水下爆炸气泡射流现象的试验研究

水下爆炸气泡塌陷产生的射流载荷会对舰船结构造成严重地毁伤,而射流现象又十分复杂.为研究水下爆炸气泡射流的产生条件以及载荷形式,文章设计了一系列的试验,通过高速摄影观测气泡运动过程,同时利用压力传感器对气泡周围的压力场进行记录.将试验结果与经典的Blake判断准则进行了比较分析,提出了气泡产生冲向靶板的射流条件.同时通过对试验中测量到的压力-时间曲线进行分析,可以看出射流的产生对气泡载荷的压力、冲量、能量都产生了很大影响,从能量的角度提出射流现象将使气泡能量集中,并对其正前方结构可能产生更大的毁伤.在分析试验结果的基础上分析了射流产生的机理,得到了不同引力和浮力方向情况下的射流形成条件和射流形成的载荷形式,为舰船结构抗爆研究提供参考.     

变幅杆式超声波声场分布测量

以某钢厂180 t钢包为原型,在钢包水模内进行超声场空化强度及声场分布分析;采用金属薄膜腐蚀法,测量研究超声空化强度及其分布,从空化角度对形成的声场分布进行探讨。实验结果表明：超声波空化场在工具杆周围以径向辐射为主,在工具杆底端的空化场呈圆锥状分布;在超声搅拌的过程中,空化泡群产生在超声波的波腹位置,产生后沿任意方向作直线运动,在运动的过程中伴随着空化泡的聚集、长大、崩溃等过程,正是因为这些剧烈的变化以及崩溃过程产生的微射流改善搅拌效果     

空化空泡发育和溃灭过程的数值分析

基于空化空泡发育和渍灭过程的热力学分析,综合考虑热传导和热辐射的影响,提出了一个新的用于数值分析空泡变化过程的数学模型--热传导-热辐射模型.结合Runge-Kutta-Fe-hlberg法,利用3个数值分析模型(等温模型、绝热模型和热传导-热辐射模型)求解了描述空泡发育和溃灭过程的Rayleigh-Plesset方程,并将数值计算结果与不同研究人员所得到的试验结果进行了比较.结果表明:热传导-热辐射模型可以以较高精度地数值模拟空化空泡的变化过程,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

Effect of air bubble size on cavitation erosion reduction

Over the past 60 years, the air concentration in water has been considered as a control index of cavitation erosion reduction and widely used in the designs of hydraulic structures. However, the mechanism of air entrainment against cavitation erosion has been paid good attention to. In the present work, the effect of air bubble size on cavitation erosion reduction was experimentally investigated. A device with micron-scale orifice diameters(10, 20 and 50 μm in size) was specially designed to introduce air bubbles into water. The experiments about the effect of air bubble size were conducted by means of a vibratory apparatus, including the behavior of formation and movement for single air bubble, the characteristics of cavitation erosion reduction at different air entrainment conditions. The findings demonstrate that high air concentration has significant effects on cavitation erosion reduction.But, a notable problem was that the size of air bubbles is of outstanding effect on cavitation erosion reduction. Small air bubbles support to alleviate cavitation erosion, even at same air concentration.     

Ultrasonic vibrations and coal permeability: Laboratory experimental investigations and numerical simulations

Ultrasonic vibrations in coal lead to cavitation bubble oscillation, growth, shrinkage, and collapse, and the strong vibration of cavitation bubbles not only makes coal pores break and cracks propagate, but plays an important role in enhancing the permeability of coal. In this paper, the influence of ultrasonic cavitation on coal and the effects of the sonic waves on crack generation, propagation, connection, as well as the effect of cracks on the coal permeability, are studied. The experimental results show that cracks in coal are generated even connected rapidly after ultrasonic cavitation. Under the effect of ultrasonic cavitation,the permeability increases between 30% and 60%, and the number of cracks in coal also significantly increased. Numerical experiments show that the effective sound pressure is beneficial to fracture propagation and connection, and it is closely related to the permeability. Moreover, the numerical simulations and physical experiments provide a guide for the coal permeability improvement.     

群空泡的动力学分析

本文分析了空泡群在二维可压缩流场中溃灭过程及其作用于固壁上的压强,分析了群泡溃灭诱生压强的统计特性,指出由于空泡群中各空泡接受液体压力波的时间不同,先行溃灭的空泡加大了液体的压强,从而使后续空泡在更高的压强驱动下溃灭,因而进一步激发更大的液体压强。     

空蚀区空化水流特性的实验研究

实验研究了空蚀区空泡溃灭特性.实验在浙江工业大学水力学实验室空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄影技术观测了不同掺气体积分数下空蚀段的空化云形态,并量测了空化水流的压力.利用绘制的空化数曲线对空泡溃灭进行了分析处理,得到了空化水流在空蚀段沿程变化的特征.结果表明:在不同的掺气体积分数下,对应于各种不同的空化形态,空蚀段空化水流表现出不同的特点;空化数有一个突然上升的过程,在此过程中空泡大量溃灭.     

