Investigation on influence factors of buffeting response of bridges and its aeroelastic model verification for Xiaoguan Bridge

A time-domain procedure for analyzing buffeting responses of bridges is presented and implemented in ANSYS, formulated taking into account the self-excited forces, aerodynamic admittance functions (AAFs) and the coherence of buffeting forces. The buffeting forces simulated based on the span-wise coherence of buffeting forces and also considering the aerodynamic admittance functions, together with the steady aerodynamic forces are applied as external loads to the structural model to analyze the buffeting responses in time domain. In order to account for self-excited forces, elemental aeroelastic stiffness and aeroelastic damping matrices for spatial beam elements are derived following the quasi-steady theory and are incorporated in buffeting analysis through the user-defined Matrix27 element in ANSYS. The procedure is applied to the Xiaoguan Bridge, China, during the longest double cantilever stage of construction. The wind tunnel tests of four typical bridge section models are performed to measure the aerodynamic parameters of the bridge including the steady aerodynamic coefficients and aerodynamic admittance functions. The bridge aeroelastic model testing is also carried out, and coherence functions of buffeting forces are derived from the measured buffeting forces. The measurement results of the displacements and internal forces are compared with those obtained from the analytical predictions. The influence factors, including aeroelastic effect, aerodynamic admittance functions and coherence of buffeting forces, are studied in some detail. It is shown the present method inclusive of above factors gives much closer predictions of buffeting responses to the experimental results.     

Cross-wind response of tall buildings

A design procedure was developed using random vibration theory and uses mode-generalized cross-wind force spectra and aerodynamic data to calculate the cross-wind displacement and acceleration responses of tall buildings. The force spectra of a number of building shapes and sizes in both suburban and city centre type wind flow are presented. The proposed design procedure gives reasonable estimates of the cross-wind response, compared with wind tunnel measurements, at reduced wind velocities and at structural damping values consistent with modern habitable tall building design. This allows assessment of the structural requirements of tall buildings to be made at an early design stage, and also allows the designers to assess the need for more detailed and expansive wind tunnel model tests.     

上海长江大桥风-轨道车辆-桥耦合振动及抗风行车准则研究

为确定上海长江大桥轨道交通车辆的抗风行车准则,将风、车、桥三者视为一个交互作用、协调工作的耦合动力系统,通过风洞试验测定主梁及车辆的气动参数,采用自主研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS进行风-车-桥耦合动力分析计算。计算结果表明:桥梁和车辆的响应随风速的增大而增大,风荷载对行车的安全性和舒适性有很大影响。当风速小于20m/s时,车辆可按设计车速90km/h运行;当风速在20～30m/s之间时,车速不应大于60km/h;当风速超过30m/s时,应封闭轨道交通。     

Vibrations and aerodynamic stability of a prestressed pipeline cable bridge

A method is presented for analysing the vibrations and aerodynamic stability of a prestressed pipeline cable bridge structure. The structure of the bridge and the method for calculation of the natural vibration frequencies are described. Some of the natural vibration frequencies were tested by measuring dynamic quantities on a bridge structure in situ.A sectional model was designed for testing in a wind tunnel of diameter 1.8 m; the model was investigated by means of a drag balance, and the aerodynamic coefficients C_L, C_D and C_M were determined. The same model was suspended elastically in a wind tunnel and its response to an airstream studied. The results of the measurements for the rigidly and elastically suspended model are used in calculating the critical flutter velocity and in analysing the model's aerodynamic stability.     

