Viscoplastic response of a circular plate to an underwater explosion shock

Summary Viscoplastic response of a fully-clamped circular plate to an underwater explosion shock is studied in this paper. Strain-rate effect is included in the response. A fluid-structure interaction model is introduced, which is characterized by two stages: In the early stage, only the shock wave in water is considered, and the motion of structure is neglected. In the second stage, the wave propagation in structure and fluid is disregarded, and only long-term fluid force (added mass) and long-term structural force (membrane stress) are considered. Based on this model, the equation of motion of a fully-clamped circular plate is established, the solutions of which are compared with two experiments. The calculated maximum plastic deformations from present model are close to the observed values. The dependence of maximum plastic deformation on charge weight, plate radius and material property is also discussed.     

Linear elastic shock response of plane plates subjected to underwater explosion

Linear elastic shock response of plane plates subjected to underwater explosion is of importance to warship designers. Underwater explosion experiments were carried out with small quantity of explosive charges on air-backed 4 mm high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel circular plates of 290 mm diameter and rectangular plates of 300×250 mm with varying stand off. Strain gauges were fixed at regular intervals from the centre to the edge of the plates and dynamic strains were recorded. Strain distribution function was formed from the experimental data using which semi-analytical models were derived for predicting the elastic strain. The models showed good agreement with the experiments.     

The damage to stitched GRP laminates by underwater explosion shock loading

This paper examines the effect of impulse loading from an underwater explosive shock wave on the damage to glass-reinforced polymer (GRP) laminates stitched through-the-thickness with Kevlar thread. Glass-fibre preforms were stitched in the parallel or transverse directions with a density of 3 or 6 stitches/cm², and then fabricated by resin-transfer moulding. The response of the stitched GRP laminates to explosion loading at two shock levels was compared to a non-stitched laminate. The damage to the non-stitched and stitched laminates appeared to be similar, with both the polymer matrix and glass fibres experiencing cracking while some of the polymer/glass interfaces were delaminated. The damage occurred by the bending of the laminates under the pressure exerted by the shock wave. At a relatively low shock level, no significant damage to the Kevlar threads occurred, but at a higher shock level many of the threads were broken. The stitching was effective in reducing the spread of delamination damage, particularly when the stitch orientation was in the parallel direction and/or the stitch density was high. However, the stitches acted as stress concentrators under shock loading, resulting in a large amount of damage localised around the stitches. Measurements of the residual tensile strengths of the damaged laminates are presented.     

Damage prediction of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion shock loading

The damage prediction of concrete gravity dams under blast loads has gained importance in recent years due to the great number of accidental events and terrorist bombing attacks that affected engineering safety. It has long been known that an underwater explosion can cause significantly more damage to the targets in water than the same amount of explosive in air. While the physical processes during an underwater explosion and the subsequent response of structures are extremely complex, which involve lots of complex issues such as the explosion, shock wave propagation, shock wave-structure interaction and structural response. Hence a sophisticated numerical model for the loading and material responses would be required to enable more realistic reproduction of the underlying physical processes. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical approach with combined Lagrangian and Eulerian methods, incorporating the explosion processes, is performed. The RHT (Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma) model including the strain rate effect is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. Detailed numerical simulation and analysis of a typical concrete gravity dam subjected to underwater explosion are presented in this study. In terms of different TNT charge weights, the structural response and damage characteristics of the dam at different standoff distances are investigated. Based on the numerical results, critical curves related to different damage levels are derived.     

水下爆炸对水下目标的毁伤评估研究

从传统冲击因子的不足出发,提出了改进型冲击因子的计算方法,利用某水下目标的抗水下爆炸试验数据,计算了不同工况下的冲击因子,结果表明该冲击因子能较好地反映目标的毁伤情况,利用估计的冲击因子临界值,计算得到了目标的损伤距离曲线。最后引入概率统计的分析方法,通过蒙特卡洛方法模拟得到了爆炸点在平面内变化时目标的毁伤概率。     

水下近距爆炸作用下弹性钢板处的空化特性研究

弹性钢板在水下近距爆炸作用下,冲击波会使其附近流体形成局部空化,脉动气泡会使流体形成锥形空化。利用平面冲击波理论对局部空化的形成特性进行了研究,理论分析了结构目标尺度的变化对空化区域形成的影响,并通过具体试验对局部空化理论进行了验证,两者符合较好;通过试验和数值仿真方法研究了气泡脉动引起的锥形空化的形成特点,初步分析了锥形空化的形成原因。结果表明,锥形空化对结构具有较大的冲击作用。     

水下冲击载荷用下复合材料圆柱壳的弹性响应

研究了平面阶跃冲击波作用下沉浸无限长复合材料圆柱壳的瞬态响应。首先推导了基于Flugge薄壳理论的复合材料圆柱壳的控制运动方程,然后采用反射尾流虚源法建立流体-结构的相互作用,最后采用有限差分法来求解平面冲击波作用下无限长复合材料圆柱壳的控制运动微分方程。详细考察了复合材料纤维方向和壳的半径对复合材料圆柱壳的无因次中面应变、第0阶模态径向位移和第1阶模态径向速度的影响。     

