和变极性等离子弧焊(VPPA)对2195与2219异种铝合金进行平板对接焊，研究了不同焊接方法和在有无保护气氛条件下焊接接头的显微组织和性能。结果表明，在用TIG和VPPA工艺焊接的接头区域都没有出现宏观热裂纹，能量密度高、焊接快和热输入量小的VPPA工艺使焊缝区域较窄；异种铝合金焊缝接头熔合线附近的主要析出相为θ相，在焊缝区域有α-Al与θ相组成的共晶组织；在TIG工艺和有气氛保护的VPPA工艺的焊接接头区域没有出现局部软化现象，焊缝区域的硬度与2219侧母材相同。TIG工艺的焊接接头，其抗拉强度更高。     

2219和2195铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀行为差异研究

目的 研究运载火箭贮箱用2195新型铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头和熔化焊接头相对于传统的2219铝合金焊接接头耐腐蚀性能的差异,分析耐蚀性的演变规律,为贮箱制造及表面防护提供理论指导。方法 以传统的2219铝合金为对照,采用盐雾腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线测试等方法系统研究2195铝锂合金焊接接头的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度、腐蚀速率等方面的性能,进而判断新型铝合金材料与传统铝合金材料耐蚀性能的差异。结果 2种铝合金焊接接头各个亚区的耐蚀性均呈现相同的变化规律,其中搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、热机影响区、焊核区的顺序依次增加;TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能按照热影响区、母材区、焊缝区的顺序依次增加,且在热影响区存在晶间腐蚀的现象。此外,2219和2195铝合金TIG焊接接头热影响区自腐蚀电位分别为?0.653 V和?0.667 V,腐蚀电流密度分别为7.35 mA/cm²和7.55 mA/cm²。结论 2219和2195铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和TIG焊接头的耐蚀性差别不大,且均在热影响区耐蚀性最差;采用同种合金进行焊接时,TIG焊接头的耐蚀性能比FSW接头的差。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊匙孔补焊接头组织与性能

研究了35mm厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊匙孔补焊工艺,应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪及电子拉伸试验机等对接头的组织与性能进行了研究。结果表明,采用铝合金块材填充匙孔后进行FSW焊接,获得成型良好、表面光滑的焊缝;未加填充材料的匙孔位置,焊缝表面出现沟槽缺陷。FSW焊接一次接头的前进侧焊核区与热力影响区之间存在"吻接"缺陷;FSW焊接二次和三次接头的前进侧和后退侧过渡区均连接良好,二者组织无明显差别;FSW焊接一次和二次接头显微硬度分布呈W型,硬度最低值均出现在前进侧热影响区分别为56HV和60HV;采用搅拌头旋转速率为720r/min,焊接速率为180mm/min焊接工艺条件下,FSW焊接一次、二次和三次接头抗拉强度分别达到173、210和205MPa。     

HT80钢焊接接头在几个应力比之下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛应力强度因子

采用200毫米宽的中心裂纹试样测量了焊接接头和基体金属的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛应力强度因子。业已发现,不管裂纹在哪种区域扩展(即热影响区和焊缝金属区)和采用何种焊接工艺(埋孤焊和金属极气体保护电孤焊),焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率都是相似的。然而,焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展性能要比基体金属的差。通过对裂纹闭合情况的观察,揭示了这样的事实:疲劳裂纹在整个加载过程中是完全张开的,这是由于焊接接头中间部分的残余应力分布处于拉伸状态之故。这种观察也解释了应力比对焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的影响不大及以焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展性能之所以比基体金属的差的原因。     

6061-T6 铝合金激光焊接接头腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展

目的研究6061-T6铝合金激光焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,并分析裂纹扩展的影响因素。方法利用光纤激光器,焊接尺寸为150 mm×100 mm×4 mm(焊接方向、横向、熔深方向)的6061-T6铝合金,采用SE(B)三点弯曲疲劳裂纹扩展试验并利用连续降K法,分别在空气和人工海水中进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,通过使用金相显微镜(OE)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对金相结构进行观测分析。结果同样工艺参数的焊接接头,在海水中疲劳裂纹门槛值(4.063 016 MPa·m~(0.5))大于空气中的门槛值(3.479 166 MPa·m~(0.5));在疲劳裂纹扩展中速区(da/dN10~(-5) mm/cycle)时,海水焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于空气中的,低速区(da/d N10~(-5) mm/cycle)则小于在空气中的。结论成形良好的焊缝、晶粒细小的焊缝组织有助于接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能的提高;中速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏大,主要是由腐蚀条件下焊缝裂纹尖端阳极溶解和交变载荷共同作用导致;低速区,海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率偏小,主要原因是腐蚀产物堆积于疲劳裂纹扩展尖端,产生较强裂纹闭合效应。     

