Variations of the relativistic electron flux after a magnetospheric compression event

On January 21, 2015, a sharp increase of the solar wind dynamic pressure impacted the magnetosphere. The magnetopause moved inward to the region L 8 without causing a geomagnetic storm. The flux of the relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt decreased by half during this event based on the observations of the particle radiation monitor(PRM) of the fourth of the China-Brazil Earth Resource Satellites(CBERS-4). The flux remained low for approximately 11 d; it did not recover after a small magnetic storm on January 26 but after a small magnetic storm on February 2. The loss and recovery of the relativistic electrons during this event are investigated using the PRM data, medium-and high-energy electron observations of NOAA-15 and the Van Allen Probes, medium-energy electron observations of GOES-13, and wave observations of the Van Allen Probes. This study shows that the loss of energetic electrons in this event is related to magnetospheric compression. The chorus waves accelerate the medium-energy electrons, which causes the recovery of relativistic electrons. The Van Allen Probes detected strong chorus waves in the region L =3–6 from January 21 to February 2. However, the flux of medium-energy electrons was low in the region. This implies that the long-lasting lack of recovery of the relativistic electrons after this event is due to the lack of the medium-energy"seed" electrons. The medium-energy electrons in the outer radiation belt may be a clue to predict the recovery of relativistic electrons.     

Measurements of convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere

In this paper, we study the characteristic of large-scale convection electric field in the inner magnetosphere, using magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) observations between L=5 and L=8 over the period from September 1, 2015 to October 31, 2016, covering almost all magnetic local time (MLT). Observations show that the DC convection electric field generally has small variations in this region. We investigate whether the convection electric field is correlated with geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters. It is found that, among the studied parameters, solar wind electric field, z component of interplanetary magnetic field, AE and Kp indices show good correlations with the averaged convection electric field. The results in this paper provide valuable information for understanding the role of electric field on the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere.     

Dynamic variations of the outer radiation belt during magnetic storms for 1.5–6.0 MeV electrons

The CME’s structure of solar wind (interplanetary magnetic field) is different from CIR’s. The two processes in which plasma and solar wind energy are injected into the Earth’s inner magnetosphere are not the same. So, the variations of energetic electrons flux in the radiation belts are different between the storms associated with CMEs and CIRs. By using data from SAMPEX (Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer) satellite, we have investigated the dynamic variations of the outer radiation belt for 1.5–6.0 MeV electrons during 54 CME-driven storms and 26 CIR-driven recurrent storms. According to the superposed epoch analysis, for CME- and CIR-driven storms, when the Dst index reaches the minimum, the locations of the outer boundary move to L=4 and L=5.5, respectively. In the recovery phases, the locations of the outer boundary of the outer radiation belt are generally lower than and slightly higher than those before CME- and CIR-driven storms, respectively. We have found that the logarithmically decaying 1/e cut-off L-shell is a satisfying indicator of the outer boundary of the outer radiation belt. Furthermore, our study shows that the logarithmically decaying 1/e cut-off latitude is dependent on the Kp index in the main phases of CME- and CIR- driven storms, while in the recovery phases, there is no obvious correlation. In addition, it has been shown that the locations of the peak electron flux are controlled by the minimum Dst index in the main phases of CME-driven storms. The influences of multiple storms on the electron flux of outer radiation belt have also been investigated.

     

Butterfly distribution of Earth’s radiation belt relativistic electrons induced by dayside chorus

Previous theoretical studies have shown that dayside chorus can produce butterfly distribution of energetic electrons in the Earth’s radiation belts by preferentially accelerating medium pitch angle electrons, but this requires the further confirmation from high-resolution satellite observation. Here, we report correlated Van Allen Probes data on wave and particle during the 11–13 April, 2014 geomagnetic storm. We find that a butterfly pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons is formed around the location L = 4.52, corresponding to the presence of enhanced dayside chorus. Using a Gaussian distribution fit to the observed chorus spectra, we calculate the bounce-averaged diffusion rates and solve two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation. Numerical results demonstrate that acceleration by dayside chorus can yield the electron flux evolution both in the energy and butterfly pitch angle distribution comparable to the observation, providing a further evidence for the formation of butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons driven by very low frequency (VLF) plasma waves.     