港口水下爆炸荷载冲击特性研究

采用数值仿真方法研究港口水下爆炸荷载的冲击特性,并与经验公式及实验结果比较验证数值模拟方法的正确性;分析水下爆炸冲击波传播过程与气泡膨胀规律。研究表明,港口水下爆炸气泡膨胀荷载不可忽略,由比冲量知,大部分区域气泡膨胀荷载大于冲击波荷载;自由水面对冲击波荷载与气泡膨胀荷载均影响较大,越接近水面二者比冲量越小,气泡膨胀荷载衰减越快,在水面附近其冲量甚至会小于冲击波荷载。水底对气泡膨胀荷载影响不大,而对冲击波荷载影响较大。受水底反射波影响,冲击波作用时间缩短,导致比冲量迅速减小。水底有淤泥层时,冲击波在泥层与水体交界面反射不显著,水底反射冲击波主要来自泥层底部与岩石层分界面。     

空气隔层对水下爆炸冲击波的缓冲效应

由于水下爆炸对结构的破坏能力比空中爆炸要强得多,因此针对水下结构的防护越来越受到重视。根据一维应力波在不同介质交界面的透射反射理论,从理论上分析了低波阻抗介质(如空气)对水下爆炸冲击波传播的影响。通过建立含空气隔层的水下爆炸全耦合模型,考虑水下爆炸冲击波与空气隔层及爆轰产物的动态相互作用,研究了空气隔层对水下爆炸冲击波的缓冲效应,揭示了空气隔层的运动发展过程。同时分析了空气隔层厚度及位置对水下爆炸冲击波缓冲效应的影响。结果表明:空气隔层距防护对象越近,防护效果越佳,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

On attenuation of floating structure response to underwater shock

This paper presents an analysis on attenuation of floating structures response to underwater shock. An explicit finite element approach interfaced with the boundary element method is used for the shock-fluid–structure interaction. The bulk cavitation induced by underwater shock near the free surface is considered in this study. Two types of floating structural configurations are modeled: one is the two-layered panel and the other is the sandwich panel, both of which are extracted from the typical floating hulls—the former corresponds the single hull with coating material and the latter corresponds to the double hull with different material fillings. Their effective structural damping and stiffness are formulated and incorporated in the fluid–structure-coupled equations, which relate the structure response to fluid impulsive loading and are solved using the coupled explicit finite-element and boundary element codes. The cavitation phenomenon near free surface is captured via the present computational procedure. The attenuation effects of the floating structure response to underwater explosion are examined. From the results obtained, some insights on the improvement of floating structures to enhance their resistance to underwater shock are deduced.     

水下近场非接触爆炸作用下固支方板破口计算

为研究水下近场非接触爆炸载荷作用下固支方板的破口现象,根据能量守恒原理,假设冲击波能完全转化为结构的初始动能,进而转化为结构的塑性变形能。通过假设变形模式,建立塑性变形能与平板转角之间关系,进而求解平板转角。平板在中间出现破口后,裂纹向外扩展,呈现花瓣状,满足环向应变等于开裂应变条件时裂纹终止,破口达到最大。根据转角大小,可以求解破口尺寸。与通用有限元软件ABAQUS/EXPLICIT计算结果对比,两者吻合较好。工程上,可以利用本文建立的计算方法估算破口大小。     

水下目标在水下爆炸作用下的毁伤指标研究

针对某水下目标的抗水下爆炸试验数据,阐明了选用加速度峰值和速度峰值作为测量指标的原因,然后通过相关分析法研究这些指标之间的相关性,利用正交旋转法的因子分析得到影响目标毁伤的公共因子,并通过分析正交旋转因子载荷阵选择出特征指标,讨论特征指标与毁伤模式之间的关系,最后分别利用公共因子数据和特征指标数据进行目标毁伤判别,两组数据的判别结果与实验结果基本一致,证明了特征指标选择的合理性.     

泡沫芯层夹层结构水下爆炸冲击特性研究

研究分析了用于提高水下结构抗冲击性能的泡沫芯层夹层结构受水下爆炸作用时的冲击响应及其流固耦合问题。着重讨论了芯层相对密度不同时,夹层结构的前面板壁压、夹层结构入射冲量、前后面板的速度和加速度、后面板支撑反力等参量的变化规律,并讨论了前面板材料对夹层结构冲击响应的影响规律。     

一种改进的水下爆炸冲击波信号修正方法

爆炸载荷是舰船抗冲击设计和分析的基础,爆炸冲击波是表征炸药威力的一个关键物理量。在水下爆炸试验中,由于PCB138A50型电气石水下传感器在高频段存在失真,使得水下爆炸自由场压力信号存在上升沿、峰值失真的情况。当爆源与测点的水平距离远大于测点深度时,测点接收的信号需考虑反射波影响,一般会出现水面截断,形成驼峰现象。这都会使压力信号的冲击波能量计算产生误差,进而影响舰船的抗冲击分析。文章用Jensen提出的方法修正峰值,使用Cole函数对冲击波进行拟合修正。经对比,Cole函数拟合法比传统的指数拟合法修正后的冲击波能量更接近于试验炸药冲击波能量的理论值。     

