Finite element analysis of creep fracture initiation in a model superalloy material

Detailed finite element analyses were performed for a single edge-cracked specimen geometry under both plane stress and plane strain constraint for a superalloy material that obeys a power-law creep relationship. The objectives of these analyses were to elucidate the stationary creep crack-tip fields and to provide guidance for the experimental measurement of crack-tip deformations. New results demonstrate that, for both plane stress and plane strain, the angular variations in the creep strain fields do not agree with HRR-type predictions, although the radial variations are in agreement with HRR-type creep strain field predictions in a zone very near the crack tip. Thus, the use of experimental measurement of surface displacement and/or strain data for the location of HRR-type fields may not be possible, unless modifications to the existing HRR-type theory are made. It is also noted that the size of the stress-based HRR-dominance zone is only a fraction of the creep zone size in plane stress, and is very small (especially along =0°) compared to the creep zone size in plane strain. Furthermore, the dominance of the singular strain fields are at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding stress dominance zones. As such, unless the microstructural features of the material are smaller than the dimensions of the dominance zones, the basis for using stress or strain-based fracture parameters derived from the HRR-type fields for prediction of creep fracture initiation is unclear.     

A finite element algorithm to study creep cracks based on the creep hardening surface

This work addresses finite element (FE) modelling of creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads in steels. A constitutive model based on the creep hardening surface developed by Murakami and Ohno has been selected for this purpose. This model is particularly accurate for describing creep under reversed and cyclic loads and requires no additional material constants. An FE algorithm for this model has been derived and implemented into a research code FVP. The algorithm is verified by comparing the numerical predictions with closed form solutions for simple geometries and loading configurations. FE predictions are compared with experimental data for a stationary crack in a compact tension specimen. The stress and strain fields in the vicinity of a crack under a sustained load are compared with those for the intermediate unloading case. Several integral fracture parameters are investigated as to their appropriateness for describing creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads.     

Determination of creep parameters from indentation creep experiments: a parametric finite element study for single phase materials

Abstract

This paper explores the possibilities of determining creep parameters for a simple Norton law material from indentation creep testing. Using creep finite element analysis the creep indentation test technique is analysed in terms of indentation rates at constant loads. Emphasis is placed on the evolving stress distribution in front of the indenter during indentation creep. Moreover the role of indenter geometry, size effects and of macroscopic constraints is explicitly considered. A simple procedure is proposed to translate indentation creep results into constitutive creep equations for cases where the dimensions of the tested material are significantly larger than the indenter. The influence of macroscopic constraints becomes important when the size of the indenter is of the same order of magnitude as the size of the testing material. As a striking example for size effects and for macroscopic constraints the indentation creep process in a thin film is analyzed. The results contribute to a better mechanical understanding of indentation creep testing.     

Finite element and experimental study on multiaxial fatigue analysis of rail clip failures

The rail clip fastening system is an important structural component of railway track systems providing flexibility and turnover resistance for running rails. High replacement frequency of fasteners was observed compared with other components because of fatigue failures of rail clips. In this study, implicit and explicit finite element (FE) models were developed for E‐clip and Fast‐clip with material and fatigue properties obtained from experimental testing. The fatigue loading experiments were conducted to determine the strain‐life relationship. The assessments of the fatigue damage and fatigue life were analysed using the FE results for the rail clip strain/stress components with the Fatemi‐Socie multiaxial fatigue criterion. A time‐efficient smallest enclosing circle algorithm was developed to search the critical plane orientation and the maximum shear strain amplitude for fatigue analysis. This work provides a method for FE and experimental study of multiaxial fatigue analysis of rail clip failures subjected to dynamic loading.     

Research on elastic-plastic creep damage of notched P92 steel specimens

Creep tests were performed on P92 steel specimens with notches of three different sizes at 650 °C. The results showed that the specimens switched from exhibiting ductility to showing brittleness at their center and at the notch root under multiaxial stress, but to varying degrees. This transformation was accompanied by a decrease in the reduction in area as well as in the number of dimples in the sample cross-section. The multiaxiality had a marked impact on the precipitation of the secondary phase, with its value determining the extent of precipitation of the secondary phase at the center and the root of the notch during creep. Using finite element analysis, an elastic-plastic creep damage model is embedded into the interface program and the creep behavior of the notched specimens was simulated. The results showed that plastic deformation at the notch root can accelerate specimen damage.     

