乳化剂对丙烯酸乳液性能的影响

目的研究乳化剂体系、乳化剂含量和乳化剂复配比对乳液外观、粒径、吸水率、凝胶率的影响。方法以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为硬单体,丙烯酸异辛酯(EHA)为软单体,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,采用半连续种子乳液聚合方法制得丙烯酸乳液。结果将阴离子乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与非离子乳化剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)复配使用,质量分数为3%,且SDS与AEO-9的复配质量比为2∶1时,2种乳化剂的协同作用效果最佳,制得丙烯酸乳液的各项性能更优。结论在相同的实验条件下,使用复合乳化剂制得的丙烯酸乳液性能更稳定。     

新型含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液及其表面性能研究

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、全氟辛基磺酸钾(FC-80)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)为混合乳化剂,制备了一系列不同含氟量的含氟丙烯酸酯(FA)-丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚乳液,系统研究了不同反应条件对于乳液共聚的动力学影响,利用红外光谱和核磁共振波谱确认了共聚物的分子结构,利用接触角的测定研究了共聚物膜表面的性能.结果...     

可聚合有机硅乳化剂在苯丙乳液聚合反应中的应用

将可聚合有机硅乳化剂马来酸硅聚氧乙烯醚单酯羧酸盐(PMSC)与传统十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TX-10)复合乳化剂分别应用到苯丙乳液的半连续聚合反应。用红外光谱(FT-IR)、粒度分布、热重分析(TG)、接触角等表征了聚合物的结构和乳液性能。结果表明,PMSC参与聚合反应,制得的聚合物乳液呈单分散性,平均粒径0.5μm,电解质稳定性好。乳液制成的涂膜热分解温度为417.4℃,耐水性好,浸入水中30 d,吸水率为28.53%。由PMSC制备乳液涂覆的玻璃和织物表面对水的接触角分别为81.57°和128.03°。可聚合有机硅乳化剂PMSC较一般SDS/TX-10复合乳化剂有较多的优势。     

聚合助剂及活性单体对聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂应用性能的影响

采用乳液聚合技术,以丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、丙烯酸乙酯(EA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)和苯乙烯(St)为基本聚合单体,丙烯酸(AA)、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(NMA)为活性单体,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、复合脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(复合AEO)为乳化剂,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,制备了5组聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂.研究了乳化剂、引发剂、活性单...     

长链含氟丙烯酸酯乳液的合成及其在皮革防水中的应用

以阴离子含氟表面活性剂全氟壬氧基苯磺酸钠FBS与非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚AEO-9复配物为乳化剂,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,采用乳液聚合法制得了全氟烷基乙基丙烯酸酯(FA)/甲基丙烯酸十二醇酯(LMA)/丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEAA)(按质量比FA∶LMA∶HEAA=80∶16.5∶3.5)三元无规共聚乳液(FLHA),用红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对FLHA结构进行了表征,探讨了乳化剂及引发剂用量对单体转化率的影响。结果表明当乳化剂的用量为单体的5%,引发剂的用量为单体的2%时,单体转化率最大,含氟丙烯酸酯乳液(FLHA)物化性能稳定。将其用于山羊蓝湿革的防水整理,可使蓝湿革的静态接触角达到139.6°,赋予其良好的防水性能。     

反应型乳化剂复配体系在防污涂料用新型硅丙乳液中的应用研究

为克服传统的由非反应型乳化剂制备的乳液漆膜耐水性差的缺点,本研究采用反应型乳化剂烯丙基丙基磺基琥珀酸双酯钠盐(M-10S)和烯丙基辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(AE-200)制备了新型硅丙自乳化纳米乳液.研究了乳化剂复配比例及用量对乳液平均粒径、乳液稳定性、乳液涂膜吸水率、附着力、抗冲击性能的影响.结果表明,当质量比为1∶1的M-10S和AE-200复合乳化剂的添加量为0.7 wt％(物料总量)时,所制备的硅丙自乳化乳液最小数均粒径达到66.5 nm.乳液漆膜吸水率低,附着力达1级,抗冲击超过50cm· kg,可以满足防污涂料成膜物使用要求.     

