基于马尔可夫链样本模拟的线抽样方法研究

针对工程中常见的多变量、小失效概率的隐式非线性极限状态方程的可靠性分析问题,提出马尔可夫链样本模拟与线抽样相结合的高效数字模拟法.所提方法采用马尔可夫链快速得到失效域中的样本,并依据这些样本获取线抽样的重要方向,然后再采用线抽样技术在重要方向上进行抽样,进而得到失效概率的高效估计.与传统的有限差分法相比,基于马尔可夫链的重要方向获取方法具有结果准确和稳定的优点.将文中方法用于分析多级循环载荷作用下某发动机涡轮盘的低周疲劳寿命的可靠性,结果表明所提方法对于高维、小失效概率的可靠性分析是有效可行的.     

基于重要抽样马尔可夫链模拟的可靠性灵敏度分析新方法

重要抽样法是一种计算效率高而应用广泛的可靠性分析方法.在采用重要抽样法计算失效概率的前提下,文中基于重要抽样马尔可夫链模拟提出一种可靠性灵敏度分析新方法.所提方法根据计算失效概率积分表达式,将失效概率对基本变量分布参数的偏导数表征的可靠性灵敏度转化为一个特征函数的条件数学期望形式,该数学期望是以基本变量在失效域中的条件概率密度函数为基础的.然后利用重要抽样马尔可夫链模拟,将计算失效概率的重要抽样样本转化为基本变量落在失效域中的条件样本.最后用特征函数在这些条件样本点处的样本均值估计数学期望,进而完成可靠性灵敏度分析.文中方法的主要优点是效率高,只需要在计算失效概率重要抽样法的基础上增加很少的工作量,即可完成可靠性灵敏度分析.另外,由于该方法未引入线性假设,因此它可以较好地考虑极限状态方程非线性对可靠性灵敏度的影响,大量的算例结果充分证明所提方法的这些优点.     

基于神经网络的可靠性分析新方法

对于大部分工程可靠性分析中的隐式极限状态方程,建立一种基于样本筛选的神经网络可靠性分析方法。该方法利用具有强大的非线性映射能力的神经网络,来近似隐式极限状态方程中的输入变量与输出变量的关系,从而使得隐式可靠性分析转化为显示可靠性分析问题,大大减少了计算失效概率的工作量。与已有的神经网络可靠性分析方法相比,所提方法选择近似极限状态方程而不是近似极限状态函数的策略,并通过筛选训练样本实现这一策略,从而提高可靠性分析的精度,算例结果充分显示所提方法的优越性。     

基于神经网络响应面的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的可靠性分析

当失效形式的极限状态方程中随机变量个数较多或非线性较高时，其形式很复杂，因此传统的计算失效概率的方法不再适用。针对疲劳裂纹扩展寿命失效概率计算的复杂性，提出基于神经网络响应面的可靠性分析方法。首先建立神经网络响应面模拟疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的极限状态方程，然后使用遗传算法(GA)计算可靠性指标。数值试验表明，本方法可以快速、精确地模拟疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的极限状态函数，进而计算出失效概率和可靠性指标。同其他模拟技术相比，在精度相同的情况下，神经网络响应面法可以大大减少模拟时间。     

隐式极限状态方程的非概率可靠性分析

针对凸集模型比例因子的非概率可靠度指标相对隐式极限状态方程难以求解问题,提出一种基于支持向量机回归的非概率可靠度指标分析方法.所提方法用支持向量机回归拟合极限状态方程,通过优化算法获得可靠度指标和设计点,用设计点更新支持向量机训练样本的抽样中心,并重复计算过程直至收敛.由于构造合适的迭代格式可以有效地近似结构的真实失效域边界,故求解精度好,又由于使用极限状态方程的代理措施,使得计算效率高.文中用四个数值算例证明方法的精度和效率,并将文中方法用于实际的飞机机翼可靠性分析中.     