Quantification of creep stresses within HAZ in welded branch junctions

This paper quantifies the mismatch effect in creep properties on creep stresses in the heat‐affected zone of welded branches using systematic elastic‐creep finite element analysis. It is found that the section‐averaged normalized stresses in the heat‐affected zone can be uniquely characterized by the mismatch factor in creep. The relationship is almost linear and is not so sensitive to the loading condition. Implication to practical creep life assessment of welded branch components is discussed in the context of the R5 procedure.     

基于SolidWorks Simulation的受力弯管有限元分析

针对大口径热量表检测装置检测DN50 mm、DN65 mm、DN80 mm的热量表时,在入水口弯管处出现管道局部翘起现象,采用solidworks实现受力弯管的三维建模,在simulation有限元仿真环境下,对不同结构的受力弯管进行变形位移、应力、应变分析,为弯管的设计研究、安装调试提供参考。     

A control volume finite element numerical solution of creep problems

This paper presents the novel application of a vertex-centred control volume numerical scheme commonly known as the control volume finite element method to creep problems. The discretization procedure is described in detail and is valid for both structured and unstructured grids without alteration to the formulation. This enables complex geometries to be modelled which overcomes one of the perceived drawbacks of the control volume solution techniques. The example chosen to illustrate the control volume finite element method concerns modelling the mechano-sorptive creep which occurs during the drying of timber. The numerical results are benchmarked against previously published numerical results and a finite element solution. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analysis of the effects of comers on residual stresses in protective oxide scales

Finite element simulations are used to examine residual thermal stresses and strains in corner regions of protective Al₂O₃ scales on Fe₃Al specimens, both during cooling from oxide formation temperatures and during subsequent thermal cycling. The effects of a corner's radius of curvature and oxide thickness, as well as the impact of aluminide plasticity, are considered. Localized plasticity is found to have a major influence on net deformation and on the magnitude and location of maximum stress. As the ratio of corner curvature to oxide thickness (r_s/t) is reduced, stresses within the oxide corner shift from highly compressive to tensile and the location of the maximum principal stress moves from the substrate to the oxide scale. Based on these stress distributions prior to the development of any flaws, key implications about the tendencies for damage are addressed. The stress evolution during cooling and thermal cycling is presented; these results demonstrate the effects of temperature-dependent material properties. For the material behavior assumed in this study, thermal cycling does not cause significant stress relaxation.     

钢煤斗结构的有限元分析

通过对一个钢筋混凝土和钢煤斗的混和结构进行有限元分析,参照结构的实际破坏特征,找出破坏的原因,提出对该类结构设计有益的结论。采用了两种有限元软件,将分析结果进行了比较。讨论在兼顾准确和简洁的前提下如何建模和分析。同时也比较了几种建模方法的优劣,提出对有限元分析有参考价值的建议。     

移动式低温LNG贮罐强度的有限元分析

为实现移动式低温LNG贮罐的优化设计与安全运行,以高真空多层绝热结构LNG贮罐为研究对象,在分析其结构与承载特点的基础上,针对实际使用中经历的启动、制动、颠簸等多种工况,采用有限元方法分析了该类贮罐总体及局部的应力强度分布。结果表明:多种工况下,内容器内壁靠近滑动端支承的部位应力强度均最高,特别是遭遇羁绊颠簸时,其最大应力强度达到323.5MPa,比静态操作提高了62.5%,因此在LNG贮罐内、外容器上设置合适厚度与间距的加强圈对降低局部应力强度很有必要。同时水平加速度在-0.5g-1.0g区间交变时的疲劳分析与评定表明,LNG贮罐当前结构满足疲劳强度的要求,但最大交变应力强度点均出现在靠近固定支承的加强圈的边缘,说明结构不连续等对贮罐膜应力状态的破坏是导致疲劳失效的主因,故移动式LNG贮罐应尽量采用圆滑过渡结构。     

Finite element analysis and parametric study of steel-concrete composite beams

A finite element model is presented to predict the stresses and deformations in steel-concrete composite beams. The model takes into account the effect of cracking and tension-stiffening in the tensed concrete, and of longitudinal slip between the steel beam and the concrete slab due to the ‘partial interaction’ of theconnectors. Some comparisons with experimental data available in literature are reported to validate the efficiency of the proposed model. Finally, a parametric study was done to investigate the effects of the geometric and mechanical variables as boundary conditions and the slip modulus of the connectors.     