Imaging energetic electron spectrometer onboard a Chinese navigation satellite in the inclined GEO orbit

The energetic electron measurement is one of the most important issues to understand dynamics in space physics and the applications for space weather. In this study, the principle and functional components of the imaging energetic electron spectrometer(IES) onboard a Chinese navigation satellite in the inclined GEO orbit(IGSO) was introduced. The IES instrument is developed by the team in Peking University(BeiDa), thus it is named as BD-IES. Based on the pin-hole technique, the instrument can measure 50–600 keV electrons incident from 9 directions over a range of 180° in polar angle. With pulse height analysis(PHA), the spectrum can be determined for each direction. The energy and angular calibrations were performed, which show the good energy and angular characteristics of BD-IES. Monte Carlo simulations show that the anti-proton design of BDIES can effectively decrease the proton contamination on the electron measurements in the inclined GEO orbit. The primary results of BD-IES verify the successful design of this instrument.     

Thermodynamic assessment of solar-aided carbon dioxide conversion into fuels via Tin oxides

The conversion of CO_2 to liquid hydrocarbon fuels using solar energy is gaining attraction as a means to deal with climate change and energy depletion,and assessment for related thermochemical cycles has attracted great interests in recent years.Here,we perform the thermodynamical analysis on solar-aided CO_2 conversion reactions based on Tin oxides.The equilibrium compositions,production purity and CO_2 conversion are obtained.Also,the variations of conversion efficiency with respect to temperature,normal beam solar insolation,mean flux concentration ratio,initial CO_2 to SnO ratio and heat recuperation percentage are revealed.Our results indicate the initial CO_2 to SnO ratio,χ_(ini),has an evident impact on conversion efficiency andχ_(ini)=0.5,T=700 K andχ_(ini)=1,T=950 K,are favourable for solid C and gaseous CO production,respectively.The calculated maximum cycle efficiency with direct work production is 0.340 at T=950 K andχ_(ini)=1,demonstrating the high conversion efficiency of the proposed system.     

空间薄膜充气管的太阳辐射压力及外热流分析

本文分析了不同轨道高度以及同一轨道高度不同位置,空间薄膜充气管所受太阳辐射压力及其扭矩大小,以及所受外热流情况.研究发现影响空间薄膜充气管的太阳辐射压力及其产生的扭矩与轨道高度无关,但随轨道位置变化而变化;外热流是轨道高度和位置的函数：随着高度的增加,太阳直接辐射热流不发生变化,但在所有外热流中其数值最大,地球红外辐射热流和地球反照热流则随着轨道的增加而下降,且后者下降的速度更快.     

微小卫星太阳电池阵的设计计算方法研究

通过全面分析太阳电池的种类和选择,并对影响太阳电池阵的各种因素进行讨论,提出了微小卫星太阳电池阵的设计方法。推导出了基于单圈能量平衡和多圈能量平衡的计算公式,并计算出所需太阳电池阵的面积。设计及计算结果表明:该算法用于微小卫星太阳电池阵的设计与计算是可行的。     

Statistical study of magnetotail flux ropes near the lunar orbit

Flux-rope/TCR events near the magnetotail lunar orbit(-67R_E GSM X* -39RE) were studied using magnetic-field and plasma data measured by THEMIS B and C between January 2011 and March 2012. The aberrant coordinate GSM*, where the X* axis is rotated 4° relative to GSM-X, was used to count the occurrence rate. The number ratio of earthward to tailward events was about 3:5. Moreover, the event occurrence rate distribution showed a clear dawn-dusk asymmetry distribution, with dusk-side events accounting for 57.98%. A superposed epoch analysis of the flux-rope events showed that earthward events had a shorter duration in the leading than in the trailing part. Earthward events also displayed a lower temperature and a lower flow speed than tailward events. We studied the relationship between the event occurrence rate and geomagnetic activity level even further. The occurrence rate of tailward flux-rope/TCR events increases with increasing AE-index, whereas earthward events occur mainly in the relatively quiet period of geomagnetic activity(AE ~ 100–300 n T). Flux-rope/TCR events identified within a 10 mm time frame were treated as belonging to a single reconnection event. By comparing the occurrence rates of earthward and tailward events along X*, we estimated the most likely location of the near-Earth reconnection site as X* = -36R_E.     