333水性核壳结构型含氟丙烯酸酯乳液的合成及性能

采用半连续种子乳液聚合方法,在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)复合乳化剂的作用下,合成了以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MM A)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)和甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(A ctyflon-G 04)为原料的水性核壳型结构的含氟丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液。并利用FT-IR、SEM-EDX、TEM、DSC等手段研究了乳液的稳定性、乳胶粒子的结构和形态,分析了氟单体含量和复合乳化剂含量对聚合物乳液性能及成膜性能的影响。     

转相乳化法制备乙烯基酯树脂炭纤维上浆剂

以乙烯基酯树脂与端环氧基反应型液态丁腈橡胶为主浆料,采用转相乳化法制备乳液型炭纤维上浆剂.探讨乳化剂种类、质量比、乳化温度、搅拌速率和溶剂对乳液性能的影响.结果表明:当乳化剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸铵与蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚质量比为3∶1,乳化剂质量分数为主浆料的10%、乳化温度为50℃、搅拌速率为10000r/min、苯乙烯质...     

水性油墨用纯丙乳液的合成及在BOPP薄膜上的附着牢度

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为硬单体,丙烯酸乙酯(EA)、丙烯酸丁酯(nBA)、丙烯酸异辛酯(2-EHA)为软单体,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)为缓冲剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)为乳化剂,采用半连续种子乳液聚合方法合成软单体不同的水性聚丙烯酸酯乳液。利用衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1 H-NMR)、热重分析(TG)、动态热机械分析(DMA)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征水性聚丙烯酸酯乳液的结构和热性能。用表面张力仪和接触角仪测试乳液的表面张力以及在双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)薄膜上的接触角,计算乳液与BOPP薄膜之间的附着功和界面张力。结果表明:合成的水性聚丙烯酸酯为无定形共聚物,具有良好的热稳定性,乳液与BOPP薄膜之间的附着牢度与附着功成正比,乳液在BOPP薄膜上的附着牢度为P(MMA-2-EHA-MAA)P(MMA-nBA-MAA)P(MMA-EA-MAA)。所以2-EHA做软单体合成的聚合物与聚丙烯的分子间作用力更大。     

脂肪醇乳液抑制水分蒸发的研究

以长链脂肪醇作为膜基材，脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚为乳化剂，石油醚为油相，配制了W／O型乳液体系，制备了一种新型水分蒸发抑制剂。测试了乳液体系在气水界面的铺展性能，探讨了乳化剂的加入量、油水比、环境温度等因素对乳液体系抑制水分蒸发效果的影响。研究结果表明：与脂肪醇溶液体系相比，乳液体系可大幅度提升分子膜抑制水分蒸发的效果。在温度为25℃，膜表面浓度为8．0×10^-2g／m^2，乳化剂的加入量为4％，油水体积比为5：5，实验时间长达168h时，分子膜抑制率依旧可保持在50％左右。并且，乳液体系形成的分子膜具有更好的抗温度干扰能力。分子膜的AFM图像显示，乳液体系能比溶液体系形成更为凝聚的分子膜，产生更为理想的抑制水分蒸发效果。     

卤化银感光胶片冲洗加工残留水渍改进

本文描述的卤化银感光材料,其组成包括片基,并在此片基上至少涂覆一层卤化银感光乳剂层,而且,每层乳剂层上至少涂覆一层亲水性胶层。亲水性胶层中的表面活性剂为:(一)全氟烷基聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类的非离子表面活性剂;(二)至少含有烷基琥珀酸磺酸盐或烷基磺酸盐类的阴离子表面活性剂之一。这使得胶片经冲洗加工后具有良好的表面特性——无水渍。     

Preparation of charged polystyrene microlatexes by emulsion polymerization induced by gamma rays

Ionic polymerizable surfactants MOBS and MOTB were synthesized and used as emulsifier to synthesize monodisperse polystyrene microlatexes by emulsion polymerization induced by gamma rays. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence were used to characterize the prepared polystyrene. The results show that ionic polymerizable surfactants are effective in the preparation of monodisperse polystyrene microlatexes, and that emulsion polymerization induced by gamma rays has advantages over initiator-induced emulsion polymerization. A possible nucleation stage was suggested and the kinetics of the process was also analyzed.     