厢式货车在桥塔区域的气动力特征研究

以曼牌16.170F货车及象山港大桥为背景,加工制作了曼牌货车和象山港大桥的1∶25缩尺模型,在TJ-3风洞,使用六分量测力天平对货车模型进行了测力试验,通过试验得到了货车在双向四车道,五个风偏角,相对于桥塔的五个不同位置以及无桥塔状态时的气动力系数。     

覆冰导线三自由度耦合舞动稳定性判定及气动阻尼研究

利用风洞内支架式三自由度频率可调的弹簧悬挂装置对D形覆冰六分裂导线节段气弹模型进行舞动试验,在不同气动力特性的风攻角下调整竖/扭自振频率比及风速,激发并记录纯竖向、纯扭转、竖扭耦合和扭转水平耦合等失稳舞动。分别基于实测响应和三自由度舞动响应非线性数值模拟结果识别导线的竖向和扭转气动阻尼并与Den Hartog或Nigol舞动理论计算值进行对比,研究导线气动阻尼与气动特性、自振特性及风速之间的关系。试验结果发现：由于Den Hartog或Nigol系数正负不同以及竖/扭频率比不同,导线气动负阻尼绝对值会随风速提高以指数形式增大或者是随风速提高先增大后减小至小于结构阻尼;用单自由度舞动理论来预测三自由度舞动存在较大缺陷且偏于不安全。基于特征值摄动法提出覆冰分裂导线竖向-水平-扭转三自由度耦合的舞动稳定性判断条件式,解释了无法用Den Hartog或Nigol单自由度稳定性判断条件式说明的舞动现象,并得到试验结果的验证。     

桥梁风洞试验模态参数识别的随机子空间方法

模态参数识别是桥梁风洞试验中的一项重要内容,发展了基于参考点、无需输出协方差估计的识别振动系统模态参数的随机子空间方法,其识别精度和可靠性通过数值算例验证。对状态空间理论中的稳定图作了全面的阐释。根据苏通大桥和苏拉马都大桥主梁三自由度节段模型风洞试验采集到的位移信号,采用随机子空间方法识别了侧弯、竖弯和扭转模态频率和阻尼比,并且与随机搜索方法识别结果进行对比。分析结果表明,随机子空间方法和随机搜索方法识别结果非常吻合,本文发展的随机子空间方法是识别风洞试验桥梁模态参数的一种有效和实用方法。     

On wind–rain induced vibration of cables of cable-stayed bridges based on quasi-steady assumption

Wind–rain induced vibration of cables of cable-stayed bridges is presently a problem of great concern. Similar to the classical galloping theory, this paper adopts quasi-steady assumption to study wind–rain induced vibration of cables. A wind tunnel test was first made to measure wind pressures and thus wind forces acting on a 3-D cable model and the upper artificial rivulet model. A new theoretical model for instability of a 2-D sectional rigid model with a moving artificial rivulet is then established and the instability criterion is proposed. The instability criterion is verified through wind tunnel test on a 2-D rigid sectional cable model with a moving artificial rivulet. Finally, theoretical models of wind–rain induced vibration of 3-D sectional cables and 3-D continuous cables are, respectively, developed based on the measured mean wind forces mentioned above, and the vibration characteristics are investigated as well as an explanation of the mechanism of wind–rain induced vibration of stay cables is made.     

考虑特征湍流影响的体育场悬挑屋盖脉动风压谱模型

基于风洞试验对体育场悬挑屋盖的脉动风压谱进行系统研究,旨在得到适用于此类结构的脉动风压谱模型,为风振响应分析提供必要的信息。通过对屋盖表面脉动风压进行谱分析,可知在屋盖前缘处的风压谱与来流风速谱较接近,但屋盖后缘处则差异很大,表现出明显的漩涡脱落特征。因此脉动风压自谱采用来流谱与漩涡脱落谱相结合的形式来描述,并通过权数因子体现屋盖表面不同位置处流场作用的特点。对于脉动风压互谱则用指数衰减函数来表示,并确定了适用于悬挑屋盖的衰减系数。为验证所提出风压谱模型的有效性及特征湍流对风致效应的影响,对系列悬挑屋盖结构进行风振响应分析,风荷载时程分别采用风洞试验测得的风压时程、基于建议风压谱模型模拟生成的风压时程、按拟定常假设生成的风压时程。基于建议模型得到的响应结果与试验结果基本一致,基于拟定常假设的风振响应极值偏小10%～15%,均方根值偏小30%～40%,脉动风压谱建模中不可忽略特征湍流的影响。     