通信基站风光互补发电系统的设计和研究

太阳能和风能作为两种应用广泛的可再生资源,在资源条件和技术应用上具有良好的互补性.风光互补发电可弥补单独风力和太阳能发电供电可靠性低和造价高等缺点,其应用领域广泛,可用于通讯中继站、市政亮化等场合.分析了风光互补发电系统的结构特点和运行原理,并在此基础上设计了通信基站的风光互补发电系统.     

Experimental study of the wake characteristics of a two-blade horizontal axis wind turbine by time-resolved PIV

Wind tunnel experiments of the wake characteristics of a two-blade wind turbine, in the downstream region of 0x/R10, have been carried out. With the help of the time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV), flow properties such as the vortex structure,average velocity, fluctuations velocities and Reynolds stresses are obtained at different tip speed ratios(TSR). It is found that the wind turbine wake flow can be divided into velocity deficit region, velocity remained region and velocity increased region, with generally higher velocity deficit compared with a three-blade wind turbine wake. Once a blade rotates to the reference 0° plane,the tip vortices generate, shed and move downstream with the intensity gradually decreased. The leapfrogging phenomenon of tip vortices caused by the force interaction of adjacent vortices is found and more apparent in the far wake region. The axial fluctuation velocity is larger than radial fluctuation velocity at the blade root region, and the turbulent kinetic energy shares the similar trend as the axial fluctuation velocity. The axial normalized Reynolds normal stress is much larger than the radial normalized Reynolds normal stress and Reynolds shear stress at the blade root region. As the TSR increases, the radial location where the peak axial normalized Reynolds normal stress u'u'/U~2 and axial fluctuation velocity appear descends in the radial direction.     

Multiple magnetic topologies in flux transfer events: THEMIS measurements

Flux transfer events (FTEs) are local transient magnetic reconnections at the magnetopause (MP) that provide channels for transport of solar wind energy and plasma into the magnetosphere (MSP). All current theoretical models suggest that FTEs are open-flux ropes; however, global simulations show that they contain both open and closed magnetic fields. To clarify this topology, we analyzed 441 events observed by THEMIS and investigated their magnetic topologies. Only one type of open field line was detected in most magnetosheath (MSH) FTEs, independent of the polarity of the B_n bipolar signatures. Newly formed MSH field lines were also observed. In the all MP boundary layers FTEs and most MSP FTEs, multiple types of topologies were observed, irrelevant to the B_n bipolar polarity. Closed field lines were found in all MP boundary layers and MSP FTEs. Meanwhile very few boundary FTEs contained the newly formed MSH flux. In some situations, only closed field lines were seen in MSP FTEs, which are referred to as the fossil FTEs. These results, which largely differ from the traditional view, demonstrate the existence of complex magnetic topologies in FTEs. Based on these results, we propose a new 3D FTE picture to modify the current FTE models.     

Reduction of residual stress in low alloy steel with magnetic treatment in different directions

The behavior that different magnetic treatment directions induce various amounts of welding residual stress reductions in low alloy steel was studied. Reductions of 26%–28% in the longitudinal stress σ _x were obtained when low frequency alternating magnetic treatment was applied perpendicularly to the welding bead, whereas reductions of 20%–21% in σ _x were measured by using the same treatment parameters except that the field direction was applied parallel to the bead. It is proposed that different extent of stress reductions caused by the above two treatment directions is attributed primarily to the alteration of the energy absorbed by domains from the external magnetic field, which part of energy can arouse plastic deformation in microstructures by the motion of domain walls.     

塔式太阳能腔式吸热器热性能的实验研究

在自行建立的太阳能腔式吸热器热性能实验台上,研究热流密度、入口工质水体积流量、风速等参数对腔式吸热器热性能的影响.结果表明：太阳能模拟器的热流密度整体上呈高斯分布,吸热管的轴向壁温差可以高达50 ℃;正对太阳能模拟器的#5号吸热管出口水温升最高,可达40 ℃.吸热器的热损失随热流量的增大、入口流量的减小及风速的增大而增大,且热流量因素的影响最大;腔式吸热器具有较高的热效率,正向平衡计算热效率大于85%,且正、反向能量平衡的计算热效率偏差在3%以内.     