系统可靠性灵敏度分析方法及其应用研究

基于已有的单个失效模式可靠性灵敏度分析,建立多模式串、并联系统失效概率对基本变量分布参数的灵敏度分析方法,着重研究多模式并联系统可靠性灵敏度分析的近似方法.该方法以数字模拟为基础,根据样本点对系统失效概率的贡献,对计算失效概率的所有样本点进行筛选,并由筛选出的样本点线性回归模拟并联系统失效域,得到等价的单个线性极限状态方程,从而将多模式并联系统的可靠性灵敏度分析等价转换为单个模式的灵敏度分析.对于多模式串联系统的可靠性灵敏度分析,文中采用的方法是将串联系统的失效概率精确转换成单个模式失效概率与多个模式并联系统失效概率的代数和,然后逐项进行灵敏度分析,进而得到串联系统的可靠性灵敏度.对于结构系统的极限状态方程含有复杂综合随机变量的灵敏度分析问题,提出一种基于二次回归分析的近似处理方法,通过推导的综合随机变量分布参数对基本变量分布参数的偏导数公式和复合函数求导法则,最终得到复杂多模式系统失效概率对基本变量分布参数的灵敏度.文中用理论数值算例验证所提算法的精度与可行性,并将所提方法推广应用到工程算例中,验证其工程应用价值.     

失效概率函数的可靠性度量及其求解的条件概率模拟法

结构失效概率为设计参数的函数的求解是可靠性优化中的关键问题。提出一种失效概率函数的高效求解方法及一种新的可靠性度量指标,它为失效概率函数在分布参数空间上的统计特征值。所提方法的主要思路是采用条件概率模拟及三阶最大熵法来求解失效概率函数。条件概率模拟法是引入中间失效域,将所求失效概率转化成条件概率比值与中间失效域的概率的乘积形式,并通过两次马尔科夫链模拟分别对失效域及中间失效域的模拟来得到条件概率的比值。中间失效域为线性形式,其失效概率可容易求得。此外还采用三阶最大熵法来得到失效域样本的条件密度分布,最终得到所求的失效概率函数。结合算例探讨所提方法的精度、效率和适用性,结果表明所提的求解方法在确保精度的情况下具有较高的效率,在工程上是可行的。     

基于均值一阶Esscher's近似的可靠性灵敏度分析

可靠性灵敏度设计在可靠性设计和修改、可靠性稳健优化设计、可靠性维护等方面均有重要意义.在基于计算截尾概率的Esscher's近似技术的结构可靠性分析方法基础上,利用对非线性极限状态方程在基本随机变量均值点处做一阶泰勒展开的方法,提出计算具有非线性极限状态的结构失效概率方法即均值一阶Esscher's近似可靠性设计方法(Mean-value first order Esscher's approximation,MVFOEA),在此基础上,结合灵敏度分析技术,提出基于均值一阶Esscher's近似的可靠性灵敏度分析方法.基于Esscher's近似技术的结构可靠性分析方法要求基本随机变量相互独立,有矩母函数,并且要求极限状态函数具有显式表达式.由于利用基本随机变量全部的概率信息,而不仅仅是前几阶矩,提出的方法与可靠性分析的矩法相比,在计算失效概率时有较高的精度,通过三个数值算例验证了新方法高的计算精度.     

复杂隐式极限状态方程可靠性敏度分析新方法及其工程应用

针对复杂隐式极限状态方程，提出了一种新的可靠性敏度分析方法。由求解失效概率的改进一次二阶矩法出发，给出了失效概率对中间变量分布参数偏导数的计算公式；由隐函数求导法则，推导了失效概率对原始基本变量分布参数的敏度与中间变量分布参数对原始基本变量之间的隐式函数关系。采用非线性回归方法建立了近似的二次解析表达式，推导了一般情况下中间变量均值与标准差对原始基本变量均值与标准差的偏导数计算公式，使计算失效概率对原始变量分布参数的敏度成为可能。可靠性敏度分析新方法被应用于某型发动机涡轮盘疲劳失效概率的敏度分析，计算结果与定性分析结果的一致性，说明方法是合理可行的。     

基于马尔可夫蒙特卡罗子集模拟的可靠性灵敏度分析方法

在小失效概率可靠性分析子集模拟法的基础上,提出基于马尔可夫蒙特卡罗(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)子集模拟的可靠性灵敏度分析方法.在子集模拟的可靠性分析中,通过引入合理的中间失效事件将概率空间划分为一系列的子集,从而将小的失效概率表达为一系列易于模拟求解的较大条件失效概率乘积的形式,然后利用MCMC抽取条件样本点来估计条件失效概率.基于MCMC子集模拟的可靠性灵敏度分析,是将失效概率对基本变量分布参数的偏导数转化成条件失效概率对基本随机变量分布参数的偏导数.给出了偏导数通过MCMC模拟的条件样本点进行估计的原理和步骤,推导得出可靠性灵敏度分析的计算公式.利用简单数值算例和工程算例验证所提方法,算例结果表明:基于MCMC子集模拟的可靠性灵敏度分析方法有较高的计算效率和精度,对于高度非线性极限状态方程问题亦有很强的适应性.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.