可聚合表面活性剂在(微)乳液聚合中的应用

在(微)乳液聚合中用可聚合表面活性剂代替传统的表面活性剂,使提高胶乳的稳定性、得到透明高分子材料等成为可能。着重阐述了可聚合表面活性剂在(微)乳液聚合反应中的作用,介绍了用可聚合表面活性剂通过(微)乳液聚合法制备微孔高分子材料、薄膜材料、功能化材料和有机/无机杂化材料的性能和应用,展望了其研究趋势。     

Tetrabutylammonium-induced coacervation in vesicular solutions of alkyl carboxylic acids for the extraction of organic compounds

The potential of the tetrabutylammonium-induced liquid-liquid-phase separation in alkyl carboxylic acid vesicular solutions for the extraction of organic compounds prior to liquid chromatography was examined for the first time. The behavior of the coacervates yielded from octanoic to oleic acids as a function of the pH and salts was investigated. The time required for phase separation depended on the length of the carboxylic acid alkyl chain and the experimental procedure (i.e., standing, sonication, centrifugation, stirring, etc.). Theoretical preconcentration factors were a function of both surfactant concentration and the length of the alkyl chain, and they greatly surpassed those obtained with other surfactant-mediated separations (e.g., surfactant-rich phases from dodecanesulfonic acid or Triton X-114). Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were assessed. Analytes in a wide polarity/charge range, (e.g., PAHs, surfactants, chlorophenols, bisphenols, phthalates, herbicides, amines, dyes, and photographic developers) were extracted with high efficiencies on the basis of the different types of interactions that the vesicular coacervates can establish (i.e., hydrophobic and ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and formation of mixed aggregates). The coacervates were compatible with the chromatographic determination of analytes following UV or MS detection. Their suitability for working under real conditions was checked by applying them to the extraction of nonionic surfactants [alkylphenol ethoxylates (octyl and nonyl) and alcohol ethoxylates (C12-C16)] from raw and treated sewage and to river water samples. Analytes in the coacervate were separated and quantified by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. No cleanup steps were necessary. Recoveries of the target compounds in the environmental water samples ranged from 89 to 103%.     

高分子表面活性剂对超声辐照下苯乙烯乳液聚合的影响

在超声辐照引发苯乙烯乳液聚合中加入一种新型的以羧甲基纤维素为基础的高分子表面活性剂(CMC—A9)，讨论了高分子表面活性剂对反应动力学的影响。实验表明，超声辐照下初级自由基并非由通常认为的高分子表面活性剂产生，而是十二烷基硫酸钠在超声辐照下断裂，产生自由基。通过对反应动力学的研究，发现超声辐照下乳液聚合机理不同于常规乳液聚合，聚合反应过程只有两个阶段，即加速期和减速期，不存在恒速期。加入CMC—A9高分子表面活性剂，可以在较短的时间内和较低的超声功率下达到较高的单体转化率。     

Water-induced coacervation of alkyl carboxylic acid reverse micelles: phenomenon description and potential for the extraction of organic compounds