空间作战拦截最优轨道设计

本文通过建立航天器在空间作战的拦截模型,根据运动学的理论来设计航天器空间作战最优拦截轨道。应用拉格朗日极小值原理,以能量为目标函数,设计出最小能量入轨拦截(共面拦截)和最小能量碰撞拦截(异面拦截)两种拦截轨道,并通过算例进行了具体的计算和优化分析。最后比较两种拦截方式的优劣,根据现代战争的需要,可采用不同的拦截方案,如果需要实时拦截可采用碰撞拦截和区域拦截,如果需要高精度拦截且时间不限可采用入轨拦截。     

尖晶石型LiMn_2O_4电子结构的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论（Density Functional Theory,DFT）的第一性原理（First Principles）,应用超软赝势平面波法（Ultra-soft Pseudo-potential Plane-Wave,UPPW）对能带结构、总态密度和分态密度进行了研究,并计算了LiMn2O4晶体的原胞总能量.计算结果表明,锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4晶体是一种直接能隙半导体,是Li离子的良导体,较适合做锂离子电池的正极材料.在LiMn2O4晶体中,由于Mn的3d电子轨道和O的2p电子轨道重叠较强,Mn-O键相互作用较强,为主要成键区域,在充放电循环过程中具有较好的稳定性,Li较容易失去电子以离子状态存在.     

Microstructure and growth kinetics of silicide coatings for TiAl alloy

In order to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti Al alloy, silicide coatings were prepared by pack cementation method at 1273, 1323, and 1373 K for 1-3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were employed to investigate the microstructures and phase constitutions of the coatings. The experimental results show that all silicon deposition coatings have multi-layer structure. The microstructure and composition of silicide coatings strongly depend on siliconizing temperatures. In order to investigate the rate controlling step of pack siliconizing on Ti Al alloy, coating growth kinetics was analyzed by measuring the mass gains per unit area of silicided samples as a function of time and temperature. The results showed that the rate controlling step was gas-phase diffusion step and the growth rate constant(k) ranged from 1.53 mg~2/(cm~4·h~2) to 2.3 mg~2/(cm~4·h~2). Activation energy(Q) for the process was calculated as 109 k J/mol, determined by Arrhenius' equation: k = k0 exp[–Q/(RT)].     

The HEPD particle detector of the CSES satellite mission for investigating seismo-associated perturbations of the Van Allen belts

CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a mission developed by CNSA(Chinese National Space Administration) and ASI(Italian Space Agency), to investigate the near-Earth electromagnetic, plasma and particle environment, for studying the seismo-associated disturbances in the ionosphere-magnetosphere transition zone. The anthropogenic and electromagnetic noise,as well as the natural non-seismic electromagnetic emissions is mainly due to tropospheric activity. In particular, the mission aims to confirming the existence of possible temporal correlations between the occurrence of earthquakes for medium and strong magnitude and the observation in space of electromagnetic perturbations, plasma variations and precipitation of bursts with highenergy charged particles from the inner Van Allen belt. In this framework, the high energy particle detector(HEPD) of the CSES mission has been developed by the Italian LIMADOU Collaboration. HEPD is an advanced detector based on a tower of scintillators and a silicon tracker that provides good energy and angular resolution and a wide angular acceptance, for electrons of 3–100 Me V, protons of 30–200 Me V and light nuclei up to the oxygen. CSES satellite has been launched on February 2~(nd), 2018 from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center(China).     

高空高能带电粒子流

本文介绍高空高能电子研究进展,揭示接近宇宙空间的高能电子形成机制,高空高能带电粒子流和地震活动性之间的关系。指出在震中地区,地震形成过程中发射电磁辐射是高能带电粒子流和地震活动性之间存在关系的重要原因。     

太阳能相变储热系统对木材干燥速率的影响

针对木材太阳能干燥间歇性的不足,在原有太阳能干燥装置的基础上,增设了多管道叉排石蜡相变储热系统,并在小型试验台上模拟了木材太阳能干燥过程。试验研究表明:该干燥装置中储热系统供风温度对木材干燥速率的影响最大,干燥速率随着供风温度的升高而增加,最大的差值达到0.29%/h。;其次是循环风速,随着循环风速的提高干燥速率先增大后减小,在风速为1.5 m/s时的干燥速率最高,为1.0%/h;而石蜡管的管排数对干燥速率几乎没有影响,不同管排数下最大的差值为0.05%/h。此装置最优的干燥条件为:石蜡管管排为9排,循环风速为1.5 m/s,供风温度为65℃,此条件下干燥速率可达1.06%/h。上述研究结果可为木材太阳能干燥设备储热系统的研发提供参考。