甲壳质及其衍生物的制备与应用

甲壳质是一种丰富的天然资源。近年来，甲壳质及其衍生物的开发应用受到国内外的重视，越来越多的产品将从实验室走向市场，本文介绍了甲壳质及其衍生物的制备方法及其在工业、农业、医药、环保、生物学等领域的应用。     

Preparation and evaluation of the chitin derivatives for wastewater treatments

The chitin thiocarbonate—Fe(II)H—H₂O₂ redox system was investigated as the initiator for the graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid monomers onto chitin powder. The reaction with vinyl monomers onto chitin was carried out under various parameters of the graft copolymerization reaction to elucidate the polymerization behavior in terms of graft yield. Reactions of chitin—acrylonitrile graft copolymer with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride, as well as, sodium hydroxide were conducted in order to obtain chitin—(amidoxime-co-acrylonitrile) and chitin-(acrylate-co-acrylamide) graft copolymers, respectively. The reaction efficiency depends upon the alkali concentration, time, temperature, and on the reactant concentrations. The prepared chitin derivatives were evaluated for use in the wastewater treatments for adsorption and desorption of heavy metal ions as well as acid and basic dyes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 1939–1946, 1997     

Applications of chitin and its derivatives in biological medicine

Chitin and its derivatives-as a potential resource as well as multiple functional substrates-have generated attractive interest in various fields such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental industries, since the first isolation of chitin in 1811. Moreover, chitosan and its chitooligosaccharides (COS) are degraded products of chitin through enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis processes; and COS, in particular, is well suited for potential biological application, due to the biocompatibility and nontoxic nature of chitosan. In this review, we investigate the current bioactivities of chitin derivatives, which are all correlated with their biomedical properties. Several new and cutting edge insights here may provide a molecular basis for the mechanism of chitin, and hence may aid its use for medical and pharmaceutical applications.     

相变微胶囊的制备及其在微通道的应用进展

相变微胶囊是一种性能良好、稳定性强的相变储能材料,其热导率偏低,但对相变微胶囊进行改性以及优化换热条件可以提高热导率。本文系统地介绍了相变微胶囊与改性相变微胶囊的制备方法,以及两者的区别。文章指出,对比分析可知,原位聚合法是制备改性相变微胶囊最常用的方法,对壁材进行改性是最常用的改性方法,并且在众多改性材料中氧化石墨烯是一种高导热、力学性能优异、稳定性强的改性材料。同时,文中对相变微胶囊和改性相变微胶囊在微通道换热器中的应用进行概述与总结,指出其中存在的问题：相变微胶囊与微通道换热器的结合,在提升换热效果的同时还存在着增加流动阻力和压降的问题。因此需要确定悬浮液流动的临界速度,充分发挥相变微胶囊与微通道换热器的优势。     

氨基糖类表面活性剂--一类新型甲壳素衍生物的制备与性能

简要介绍了制备氨基糖类表面活性剂的基本原料———甲壳素、壳聚糖和甲壳低聚糖;较详细地阐述了两类氨基糖类表面活性剂———高分子壳聚糖类表面活性剂和甲壳低聚糖类表面活性剂的制备方法;重点论述了这两类氨基糖类表面活性剂的表面活性等功能性质,并简要提及了氨基糖类表面活性剂的构效关系;指出了氨基糖类表面活性剂研究存在的问题和应用前景。     

Synthesis and properties of water-soluble derivatives of chitin. A review

Concepts were formulated concerning the correlation of the structure and properties of an important class of biopolymers—aminopolysaccharides in aquatic organisms. Improved methods of obtaining water-soluble derivatives of chitin were developed, and their structure, physicochemical, and functional properties were characterized, including in the form of drugs, SF-PEC, and films. Moscow State Textile Academy. Translated fromKhimicheskie Volokna. No. 4, pp. 25–29, July–August, 1999.     

