Biological properties of butanol extracts from green pine cone of Pinus densiflora

Food Science and Biotechnology - This study examined the biological functions of the butanol extracts of green pine cones (GPCs) that had not ripened completely. The butanol extracts of GPC showed...     

Optimization of Sulgidduk formula supplemented with pine needle (Pinus densiflora sieb, et zucc) juice using response surface methodology

Pine needle juice (PNJ) was used to make sulgidduk with physiological activity for metabolic syndrome patients. The optimum formulation for sulgidduk was achieved using a response surface methodology. The models used to determine the optimum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities had satisfactory R² coefficients and were verified experimentally. However, the model for determining angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was not significant. Two formulas, A (1.4% salt, 30% sugar, and 1% PNJ) and B (1.5% salt, 21.4% sugar, and 1.4% PNJ) on the weight (100 g) of rice flour, were developed and their physiological activities were evaluated. The ORAC value was significantly higher in formula B (1.8 μM TE) than A (0.7 μM TE), while the ACE inhibitory activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were not significantly different in both formulas. Therefore, this study indicates the suitability of formula B for optimizing the physiological activity of sulgidduk.     

Antibacterial activity of organic acids in aqueous extracts from pine needles (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

Pine needle (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) of large quantity in China and health benefit makes its application on pharmaceutical and food industry in high demand. The chemical composition of pine needle aqueous extract (PNAE) analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry revealed that among more than 10 compounds in PNAE, organic acids were over 76.92%, with acetic acid being 25.20%, hexadecanoic acid 18.19%, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol 16.44%. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry disclosed other 5 short chain organic acids, including citric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid. The antibacterial activity of PNAE on common spoilages and pathogenic bacteria showed that the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris were inhibited significantly, with minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations being 3.8–15 and 7.5–30 mg/mL, respectively. Our findings suggested that pine needles with effective and safe antibacterial components possess the potential to be developed into efficacious natural antiseptic products for food disinfection and medical purpose.     

Volatile compounds and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of the needles of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii

BACKGROUND: To investigate the volatile compounds and the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oils of Pinus densiflora needles (EPDN) and Pinus thunbergii needles (EPTN), the volatile compounds of steam‐distilled essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activities were analysed by performing disc‐agar diffusion assay and determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils. Antioxidant activities were analysed via radical‐ and nitrite‐scavenging activity assays. RESULTS: The yields of EPDN and EPTN were 0.304% (v/w) and 0.296% (v/w), respectively. In the antibacterial activity assay, the MICs of EPDN and EPTN for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri and Proteus vulgaris were < 0.4 mg mL^?1. In the antioxidant activity assay, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of EPDN and EPTN were 120 and 30 µg mL^?1, respectively. At 1680 µg mL^?1, both EPDN and EPTN exhibited > 50% nitrite‐scavenging activity. CONCLUSION: EPDN can be used as a natural antimicrobial substance. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of antibacterial effects and total phenolic contents of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts

In the study, antibacterial activities of the seed extracts of three different grapes were examined against fifteen bacteria, and total phenolic contents of the extracts were additionally determined. The contents of total phenolic compounds of the grape seed extracts were 589.09 (Hasandede), 506.60 (Emir) and 549.54 (Kalecik Karasi) mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram with acetone:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5). These extracts at 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentrations were tested for their antibacterial effects by using the agar diffusion method against some pathogenic and spoilage bacteria including Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica. All tested bacteria were inhibited by the grape seed extracts using agar well diffusion method. The most sensitive of the bacteria was A. hydrophila while Hasandede grape seed extract was the most inhibitive extract on test bacteria. Hasandede seed extract at 10% concentration gave the largest inhibition zone diameter (30.67 mm) against A. hydrophila. According to serial dilution method, while all the grape seed extracts at 0.5% and 1% concentrations had generally bacteriostatic activities against E. coli O157:H7, the same extracts appeared to have bactericidal effects at concentrations above 2.5%. In addition, the extracts at all concentrations had bactericidal activities against S. aureus at the end of 48 h. and A. hydrophila at the end of 1 h.     

