工艺参数对超音速电弧喷涂钛-铝涂层表面粗糙度的影响

利用SAS-Ⅱ型超音速电弧喷涂设备、工业级钛、铝丝材在LY12铝合金基体上制备了钛铝复合涂层,通过均匀设计方法实验研究了超音速电弧喷涂工艺参数对涂层表面粗糙度(Ra)的影响规律.结果表明:在一定的雾化条件下,随喷涂电压的增大,涂层的Ra逐渐增大,当电压增至32V时,Ra达到最高值,此后,随喷涂电压的继续增大,Ra逐渐下降;随喷涂距离的增大,涂层的Ra逐渐降低,当喷涂距离增至一定程度时,涂层的Ra降到最小值,随喷涂距离的继续增大,涂层的Ra又逐渐增大;随喷涂电流的增大,涂层的Ra呈线性增大的趋势.涂层Ra最小的超音速电弧喷涂工艺参数:喷涂电压为20V,喷涂电流为20A,喷涂距离为0.242m.     

钛铝双丝超音速电弧喷涂Al-TiN复合材料涂层的组织结构研究

利用超音速电弧喷涂设备和铝、钛金属丝材,在LY12铝合金基体上制备了多相复合材料涂层.采用机械抛光、化学浸蚀和干涉薄膜显示法,在光学显微镜下对涂层的组织结构进行了观察.利用X射线衍射,通过均匀实验设计和逐步回归分析方法,研究了工艺参数对涂层组织结构的影响规律,并对涂层的形成机理进行了分析.结果表明:650℃×10min的热染处理可清晰显示复合材料涂层的多相组织特征;涂层以Al,TiN为主、并含少量Ti及钛铝化合物.涂层中氮化钛与铝的相对量(ITiN/Al)与喷涂电压和喷涂电流有关,与喷涂距离无关,且喷涂电压和喷涂电流之间存在交互作用.当喷涂电流小于69A时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电压的增大而减小;当喷涂电流大于69A,ITiN/Al随喷涂电压的升高而增大,且喷涂电流愈大,其增加的速率也愈大.当喷涂电压(U)小于某一临界值(141.5-2.337U)时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电流的增大而减小;当喷涂电压大于临界值(141.5-2.337U)时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电流的增大而增大;喷涂电压和电流对电弧喷涂过程中初始熔滴温度、尺寸和熔滴形成频率的综合影响,造成熔滴与空气介质的反应时间变化,对涂层中TiN和Al相对量起决定作用.     

超音速电弧喷涂Ti-Al涂层抗滑动磨损性能研究

采用二次正交回归试验设计原理和钛铝双丝超音速电弧喷涂Ti-Al合金复合涂层方法，对LY12铝合金进行了表面强化研究，并采用金相、XRD、SEM、硬度和磨损试验方法，对涂层的组织结构及力学性能进行了表征，考察了喷涂工艺参数对涂层孔隙率、显微硬度和耐滑动磨损性能的影响，研究结果表明：在本文的实验条件下，涂层的体积磨损量、孔隙率、显微硬度与喷涂电压和喷涂距离之间的变化规律，可用回归模型进行描述；随喷涂电压的增大，涂层磨损量逐渐下降；喷涂距离小于220mm时，随喷涂距离的增大涂层磨损量逐渐增大；喷涂距离为220mm时，磨损量达到最大，继续增加喷涂距离，涂层的磨损量逐渐下降；在干摩擦条件下，Ti-Al合金涂层的磨损机制主要以化合物相剥落引起的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

钛铝双丝超音速电弧喷涂Al-TiN复合材料涂层的组织结构研究EI

利用超音速电弧喷涂设备和铝、钛金属丝材,在LY12铝合金基体上制备了多相复合材料涂层.采用机械抛光、化学浸蚀和干涉薄膜显示法,在光学显微镜下对涂层的组织结构进行了观察.利用X射线衍射,通过均匀实验设计和逐步回归分析方法,研究了工艺参数对涂层组织结构的影响规律,并对涂层的形成机理进行了分析.结果表明:650℃×10min的热染处理可清晰显示复合材料涂层的多相组织特征;涂层以Al,TiN为主、并含少量Ti及钛铝化合物.涂层中氮化钛与铝的相对量(ITiN/Al)与喷涂电压和喷涂电流有关,与喷涂距离无关,且喷涂电压和喷涂电流之间存在交互作用.当喷涂电流小于69A时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电压的增大而减小;当喷涂电流大于69A,ITiN/Al随喷涂电压的升高而增大,且喷涂电流愈大,其增加的速率也愈大.当喷涂电压(U)小于某一临界值(141.5-2.337U)时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电流的增大而减小;当喷涂电压大于临界值(141.5-2.337U)时,ITiN/Al随喷涂电流的增大而增大;喷涂电压和电流对电弧喷涂过程中初始熔滴温度、尺寸和熔滴形成频率的综合影响,造成熔滴与空气介质的反应时间变化,对涂层中TiN和Al相对量起决定作用.     