Comparison of fatigue properties between friction stir welds and TIG welds

对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺方法对铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,建立了焊接接头的S-N曲线,结果表明：在相同的载荷条件下,搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头。搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度值约为59~65MPa之间。对焊接接头显微组织的分析表明：搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能。TIG焊接接头疲劳端口分析显示,焊接缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源。     

6005 A-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与疲劳性能

本工作借助金相(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度和高周疲劳试验,研究不同焊接参数对6005A-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的显微组织与疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,焊接过程中焊核区(NZ)发生了动态再结晶,形成了尺寸细小的等轴晶粒,合金中的沉淀相发生回溶,NZ只存在尺寸细小、分布离散的GP区.热影响区(HAZ)晶粒形态和尺寸与母材基本相似,存在两种形态的沉淀相(β'相和Q'相).搅拌头转速越大或焊接速度越小,均会提高相应的焊接热输入,过高的焊接热输入会降低FSW接头在107循环周次下的疲劳强度.疲劳裂纹均在试样表面萌生,疲劳裂纹扩展初期为沿晶扩展,然后逐渐转变为穿晶扩展,断口形貌呈现解理断裂,最终失稳断裂转变为韧性断裂.     

2219高强铝合金活性TIG焊工艺

采用单组分活性剂(AlF_3和LiF)、3组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KF-AlF_3)和4组分(AlF_3+30%LiF+10%KFAlF_3+10%K_2SiF_6)混合组分活性剂进行2219高强铝合金直流正极性活性TIG焊(DCSP A-TIG),研究4种类型活性剂对焊缝表面成型、焊缝内部质量(气孔)、焊缝熔深、电弧形态、接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:涂覆活性剂有助于去除2219铝合金表面的氧化膜,提高焊缝表面成型质量,涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG焊缝表面成型质量最佳;与变极性TIG焊(VPTIG)焊缝内部质量相比,DCSP A-TIG焊接方法可显著降低2219铝合金焊缝内部气孔的产生;AlF_3单组分活性剂可显著增大焊缝熔深,其电弧形态具有明显的拖弧现象;DCSP A-TIG焊焊缝组织具有与母材相同的组织组成物,电流对A-TIG焊缝组织影响较大,增大焊接电流,会造成接头晶粒组织粗大;涂覆4组分活性剂的DCSP A-TIG接头强度和伸长率最高,与VPTIG焊接头力学性能具有相近的技术指标。2219高强铝合金的DCSP A-TIG焊接方法具有很大的工程应用价值。     

Fatigue crack growth resistance of gas tungsten arc,electron beam and friction stir welded joints of AA2219 aluminium alloy

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW) and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The effect of three welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour is reported in this paper. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the FSW joints are exhibiting superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallised grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

搅拌摩擦与氩弧焊铝合金接头疲劳性能的比较

建立了铝合金焊接接头的S-N曲线,对比分析了搅拌摩擦和氩弧焊两种工艺对其焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,结果表明:在载荷相同的条件下,铝合金搅拌磨擦焊接接头的疲劳性能优于氩弧焊接头,搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳寿命N=106次的疲劳强度为59-65 MPa,搅拌摩擦焊接接头具有比氩弧焊接头更为细小的晶粒和狭窄的焊接热影响区,阻碍了滑移带的形成和裂纹的扩展,从而提高了接头的疲劳性能,铝合金焊接接头的缺陷是主要的疲劳裂纹源.     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors for welded joints of HT80 steel at several stress ratios

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors were measured for welded joints and base metal by using 200 mm wide centre-cracked specimens. The fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints were similar in spite of the different zones in which the cracks propagated (ie, in the heat-affected zone and in the weld metal) and the different welding process used (submerged arc welding and gas metal arc welding). They were, however, inferior to those of the base metal. It was revealed by observation of the crack closure that the fatigue cracks were fully open during the whole range of loading, due to the tensile residual stress distribution in the middle part of the welded joints. This observation also explains the lack of a stress ratio effect on the fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints, and their inferiority to those of the base metal.     