Effects of chitin and its derivative chitosan on postharvest decay of fruits: a review

Considerable economic losses to harvested fruits are caused by postharvest fungal decay during transportation and storage, which can be significantly controlled by synthetic fungicides. However, considering public concern over pesticide residues in food and the environment, there is a need for safer alternatives for the control of postharvest decay to substitute synthetic fungicides. As the second most abundant biopolymer renewable source in nature, chitin and its derivative chitosan are widely used in controlling postharvest decay of fruits. This review aims to introduce the effect of chitin and chitosan on postharvest decay in fruits and the possible modes of action involved. We found most of the actions discussed in these researches rest on physiological mechanisms. All of the mechanisms are summarized to lay the groundwork for further studies which should focus on the molecular mechanisms of chitin and chitosan in controlling postharvest decay of fruits.     

甲壳质的制备及应用

本文介绍了甲壳质的制备方法及其在工业，农业，医药，环保等领域的应用。     

夹套式电泳管的制备及其应用

介绍了夹套式胶体电泳管的制备方法．并测量了不同温度下氢氧化铁胶体的电泳速度。实验发现,氢氧化铁胶体的电泳速度随温度的升高而增加,但其？电势几乎与温度无关。     

Preparation and structural characterization of water‐soluble O‐hydroxypropyl chitin derivatives

Water‐soluble hydroxypropyl chitin (HPC) derivatives were prepared by the reaction of chitin with propylene oxide in homogeneous conditions using a dimethylacetamide/5% lithium chloride solvent system. The reaction conditions for a proper substitution of the hydroxypropyl group were an 80°C reaction temperature, 24‐h reaction time, and 48‐h aging time. ¹H‐NMR and ¹³C‐cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy were used for determining the substitution value and reaction site of substitution. It was found that the substitution reaction occurred mainly at the C₆? OH group in the chitin molecules and water‐soluble chitin derivatives could be obtained at a substitution value higher than 0.35, which is known as a critical substitution value. X‐ray diffraction analysis and FTIR spectroscopy showed that the structural characteristics of HPC derivatives were dependent on the substitution value. As the substitution value of the HPC derivative increased the α‐chitin crystal structure changed to the water‐soluble β‐chitin form in higher substitution values. Differences in the interchenic hydrogen bonding, interplanar spacing of the crystal lattice plane, and crystallinity can explain the structural changes upon substitution. The thermal decomposition temperature was also related to the characteristics of the crystalline structure, depending on a critical substitution value. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2624–2632, 2001     

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and AC electrical conductivity studies of chitin and its derivatives

The vibrational modes and the purity index of chitin and its derivatives as biopolymers are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm^?1. The absorption bands of chitin and its derivatives are assigned. New bands appeared at 1419, 1209, 915, and 800 cm^?1 for chitin derivatives due to the change of vibrational modes. The purity indexes are calculated from the ratio of the absorption band of C = O at 1662 cm^?1 and OH at 3443 cm^?1. Generally, the purity indexes of chitin derivatives are higher than that of chitin, which is due to the decrease of OH. The dielectric properties such as the real part of the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss tangent tan (δ) are measured as a function of temperature at different frequencies ranging from 200 to 2000 kHz. The increase of (ε′) and tan (δ) with increasing temperature is discussed on the basis of increasing polarizability and the decrease with increasing frequency can be attributed to the dielectric dispersion. AC electrical conductivities as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature are also discussed. The mechanism of the charge carrier is discussed as a tunneling model in the temperature range from 300 to 360 K. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 936–943, 2005     

UCST型玫瑰红催化剂的制备与催化合成N-苯基四氢异喹啉类化合物

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）和甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DMC）为原料，合成了聚合物P(MMA-DMC)，通过P(MMA-DMC)对玫瑰红（RB）的吸附作用，制得UCST（高临界溶解温度）型RB催化剂〔P(MMA-DMC)-RB〕。测定了聚合物的相对分子质量、UCST温度以及P(MMA-DMC)-RB在溶液中溶解再析出的稳定性，研究了P(MMA-DMC)-RB在催化N-苯基四氢异喹啉衍生物与硝基甲烷反应的催化活性与稳定性。结果表明，DMC含量为0.5%~2%时(DMC含量以MMA物质的量为基准计算)，UCST温度在35~42℃，P(MMA-1%DMC)-RB经过四次溶解-沉淀实验后，回收量仍可达到首次的93%以上；在N-苯基四氢异喹啉衍生物和硝基甲烷的CDC（交叉脱氢偶联反应）反应中，P(MMA-1%DMC)-RB具有较高的催化活性，催化性能与常规玫瑰红RB相当，在反应温度为45℃，白色1W LED光源下反应8h，产物四氢异喹啉衍生物的收率在80%以上，并且该UCST型RB催化剂具有良好的套用性和稳定性，循环套用8次后，四氢异喹啉衍生物的收率从90.2%降为77.9%。     