超音速电弧喷钛涂层研究

用超音速电弧喷涂设备制备了钛涂层,并对涂层的显微组织,相结构,结合强度和显微硬度进行了试验分析,实验结果表明,涂层层状结构明显,与其体结合良好,孔隙率较高,涂层主要钛和钛的氧化物组成,涂层的粘结强度大于内聚强度,涂层硬度高,平均显微工达到770HV2.0N.     

Ti-Al双丝超音速电弧喷涂涂层的滑动磨损特性研究

为了提高铝合金(LY12)的表面耐磨性,采用钛、铝金属丝材和SAS-Ⅰ型超音速电弧喷涂设备,利用二次回归正交试验方法、有润滑滑动磨损试验、涂层显微组织和磨损表面形貌观察、XRD分析,定量分析了喷涂电压和喷涂距离对涂层滑动磨损体积的影响规律,并进行了喷涂工艺参数的优化及其与基体滑动磨损的对比试验.结果表明:在特定的磨损和喷涂条件下,当喷涂距离较小时,随喷涂电压的增大,涂层的体积磨损量逐渐减小;随着喷涂距离的增加,涂层的体积磨损量随喷涂电压的升高逐渐增大,并且喷涂距离越大,涂层的体积磨损量随喷涂电压增大的速率愈大.当喷涂电压比较低时,涂层的体积磨损量随喷涂距离的增大而降低,但是,随喷涂电压的逐渐升高,涂层的体积磨损量随喷涂距离的增大逐渐上升,并且,喷涂电压愈高,其随喷涂距离而增加的速率越快.当喷涂电压和喷涂距离分别为26V和0 236m时,涂层具有最佳的耐滑动磨损性能,根据该工艺参数制成的涂层,其滑动磨损体积仅为LY12铝合金的1/38.84.即在适当的工艺条件下,Ti-Al双丝超音速电弧喷涂涂层对LY12铝合金具有显著的表面耐磨强化作用.     

铝合金表面Ti-Al双丝超音速电弧喷涂涂层的组织与性能研究

利用SAS－1型超音速电弧喷涂设备和钛、铝丝在适当的工艺条件下，在LY12铝合金表面制成了钛铝合金复合涂层。并利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、电子探针等，对涂层的成分、相结构、显微结构、孔隙率及其结合强度、显微硬度和耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明，利用超音速电弧喷涂设备，可以在铝基表面形成低孔隙率小于2.8%，结合强度为29MPa，显微硬度HV0.2为631和干滑动磨损体积仅为LY12基体1／7的TiAl合金涂层。显微组织观察发现，涂层与基体间有冶金结合的迹象，组织结构分析表明，涂层由TiN（TiO)，Al,Ti,TiAl,Ti3Al等相组成。涂层的磨损机制可能以化合物等硬质相的剥落引起的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

电弧喷涂法镁合金AZ31表面改性与性能研究

研究了电弧喷涂距离和喷涂电压对会展设计用AZ31合金显微形貌、显微硬度、耐盐雾腐蚀和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,在喷涂距离为120 mm、150 mm和180 mm时,随着喷涂电压的降低,表面涂层的显微硬度整体呈现先增加而后降低的趋势,在喷涂电压为28 V时显微硬度最大;在相同喷涂距离下,随着喷涂电压的下降,涂层平均腐蚀深度都在喷涂电压为28 V时取得最小值;当喷涂距离为150mm、喷涂电压为28 V时涂层的自腐蚀电位要明显高于其它电弧喷涂工艺下涂层的,是AZ31合金较为适宜的电弧喷涂工艺;采用电弧喷涂得到的涂层的自腐蚀电位相对AZ31镁合金基材发生了正向移动,耐腐蚀性能得到明显提高。     

45钢表面超音速电弧喷涂Ti-Al涂层的组织与性能研究

采用自行开发研制的超音速电弧喷设备，在45钢表面制成了钛铝合金复合涂层。并利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、电子探针，对涂层的成分、相结构、显微组织及其结合强度、显微硬度进行了研究。结果表明，利用超音速电弧喷涂设备，可以在45钢表面形成 度高、孔隙率低，结合强度较好和硬度高的Ti-Al合金涂层。     

超音速电弧与普通电弧喷涂FeCrNiB涂层的耐磨损性能

为了提高电弧喷涂涂层的结合强度及耐磨损性能,采用超音速电弧喷涂技术和普通电弧喷涂技术在Q235钢表面分别制备了Fe17Cr5NiB涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段对比分析了2种涂层的微观结构及性能。结果表明:超音速电弧涂层具有更加致密的结构,其平均孔隙率为0.95%,远低于普通电弧涂层;超音速电弧涂层与基体呈紧密结合,其结合强度为60 MPa,而普通电弧涂层与基体之间呈明显的分层状态,其结合强度仅为28 MPa;超音速电弧涂层具有良好的非晶态结构及致密性,使其具有远高于普通电弧涂层的硬度以及耐磨损性能,显微硬度高出普通电弧涂层32.27%,耐磨损性能是普通电弧涂层的2倍以上(是基体的14倍以上)。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.