Cavitation characteristics of pit structure in ultrasonic field

Bubble collecting, bubble holding and micro-bubble ejecting characteristics of pit structure and the influence of cavitation bubble on the development of erosion pit are investigated by means of high-speed photography experiments. Pits tend to collect and hold wandering cavitation bubbles. The air holding phenomenon of pits can be a destination of the incubation period in the process of cavitation erosion. The holding bubble tends to eject micro-bubbles from the top of holding cavitation bubble, making the pit a source of nuclei. With bubbles being held in pits, the diameters of pits increase rapidly. But in the given experiment condition, there is a specific stable value beyond which the diameter of pits will not increase. This characteristic will be helpful in understanding and predicting the cavitation erosion process. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Program) (Grant No. 2007CB714105) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50539060)     

Developed ‘laminar’ bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes

Bubbles with different sizes have different dynamic and kinetic behavior in a two-phase bubbly flow. A common two-fluid model based on the uniform bubble size assumption is not suitable for a bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes. To deal with non-uniform bubbly flows, a multi-fluid model is established, with which bubbles are divided into several groups according to their sizes and a set of basic equations is derived for each group of bubbles with almost the same size. Through analyzing the bubble-bubble and bubble-pipe wall interactions, two new constitutive laws for the wall-force and pressure difference between the liquid phase and interface are developed to close the averaged basic equations. The respective phase distributions for each group of bubbles measured by a specially designed three-dimensional photographic method are used to check the model. Comparison between model-predicted values and experimental data shows that the model can describe laminar bubbly flow with non-uniform bubble sizes     

Bubble size measurement in three-phase system using photograph technology

A special experiment setup was designed to observe the interaction between bubbles and particle in flotation cell and to analyze the bubble characteristics such as bubble size, distribution and bubble-loading efficiency. Bubbles in water-gas system and three-phase system were measured. The results indicate that with the current setup the bubbles as small as 10μm can be easily distinguished. The average size of the bubbles generated under the given conditions in two-phase system is 410μm at frother concentration of 0. 004%, which is in good correspondence with the results of other works. The effect of frother on bubble size was probed. Increasing frother concentration from 0 to 0. 004% causes a reduction of bubble size from 700 to 400μm. The bubble loading efficiency was reported. The result indicates that the fine particle is more easily entrapped than the coarse particle. Some factors, which have effect on measurement accuracy were discussed. The aeration speed has a significant effect on the accuracy of results, if it surpasses 30 mL/s, and the image becomes unclear due to the entrapment of fine particle. Another factor, which can affect observing results, is the sampling position. At a wrong sampling position, the images become unclear.     

双吸离心泵叶轮空化流动预测的数值分析

基于CFD数值模拟和外特性试验并重的方法,结合RNG k-ε湍流模型、欧拉两相流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型,采用非结构化网格和SIMPLEC算法,对一台单级双吸泵内的空化流场特性进行多工况下的定常数值研究,得到以下主要结论:不同流量泵内部空化发展速度不同,小流量发展速度较慢,各阶段空化数相对较小,大流量时空泡发展速度更快;液体流经双吸式叶轮结毂处与双涡壳隔板起始端时会产生液体之间或液体与固体之间的相互作用,导致流体液流角发生变化,出现脱流与漩涡,使这些位置及附近区域由于能量耗散造成压力减小,进而导致空泡析出;此现象在0.6Q_d工况下最明显,说明小流量工况液流角更易发生变化。     

海底冷泉渗漏气泡-海水两相介质均匀化方法和实验研究

针对海底冷泉天然气渗漏流量声波测量需要介质声阻抗均匀的要求,提出了气泡四元破碎方法,设计了一种气泡-海水两相介质均匀化装置.气泡-海水两相介质均匀化装置的功能包括两个部分：气泡破碎和气泡空间分布均匀化,其作用先将大气泡破碎成小气泡,然后再对小气泡的空间分布均匀化.实验结果表明：气泡-海水两相介质均匀化装置能够将直径大于15 mm的气泡破碎为当量直径为4～5 mm且空间分布均匀;另外气泡的流速基本在0.3～0.4 m/s内;达到天然气渗漏流量声波测量的要求.     

水射流空化噪声的自适应滤波处理

空化水射流中空泡渍灭会产生空化噪声.空化噪声是一种微弱的随机信号,采集系统自身的噪声对空化噪声有着较强的干扰.采用自适应噪声抵消方法对空化信号进行滤波处理,结果表明该方法具有良好的滤除系统噪声干扰能力,得到了真实的水射流空化噪声信号.     

房地产投机泡沫测度实证研究

分析了房地产泡沫的成因,基于投机的房地产泡沫理论,建立房地产价格的回归模型,并在此基础上,建立了房地产投机泡沫测度的计量模型.然后,运用该模型对我国房地产市场进行投机泡沫测度研究,结果表明我国房地产市场在整体上并不存在泡沫,但已处在泡沫的边缘.最后,对社会上普遍存在的泡沫论观点进行了分析,指出我国房地产投资与宏观经济指标出现了脱节,存在过度投资,并不是泡沫,从而也支持了投机测度模型的结论.     