Correlation of fatigue properties and microstructure in investment cast Ti-6Al-4V welds

The effect of microstructural characteristics on high-cycle fatigue properties and fatigue crack propagation behavior of welded regions of an investment cast Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. High-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on the welded regions, which were processed by two different welding methods: tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) welding. Test data were analyzed in relation to microstructure, tensile properties, and fatigue fracture mode. The base metal was composed of an alpha plate colony structure transformed to a basket-weave structure with thin platelets after welding and annealing. High-cycle fatigue results indicated that fatigue strength of the EB weld was lower than that of the base metal or the TIG weld because of the existence of large micropores formed during welding, although it had the highest yield strength. In the case of the fatigue crack propagation, the EB weld composed of thinner platelets had a faster crack propagation rate than the base metal or the TIG weld. The effective microstructural feature determining the fatigue crack propagation rate was found to be the width of platelets because it was well matched with the reversed cyclic plastic zone size calculated in the threshold ΔK regime.     

Crack resistance of the near-weld region of welded joints of titanium and aluminum alloys

We studied the crack resistance K_c (K_Ic) of the near-weld region of welded joints of VT3-1 and VT14 titanium alloys and AMg6NPP, 12401, and 1420 high-strength aluminum alloys under fatigue and static loading. By the methods of fracture mechanics and according to the results of testing cylindrical specimens with external circular cracks initiated in the weld metal, fusion zone, zone of thermal influence, and parent material, we established that the minimum crack resistance is observed in the fusion zone and the maximum crack resistance in the parent material. The weld metal and the zone of thermal influence are characterized by intermediate values of crack resistance both under fatigue and static loading. By using 1402 high-strength aluminum alloy as an example, we studied the influence of the texture, procedure of welding, modes of thermal hardening, and scaling factor on the character of brittle fracture of the metal in the near-weld region. To enhance the characteristics of crack resistance of the near-weld region of welded joints in its weakest zones (weld and fusion zone), we propose efficient methods for welding these alloys, e.g., electron-beam welding together with the efficient choice of the modes of thermal hardening instead of argon-arc welding. This enables one to improve the purity and homogeneity of the structure of the metal in the molten-metal bath in the process of welding by decreasing its porosity and the number of inclusions and cracks appearing in these zones. “L’vivs’ka Politeknika” State University, L’viv, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 89–99, September–October, 1998.     

Fatigue behaviour of post weld heat treated electron beam welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints

This paper reports the effect of post weld heat treatment on fatigue behaviour of electron beam welded AA2219 aluminium alloy. An attempt has been made to enhance the fatigue strength of the electron beam welded joints through post weld heat treatment methods such as solution treatment, artificial aging, solution treatment and artificial aging. Electron beam welding machine with 100 kV capacity has been used to fabricate the square butt joints. Servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN has been used to evaluate the fatigue life of the welded joints. Of the three post weld heat treated joints, the solution treated and aged joints are enduring higher number of cycles under the action of cyclic loads.     

Friction stir welding characteristics of different heat-treated-state 2219 aluminum alloy plates

Friction stir welding (FSW) of 2219-O and 2219-T6 aluminum alloys was performed to investigate the effects of the base material conditions on the FSW characteristics. The experimental results indicated that the base material condition has a significant effect on weld morphologies, weld defects, and mechanical properties of joints. In the 2219-O welds, no discernible interface exists between the stir zone (SZ) and the thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and weld defects are liable to form in the lower part of the weld. In the 2219-T6 welds, there is visible interface between the SZ and the TMAZ, and a weld nugget with an “onion ring”-like morphology clearly exists. The defects are liable to form in the upper part of the weld. The strength efficiency of 2219-O joints is 100%, while that of 2219-T6 joints is only up to 82%. In addition, the two types of joints have different fracture location characteristics.