Configuration design of a lightweight torpedo subjected to an underwater explosion

The response of a lightweight torpedo when subjected to an underwater explosion (UNDEX) is an important criterion for multidisciplinary design. This paper investigates the effect of structural stiffeners on the performance of a lightweight torpedo. The finite element package ABAQUS was used to model the UNDEX and the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) phenomena, which are critical for accurate evaluation of torpedo stress levels. The pressure wave resulting from an underwater explosion was modeled using similitude relations and it was assumed to be a spherical wave. Various explosive weights and explosion distances were explored to determine the critical distance both for an un-stiffened and a stiffened torpedo. Once it was established that the stiffened torpedo performed better under explosive pressure loads, various configurations were studied to determine the optimal number of ring and longitudinal stiffeners. A final configuration was obtained for the torpedo that had minimum weight and was least sensitive to small manufacturing variations in the dimensions of the stiffeners. This paper presents details of the torpedo and fluid models and the finite element analysis method for FSI.     

覆盖层对水下爆炸响应的均匀化方法研究

针对非线性材质多孔覆盖层水下爆炸响应的计算中,耗时多且难度大等问题,提出具有较高计算效率的均匀化方法。建立二维水体、覆盖层、钢板的有效模型,仿真计算作出压力、速度、支反力曲线,验证了等效杨氏模量的有效性。采用均匀化方法研究多孔覆盖层,对比不同孔隙率和冲击因子条件下的有限元计算结果,充分证明了方法的合理性。     

The damage and failure of GRP laminates by underwater explosion shock loading

This paper examines the development of microstructural damage in a glass-reinforced polymer (grp) laminate subjected to explosive shock loading in water. GRP is commonly used in small naval vessels, and may be subjected to underwater explosions. In the experiments, the laminates were exposed to increasing amounts of shock loading produced by underwater explosions. The laminates were backed with either water or air to modify the amount of bending experienced under loading, with the air-backed laminates having the higher amount of bending. Examination of the grp microstructure by optical and scanning electron microscopy after shock testing failed to reveal any damage to either the polymer matrix or glass fibres when the laminate was backed with water. In contrast, when the laminate was backed with air, small cracks were produced in the polymer matrix at low shock pressures. Raising the shock pressure above a threshold limit caused complete failure of the laminate by cracking in the polymer matrix, cracking of the glass fibres, and delamination of the glass fibres from the polymer. The differences in the shock resistance of the water- and air-backed grp are discussed. Measurements of the residual tensile fracture strength of the laminates after shock loading are also presented. The fracture strength of the water-backed laminate was not affected by shock, but the fracture strength of the air-backed laminate deteriorated with the onset of glass fibre breakage and delamination in the grp microstructure.     

Computational investigation of the mitigation of an underwater explosion

The protection effects of a mitigation layer in an underwater explosion are investigated here. The explosion shock loads on a mitigated structure are computed by a Mie–Grüneisen mixture model. Validation tests show that the model is efficient for the underwater explosion problem. Then underwater explosion problems with different mitigation layers are simulated here. In these simulations, special attention is paid on the second shock wave, which is induced by the reflection of the main shock wave. From the results, it is found that the shock impedance of the mitigation layer plays an important role. It determines not only the property of second shock loads, but also the occurrence of protection effects of the mitigation layer. After that the protection effects of layer thickness and explosive–structure distance are studied here. It is found that these factors influence the main shock slightly, but have significant influence on the second shock. In addition, the compressible structure can also be protected by the mitigation layer.     

舰艇水下爆炸冲击信号拟合及应用

舰载设备在进行抗水下爆炸冲击设计时首先需要确定基础冲击时域信号作为输入载荷。相关标准规范给出的设计冲击谱不能反映实船水下爆炸冲击信号的动态特性。而实船试验测试数据又不具备标准性。为获取舰载设备仿真校核评估的冲击输入载荷,提出一种舰艇水下爆炸冲击信号拟合方法。根据标准设计冲击谱,通过傅里叶变换对实测信号进行修正。采用这种方法得到的冲击信号同时包含了设备安装部位的冲击特性和标准设计谱的冲击量值,能够更准确地反映舰载设备在特定安装部位处的标准冲击环境。     

Comparability research on impulsive response of double stiffened cylindrical shells subjected to underwater explosion

In order to evaluate the strength and comparability of impulsive environment of model and practical structure in the water when subjected to underwater explosion, a new shock factor based on energy acting on the structure is presented to describe the loading of underwater explosion. To test the validity of this new factor, numerical experiments of double stiffened cylindrical shells are carried out a series of cases designed by the new factor and two other standard shock factors respectively. The results of the cases designed by the new factor indicate that the kinetic energy, potential energy and shock response spectrums of the structures agree well with each other in different cases designed by the equal new shock factor. However, the results of the cases designed by the two other standard shock factors are rather diverse. The analysis considers that the old shock factors do not take the spherical characteristics of shock wave front and relative position between detonation and structure into account, which can hardly reflect the similarity of underwater explosion loadings. The new shock factor can make up for such limitations.