物体高速出水实验装置研制及流场可视化

研制进行高速物体出水实验的实验设备.阐述水下高速物体出水时,物体、超空泡和尾迹与自由液面相互作用的实验研究结果.试验整个物体在水下高速运行直到完全出水的过程;演示空泡在水下形成及在自由液面附近溃灭的过程,并采用高速摄影仪记录下来.通过照片和数据分析,结果表明:当物体运动速度达到40 m/s左右,是从空化气泡发展成超空泡的临界速度;当速度小于40 m/s时,会出现局部空化,并且速度减弱时呈现振荡趋势;大于此速度,速度减弱时则呈线性;物尖露出水面前一刻的瞬时速度为出水前的谷底值;物体完全出水时,在自由面附近形成了有向上运动趋势的气液混合现象.     

节流槽结构对气穴噪声的影响

为了消除液压阀中的噪声，对不同节流槽内部压力分布、气穴形态和噪声频谱进行了研究.在对节流槽结构特征及流动模型进行分析的基础上，预测了节流阀内气穴噪声的声压模型.通过高速观测及噪声频谱分析对模型进行了验证，并估计了节流阀内的气泡尺寸.结果表明，节流槽结构特征对阀内压力分布、气穴与噪声特性有直接的影响，U形槽内部压力超调量明显高于V形槽，可以显著抑制气穴的析出与生长.不同类型节流槽通过压力分布决定了气泡的成长过程，与U形槽相比，V形槽内部气泡尺寸较大，气泡尺度大小是影响节流槽气穴噪声的主要因素.     

Galvanic effects on cavitation damage for 1Cr13 stainless steel

Based on the electric-spark principle, a new kind of cavitation damage testing apparatus was designed, which could produce the bubble. Bubbles collapsed and acted on a small surface area of the alloy surface, so an intensive electrochemical inhomoge-nous state would be induced and lead to the existence of surface galvanic effect on the alloy. The galvanic effect of 1Cr13 SS during cavitation damage has been quantitatively investigated in NaCl solution. The results show that intensive galvanic effect of 1Cr13 SS during cavitation damage appears the potential of the damaged area shifting negatively with the bubble collapse and simultaneously the galvanic current generates. The mass loss of alloy due to cavitation increases with the bubble quantity, and increases with the in-     

Numerical simulation on inclusion transport in continuous casting mold

Turbulent flow, the transpor＇t of inclusions and bubbles, and inclusion removal by fluid flow, transport and by bubble flotation in the strand of the continuous slab caster are investigated using computational models, and validated through comparison with plant measurements of inclusions. Steady 3-D flow of steel in the liquid pool in the mold and upper strand is simulated with a finitedifference computational model using the standard k-εturbulence rondel. Trajectories of inclusions and bubhles tire calculated by integrating each local velocity, considering its drag and buoyancy forces, A ＂random walk＂ model is used to incorporate the effect of turbulent fluctuations on the particle motion. The attachment probability of inclusions on a bubble surface is investigated based on fundamental fluid flow simulations, incorporating the turbulent inclusion trajectory and sliding time of each individual inclusion along the bubble surface as a function of particle and bubble size. The chunge in inclusion distribution due to removal by bubble transport in the mold is calculated based on the computed attachment probability of inclusions on each bubble and the computed path length of the bubbles. The results indicate that 6%-10% inclusions are removed by fluid flow transport. 10% by bubble flotation, and 4% by entrapment to the submerged entry nozzle （SEN） walls. Smaller bubbles and larger inclusions have larger attachment probabilities. Smaller bubbles are more efficient for inclusion removal by bubble flotation, so Inng as they are not entrapped in the solidifying shell A larger gas flow rate favors inclusion removal by bubble flotation. The optimum bubble size should be 2-4mm.     

航行体出水空泡溃灭载荷特性研究

为计算出水过程中空泡溃灭载荷对航行体出水过程的影响,从空泡溃灭的物理现象入手,将空泡溃灭过程分为空泡运动阶段和空泡溃灭冲击阶段,在两个阶段分别用势流理论方法与双渐进方法进行计算,形成一套完整的空泡溃灭载荷计算方法. 在与相关试验值对比吻合较好,验证方法有效性的基础上,获得了空泡溃灭载荷及形态在整个出水过程中的变化规律. 最后研究了航行体弹性振动对航行体出水空泡溃灭载荷的影响,航行体弹性振动对溃灭冲击载荷的峰值及脉宽影响较小.     

Numerical Simulation of Bubble Migration in Liquid Titanium Alloy Melt During Vertical Centrifugal Casting Process

立式离心铸造钛合金熔体中气泡运动的数值模拟

徐琴¹,王星¹,吴士平²

（1. 河南工业大学 机电工程学院,郑州450001;

2. 哈尔滨工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150001）

创新点说明：

针对圆筒形薄壁复杂钛合金铸件的离心铸造问题,采用简化的型腔模型对气泡在钛合金熔体中运动规律进行了研究,分析气泡初始位置、铸型转速和旋转方向等对气泡迁移的影响,对预测钛合金铸件中气孔缺陷和深入认识离心铸造中的两相流动有一定意义。

关键词：钛合金;立式离心铸造;气泡;运动;数值模拟