斜拉桥斜拉索风雨振时索表面水线摆动作用及规律的试验研究

斜拉索表面水线的周向摆动被认为是激发索发生风雨振的重要因素。有水线的索的气动力可以认为是索本身的气动力和水线摆动产生的气动力的组合。在风洞中,通过竖向强制振动试验,测试索的气动力并算得气动导数H1*和H4*。为了模拟水线的摆动,对贴有水线的索施行两端同向强制扭转振动试验,测试振动中的气动力。通过分析水线的摆动对索竖向振动阻尼的贡献,表明水线的摆动既能促使索变得气动不稳定,也可以促使索变得气动稳定,这主要取决于水线摆动与索振动之间的位相差。同时,通过在风洞中模拟人工降雨并对水线进行跟踪观测,发现水线沿索轴向分布及摆动不均一,指出掌握风雨振时水线的各个参数对分析和理解该振动具有重要意义。     

分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁-列车-风屏障系统气动效应风洞试验研究

为探究侧风作用下分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁上、下桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应的影响,在无风屏障和设置风屏障两种情况下,分别针对单独铁路桥和标准间隔高度下的公铁双层桥面桥梁,通过大比例尺节段模型风洞试验测试了列车的气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。为了进一步探究公铁双层桥面间隔高度对列车气动效应的影响,测试了多种间隔高度下列车气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。结果表明,公铁双层桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应有一定的影响,间隔高度的改变会引起铁路桥面风速剖面以及列车气动力系数的变化,对比分析可知,无风屏障时间隔高度仅需满足铁路桥梁基本建筑限界即可,设置风屏障后,当间隔高度≥15m时,铁路桥面风速剖面以及迎风侧轨道处列车气动力变化趋于平缓。     

抑制斜拉桥拉索风雨激振的气动措施研究

在驰振理论的基础上,运用带有运动水线的二维拉索模型对风雨激振进行理论分析,得到了拉索发生风雨激振的充分条件、必要条件及临界发散风速。并将此分析方法运用到设有气动措施的拉索上,引入等效阻尼比指标对气动措施减振效果进行定量分析。结合静气动三分力试验和分析计算,对螺旋线、纵向肋条和椭圆环三种气动措施的减振效果进行评价分析,螺旋线、纵向肋条的减振效果好于椭圆环。通过人工降雨试验,对气动措施减振效果的分析方法进行检验。     

苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳分析

大跨柔性桥梁气弹模型在风荷载作用下会产生明显的竖向、侧向位移和附加攻角。推导气弹模型实测位移修正表达式,对苏通大桥气弹模型高风速时实测位移进行修正,对比分析修正前后差异。绘制了苏通大桥主跨跨中断面、1/4断面和边跨跨中3个典型断面扭转中心的运动轨迹,分析其特点,对苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳现象进行解释。基于随机搜索方法和随机子空间方法识别得到的模态参数,对苏通大桥气弹模型进行复模态颤振分析。分析结果表明:苏通大桥气弹模型可视为一种非常规索网复合系统,其气动失稳振动表现为保持平衡状态的竖向、侧向和扭转耦合滚动,扭转频率成分在竖弯和侧弯振动中参与很多,而竖弯和侧弯频率成分在其他两种振动中参与很少。     

主梁断面形状对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

确定车辆和桥梁各自的气动参数是车-桥耦合振动分析的基础。为研究主梁断面形状对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响,利用自制的三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,针对8种分离式双箱主梁断面进行多工况模型风洞试验。通过对不同模型及工况试验结果的对比,讨论不同主梁断面形状下车-桥系统的雷诺数效应,得出不同行车位置处车辆和桥梁各自气动参数随主梁宽高比的变化规律以及其阻力系数的取值方法,为后续抗风设计及风-车-桥耦合振动研究提供参考。     