Volatile flavour components of brazil nuts Bertholletia excelsa (Humb. and Bonpl.)

Essences were prepared from solvent-extracted brazil nut oil, alternatively by means of a Likens and Nickerson apparatus and a high vacuum degassing unit. The relatively inexpensive degassing unit and its use are briefly described. Thirty-seven components were identified by g.c.-m.s. including most of the major components. The aroma of the components of each essence was evaluated on elution from a g.c. capillary column.     

Volatile flavour components of walnuts (Juglans regia L.)

The volatile components of walnut oil obtained by solvent extraction were investigated. Two essences were prepared, one using the Likens–Nickerson concurrent distillation–extraction apparatus and the other by high vacuum degassing. The essences were submitted both to g.c.–m.s. analysis and sensory evaluation of the components eluted from g.c. capillary columns. Twenty-nine compounds were identified, including 8 carbonyls, 4 alcohols, and 2 terpenes. The odour of walnuts appears to be due to the collective effect of a number of components.     

Volatile flavour components of dalieb (Borassus aethiopum L.)

The volatile components of dalieb fruit have been investigated by capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main components were C1 to C4 aliphatic alcohols and the corresponding acids together with esters derived from them. Acetic acid and ethanol were particularly abundant, the fruit pulp containing approximately 0.1% of each compound. Other volatiles present included the unsaturated ketone 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, the corresponding alcohol and the terpene, geranyl acetone.     

Volatile wood extractives of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) grown in Eastern Thrace

Pinus nigra.

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Pinus nigra an diesem Standort k?nnte demnach zu einem anderen Taxon geh?ren.

     

俄罗斯松针油与加拿大冷杉针油挥发性成分比较与分析

为了研究俄罗斯松针油和加拿大冷杉针油的挥发性成分并对比其差异;通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取两种针叶油,并以GC-MS方法结合保留指数对俄罗斯松针油和加拿大冷杉针油挥发成分进行鉴定和定量分析;其中俄罗斯松针油中检测出31种化合物,主要成分包括乙酸龙脑酯(40.158%),δ-4-蒈烯(20.136%),柠檬烯(12.109%),β-蒎烯(5.658%),龙脑(3.864%),萜品油烯(2.594%),β-石竹烯(2.303%),间伞花烃(1.578%),月桂烯(1.212%),α-蛇麻烯(1.037)等;加拿大冷杉针油中检测出47种化合物,主要成分包括β-蒎烯(32.308%),乙酸龙脑酯(17.007%),δ-4-蒈烯(16.663%),柠檬烯(9.711%),β-水芹烯(2.955%),月桂烯(1.807%),α-松油醇(1.666%)等,其中俄罗斯松针油和加拿大冷杉针油共有21个化合物,但成分及含量存在一定差异。研究结果为俄罗斯松针油和加拿大冷杉针油的应用提供理论指导。     

Comparative study of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea L.) wood and bark dioxane lignin

The objective of this paper was to depict some differences between Caribbean pine bark and wood lignin. Gas chromotography (GC) of nitrobenzene oxidation products of extracted wood and bark meals and of corresponding dioxane lignins was performed. The isolated lignins were submitted to IR and UV spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography and differential thermo-gravimetry. The data obtained indicate differences in the contents of condensed bis-guaiacyl structures in the lignins. Contents of phenolic hydroxyl and α-carbonyl groups in both lignins do not markedly differ. There are also certain differences in the thermostability and the molecular weights of compared dioxane lignin preparations.     