甲壳素系产品的分析方法

系统介绍了甲壳素及其衍生物的指标与分析方法。     

Preparation of methacrylic acid‐grafted chitin using cerium (IV) ion and its application in adsorbing paraquat

Chitin‐grafted‐poly(methacrylic acid) (chi‐g‐PMAA) was synthesized and characterized as an adsorbent of paraquat. Chi‐g‐PMAA copolymers were prepared using various concentrations of ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (Ce⁺⁴) to determine the optimal concentration of Ce⁺⁴. Grafting was verified by differential scanning calorimeter thermograms, FTIR, and solid‐state ¹³C‐NMR spectra. A representative chi‐g‐PMAA copolymer was neutralized to a sodium salt (chi‐g‐PMANa) and used to adsorb paraquat. The adsorption equilibrium data are strongly related to both the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms. The maximal adsorption capacity is 147.0 mg/g‐adsorbent. This value exceeds those of Fuller's earth and activated carbon, which are the most common binding agents that are currently used for paraquat. The results suggest that chi‐g‐PMANa has potential as a paraquat adsorbent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

碳硼烷及其衍生物的合成与应用进展

碳硼烷及其衍生物由于独特的三维立体结构、高硼含量、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性等特点,在催化、医学、超分子和配位化学等前沿材料领域应用广泛。综述了近些年一些碳硼烷及其衍生物的合成及其全新的应用进展。     

Adsorption of some highly toxic dyestuffs from aqueous solution by chitin and its synthesized derivatives

The adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) and trypan blue (TB) by chitin was kinetically investigated as dependent on temperature and pH. Experimental data obtained at different temperatures for the adsorption of each dyestuff were applied to the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order and the intraparticle diffusion rate equations, and the pseudo first-order rate constants (k₁), the pseudo second-order rate constants (k₂) and the intraparticle diffusion rate constants (k_p) at these temperatures were calculated, respectively. In addition, adsorption isotherms of each dyestuff by chitin were also determined at different temperatures. It was seen that adsorption isotherms fitted the H type. Chitin was then modified via ring-opening reaction with cyclic acid anhydrides (succinic, maleic and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic) in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide. Chitin derivatives obtained were compared according to their capabilities to adsorb IC and TB. It was determined that IC and TB were more adsorbed by chitin modified with 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride (CBA) and chitin modified with maleic anhydride (CMA), respectively. 31.33% of IC (C_o: 300 ppm) by CBA, and 44.29% of TB (C_o: 200 ppm) by CMA were adsorbed. Then, the adsorption of IC by CBA and of TB by CMA was kinetically investigated as dependent on temperature. The constants k₁, k₂ and k_p related to the adsorption of IC by CBA and of TB by CMA were calculated as stated above.     

Eupergit手性配体交换色谱固定相的制备及应用

介绍了以Eupergit C 250L为载体,L-羟脯氨酸盐为手性配体,通过两者间的"一步交联反应",制备出一种新型的Eupergit手性配体交换固定相。交联反应过程简单、高效、副反应少。尝试通过此大颗粒的Eupergit手性配体固定相对丝氨酸手性对映异构体进行拆分,得到了良好的拆分结果。为将来在工业领域内,通过使用制备型拆分柱来拆分手性氨基酸的设想提供了有利的技术支持。     

壳聚糖衍生物的合成及其在化妆品中的应用

综述了目前几类壳聚糖衍生物：羧甲基壳聚糖、羧基壳聚糖、壳聚糖羟烷基衍生物、壳聚糖或酰基化衍生物、壳聚糖磺化衍生物、壳聚糖季铵盐的制备方法．分别介绍了它们的性能和在护肤品、洗发香波、头发调理剂、定型剂以及洗浴剂中的应用，同时举出了较典型的应用实例，为此方面研究工作提供了参考配方。