Direct identification of flutter derivatives and aerodynamic admittances of bridge decks

Flutter derivatives and aerodynamic admittances provide basis of predicting the critical wind speed in flutter and buffeting analysis of long-span cable-supported bridges. In this paper, one popular stochastic system identification technique, covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI in short), is first presented for estimation of the flutter derivatives and aerodynamic admittances of bridge decks from their random responses in turbulent flow. Numerical simulations of an ideal thin plate are adopted to extract these aerodynamic parameters to evaluate the applicability of the present method. Then wind tunnel tests of a streamlined thin plate model and a Π type blunt bridge section model were conducted in turbulent flow and the flutter derivatives and aerodynamic admittances are determined by the SSI technique. The identified aerodynamic parameters are compared with the theoretical ones and the results indicate the applicability of the current method.     

两类悬索桥吊索气动稳定性比较研究

大跨度悬索桥吊索常发生大幅风致振动,一种可能的机理为吊索索股间的尾流致振。为研究吊索表面粗糙度对其气动稳定性的影响,分别针对平行钢丝吊索和钢绞线吊索,制作表面光滑、粗糙索股模型,进行测力风洞试验,得到光滑和粗糙下游索股的平均气动力系数,在此基础上,依据Routh-Hurwitz稳定性判据,对平行钢丝吊索和钢绞线吊索的气动失稳区域进行比较研究。结果表明：平行钢丝吊索与钢绞线吊索的平均气动力系数空间分布特征存在较明显区别;两种吊索的不稳定区域整体上呈条带状,宽度约为1~2D,且平行钢丝吊索的失稳区域向中心线两边发散的比钢绞线吊索更为明显;在3≤X≤4区域,尾流吊索发生气动失稳可能性较大,特别是钢绞线吊索。     

Relationships among aerodynamic admittance functions, flutter derivatives and static coefficients for long-span bridges

Wind actions on long-span bridges are commonly considered as the superimposition of buffeting forces and self-excited forces, depending on the aerodynamic admittance functions and on the flutter derivatives, respectively. Since bridge deck sections are bluff bodies, the aerodynamic admittance functions and the flutter derivatives have to be determined experimentally by wind tunnel tests. This paper introduces a generalized quasi-static theory, defining new relationships among the flutter derivatives and the aerodynamic admittance functions. All the relationships are theoretically verified for the zero circular frequency; based upon experimental results, the validation of the relationships among the flutter derivatives is also provided for non-zero values of the frequency.     

An approach to the determination of wind load effects on low-rise buildings

A covariance integration method for the determination of fluctuating overall structural loads due to wind and their effects on low-rise buildings is described. The required aerodynamic information can be obtained from boundary-layer wind tunnel tests; static structural-influence coefficients are also required. The method is an alternative to the direct on-line weighting technique, but is less demanding on wind tunnel instrumentation and data acquisition facilities. To obtain peak values, Gaussian probability distributions have been assumed for the loads or their effects.Use of the method is demonstrated by calculations of gust factors and peak values for various structural loads on the central bay of a single-storey house, using aerodynamic data obtained from a $\text{1}\text{50}\text{-}\text{scale}$ wind tunnel model.     

大跨度中承式拱桥节段模型风洞试验

风致振动是大跨度中承式拱桥设计的主要控制因素之一,本文介绍了重庆菜园坝长江大桥风洞主桥节段模型静力三分力试验以及节段模型动态试验的主要内容及相应的结果,介绍了由于双拱干扰下的主拱静力三分力试验和涡振试验及其结论．试验表明,桥梁主桥具有良好的气动稳定性,主拱在风载下受力极为复杂。由于前榀拱尾流的影响,后拱阻力系数起伏较大。当两榀拱相距较近时,后拱的阻力系数为负数,随着间距的增大逐渐增大。试验结果将为大桥的抖振、涡振以及颤振分析提供依据。