Simulated and realised industrial yields in sawing of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)

A sawing simulation software was evaluated by comparison with a real situation in the industrial sawing of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stems. At an operational sawmill sawing yields were measured for the conversion of logs with two sawing patterns: production of boards and production of boards and lumber. The simulation used the WoodCIM® optimisation software with similar sawing set-ups and dimensionally matching virtual logs obtained from cross cutting of 3D mathematical reconstructions of maritime pine stems. The virtual maritime pine stems and the sawing simulation software showed potential to evaluate the impact of raw material and process characteristics on the production performance. The simulated sawing yields corresponded closely to the industrial yields for the production of boards (57% volume yield). For production of lumber and boards, the simulation allowed to obtain a higher volume (45% vs. 53%). The negative impact of resin production on the sawing yields was estimated by comparing the industrial yields of resin tapped trees with matching virtual logs and showed a loss of 11% sawn wood volume, increasing with log diameter.     

红松松仁膜衣提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

本文旨在探明长白山红松松仁膜衣提取物的体外抗氧化活性。分别采用60%乙醇和50%丙酮为提取剂,提取物冻干后,用分光光度法测其总多酚和总黄酮纯度,研究其自由基清除能力和还原铁离子的能力。结果表明,松仁膜衣乙醇提取物总多酚纯度为39.02%,总黄酮纯度为10.19%;丙酮提取物总多酚纯度为44.09%,总黄酮纯度为14.59%。红松松仁膜衣提取物清除ABTS⁺·、DPPH·、羟自由基（·OH）的能力和还原铁离子能力都呈现一定的剂量效应关系,且对DPPH·的清除作用和还原铁离子能力强于BHT;丙酮提取物对ABTS⁺·和·OH的清除能力显著高于乙醇提取物,表明丙酮提取物的抗氧化能力强于乙醇提取物。同时,在实验范围内,红松松仁膜衣提取物的抗氧化能力与其总多酚、总黄酮的纯度存在正相关性。      

Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of various seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed extracts

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds were successively extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol (MeOH) using a Soxhlet extractor for 8 h each. The crude extracts were screened for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The reducing power and antioxidant activities evaluated in various in vitro models (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine and liposome model system) showed the highest activity for MeOH extract. The MeOH extract was also found to posses maximum antibacterial activity. The MIC values, with respect to MeOH extract for Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, were found to be 200, 300, 300, 300, and 350 ppm, respectively. These results indicated the possibility of using seabuckthorn seeds for medicinal uses and food preservation.     

超声辅助提取黑松松针多糖的工艺优化及其抑菌性研究

采用超声辅助水提法提取黑松松针多糖,苯酚-硫酸法测定提取的多糖含量。在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验对黑松松针多糖的提取工艺进行优化。采用抑菌圈法考察了提取的松针多糖对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果。结果表明:松针多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为浸提时间2 h、液料比80∶1(m L/g)、浸提温度90℃、超声功率为130 W,在此条件下,黑松松针多糖得率为2.47%。提取的黑松松针多糖对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌具有一定的抑制作用。     

Volatile flavour components of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum (mill.) nyman)

Fourteen compounds have been positively identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and a further seven tentatively identified in the headspace vapours above minced parsley leaves and petioles under very mild extraction conditions which closely simulate those occurring during mastication. By means of enzyme inhibitors it was shown that these components were present as such in the intact leaf tissue rather than in the form of an enzyme-non-volatile precursor system as in Allium species and the Cruciferae. The only sulphur-containing compound was methyl disulphide. The characteristic flavour and odour are due to the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons.     

桑叶提取物抑菌活性及抑菌稳定性研究

分别用沸水、70%乙醇、无水乙醇、乙酸乙酯、石油醚对桑叶进行提取,采用琼脂打孔法比较不同溶剂提取物对5种常见食源性污染菌的抑制作用;并探讨热处理、紫外线、介质pH、糖和盐对桑叶的70%乙醇提取物抑菌活性的影响。结果表明:5种提取物均对测试菌株具有较好的抑菌活性,其中以70%乙醇提取物抑菌活性最佳。热处理及紫外线照射对70%乙醇提取物的抑菌活性没有明显影响;随着介质pH的增大,提取物抑菌活性呈下降趋势;随着蔗糖和氯化钠浓度的增大,提取物抑菌活性有所增强。