Coacervates made up of alkanoic (C8-C16) and alkenoic (C18) acid reverse micelles were described for the first time, and their potential for the extraction of organic compounds prior to liquid chromatography was examined. The coacervation process occurred in miscible binary mixtures of water and a variety of protic and aprotic solvents. The phase behavior of alkyl carboxylic acids was found to be a function of both the Hildebrand solubility parameter, delta, and the hydrogen-bonding capability of the solvent. The best solvents for analytical extractions were those featuring the lowest delta values. The phase behavior of alkyl carboxylic acid/water/tetrahydrofuran (THF) ternary systems as a function of component concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature was investigated. The efficiency and the time required for phase separation depended on the experimental procedure used (i.e., standing, centrifugation, stirring, and sonication). The formation of alkyl carboxylic acid reverse micelles in THF was proven using both hydrophilic fluorescent probes and scattered light measurements. The structure of the coacervates consisted of spherical droplets dispersed in a continuous phase. Phase volume ratios were a function of both alkyl carboxylic acid and THF concentration. The low volume obtained (e.g., 1.5 microL per mg of decanoic) compared to that obtained by other coacervates (e.g., 5.1 microL per mg of dodecane sulfonic acid and 11.3 microL per mg of Triton X-114) greatly improved the concentration factors reached by coacervation-based extractions. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were assessed. Analytes in a wide range of polarity were efficiently extracted on the basis of the hydrophobic (e.g., PAHs) and hydrogen bond (e.g., chlorophenols, bisphenols, pesticides, phthalates, nonionic surfactants, dyes, and photographic developers) interactions that reverse micelles can establish. The coacervates were compatible with the chromatographic determination of analytes following UV or MS detection. They were successfully applied to the extraction of alkylphenol ethoxylates (octyl and nonyl) and alcohol ethoxylates (C12-C16) from influent and effluent wastewater and river water samples. Nonionic surfactants in the coacervate were directly separated and quantified by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Concentration factors were around 160. The recovery of nonionics in the environmental water samples ranged from 90 to 104%.     

浓乳液快速聚合方法制备丙烯腈/丙烯酸丁酯共聚物

研究了丙烯腈／丙烯酸丁酯的浓乳液快速聚合，在绝热环境下反应30min后的单体转化率可达80％。通过研究乳液浓度、共单体的组成与引发剂的组成对反应转化率与共聚物的组成等的影响，确定出一种极性烯烃单体的节能、快速的新型聚合方法。     

In situ polymerized nanocomposites: Polystyrene/CNT and Poly(methyl methacrylate)/CNT composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated into polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices via in situ emulsion and emulsion/suspension polymerization methods. The polymerizations were carried out using various initiators, surfactants, and carbon nanotubes to determine their influence on polymerization and on the properties of the composites. The loading of CNTs in the composites varied from 0 to 15 wt.%, depending on the CNTs used. Morphology and dispersion of the CNTs were analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the composites was excellent, even at high CNT loading. The mechanical properties, and electrical and thermal conductivities, of the composites were also analyzed. Both electrical and thermal conductivities were improved.     

Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯磁性微球的合成与表征

用化学共沉淀法合成了Fe3O4纳米微粒,并用双层表面活性剂对其进行表面修饰,得到了以水和乙醇为分散介质的磁流体。在磁流体的存在下,用改进的乳液聚合方法合成了Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯磁性微球。X射线衍射研究表明,Fe3O4纳米微粒的平均粒径约为10 nm;在透射电镜下观察磁性微球的粒径在140 nm左右;并用红外光谱和热失重方法表征了复合微球的化学成分及其所含Fe3O4的百分数。阐述了双层表面活性剂改性的机理,并对聚合过程中单体、磁流体及引发剂的用量的影响进行了讨论。     

Determination of molecular weight distributions of tert-octylphenol ethoxylate surfactant polymers by laser desorption Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography

Triton polymers are commercial surfactants whose molecular weight distributions are conventionally determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, in the case of the important octylphenol ethoxylates [p-C8H17-C6H4-O-(CH2CH2O)n-H], HPLC cannot resolve individual oligomers of high molecular weight Triton surfactants (e.g., greater than 2000 u or so; u = unified atomic mass unit). In this paper, we show that laser desorption Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LD/FT/ICR/MS) provides a simple and accurate measure of such Triton surfactant molecular weight distributions up to at least 3500 u, based on a single-shot laser pulse measurement of a few seconds duration. Comparison of LD/FT/ICR/MS and HPLC molecular weight distributions of low molecular weight surfactants shows that laser desorption/ionization produces minimal fragmentation and thus offers an accurate measure of the relative abundances of the neutral oligomers, without the need for prior chromatographic separation of the components. Moreover, for all Triton polymer molecular weight distributions (700-3000 u), LD/FT/ICR/MS provides much more highly resolved profiles of oligomer relative abundances. Finally, LD/FT/ICR/MS reveals the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) side products of the polymerization process, which are not observed by HPLC with conventional ultraviolet absorption detection.