Quantification of stress redistribution due to mismatch in creep properties in welded branch pipes

This paper reports steady‐state stress distributions within the weld metal in a welded branch component, via detailed three‐dimensional elastic‐creep finite element analyses. The creep exponent and constants for the base and weld metal are systematically varied to simulate under‐matching, even‐matching and over‐matching conditions in creep. Various loading conditions are also considered to see the effect of the loading mode. It is found that the mismatch effect in creep on steady‐state stresses within the weld metal can be uniquely quantified by the mismatch factor, defined as a function of creep exponent and constant. Ratios of section‐averaged (effective and maximum principal) stresses for the mismatched case to those for the even‐matched case are linearly dependent on the mismatch factor.     

Analysis of non-localized creep induced strains and stresses in notches

A method for the estimation of time-dependent strains and stresses induced in notches has been developed. The aim of the method is to generate a solution for the creep strain and stress at the notch root based on the linear-elastic stress state, the constitutive law, and the material creep model. The proposed solution is an extension of Neuber’s total strain energy density rule for the case of time-independent deformation. The method was derived for both localized and non-localized creep in a notched body. Predictions were compared with finite element data and good agreement was obtained for various geometrical and material configurations in plane stress conditions.     

Finite element analysis of stiffened laminated plates under transverse loading

A finite element model is developed to study the behavior of stiffened laminated plates under transverse loadings. Transverse shear flexibility is incorporated in both beam and plate displacement fields. A laminated plate element with 45 degrees of freedom is used in conjunction with a laminated beam element having 12 degrees of freedom for the bending analysis of eccentrically-stiffened laminated plates. The validity of the formulation is demonstrated by comparing with the available solutions in the literature. The numerical results are presented for eccentrically-stiffened layered plates having various boundary conditions and with stiffeners varying in number.     

Finite element analysis of membrane wrinkling

New results are presented for the finite element analysis of wrinkling in curved elastic membranes under‐going large deformation. Concise continuum level governing equations are derived in which singularities are eliminated. A simple and efficient algorithm with robust convergence properties is established to find the real strain and stress of the wrinkled membrane for Hookean materials. The continuum theory is implemented into a finite element code. Explicit formulas for the internal forces and the tangent stiffness matrix are derived. Numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new theory for predicting wrinkling in membranes undergoing large deformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卷对卷纳米压印脱模过程的有限元模拟

本文提出卷对卷纳米压印脱模的两种形式并分析了脱模过程中的阻力.选取垂直于光栅形微结构的截面作为研究对象,忽略脱模过程中旋转角度的影响,将模板上微结构当作竖直平移脱离胶层的方式来处理,利用ANSYS有限元软件模拟了卷对卷脱模过程中不同位置的变形和等效应力分布.结果显示脱模过程中出现两处应力集中,且应力集中处的最大应力在脱模刚发生时出现波动,随后逐渐增大.     

Finite element analysis of substation composite insulators

Composite insulators are rapidly replacing their porcelain counterparts in electrical substation applications. These insulators consist of a glass-reinforced polymer (GRP) rod, with two metal end fittings radially crimped onto the ends of the rod during assembly. In this paper, axisymmetric finite element models are developed to evaluate the mechanical performance of composite insulators under externally applied axial compression. The analyses are performed by assuming both a perfectly bonded interface between the composite rod and the end fittings, and an imperfect interface which permits large relative sliding with Coulomb friction. Results indicate that the perfect interface model is unrealistic since it predicts singular stresses at the interface comer and an overall linear structural response. On the other hand, the imperfect interface model is found to simulate accurately the structural non-linearity caused by relative sliding of the GRP rod within the end fittings. The imperfect interface model has therefore been used to evaluate the effects of interface friction, and the extent of crimping, on the maximum load-bearing capacity of substation composite insulators.     

脉冲管制冷机中板弹簧的有限元分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对外径为120 mm的板弹簧进行了应力和轴向刚度分析,得出了弹簧的厚度、涡旋角、涡旋槽个数以及涡旋槽宽度这些几何参数与其应力分布特性和轴向刚度性能的关系.首次提出了一个刚度应力比的概念,用刚度应力比值的大小来评价板弹簧性能的好坏,并将其作为板弹簧的设计依据.