桥梁箱型吊杆涡振与驰振耦合振动的数值模拟

为研究桥梁箱型吊杆涡振与驰振耦合状态下的风致振动机理,基于某大跨度钢桁架拱桥大长细比箱型吊杆的节段模型风洞试验参数与试验结果,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件FLUENT对模型的耦合振动进行了数值模拟,通过FLUENT的后处理功能进一步研究分析了不同振动状态下的气动力和尾流旋涡特征信息。研究结果表明:数值计算得到的风振曲线与试验的实测结果吻合良好,在涡振与驰振的耦合振动过程中,随着振动幅值的不断增大,尾流旋涡脱落由小振幅阶段规则的卡门旋涡形态转化为大振幅阶段的复合模态特征,气动升力也由小振幅阶段的单频特征逐步转化为大振幅阶段的多频特征。     

Improvement of aerodynamic stability of suspension bridges with H-shaped simplified stiffening girder

Wind-tunnel study on the improvement of aerodynamic stability of simplified suspension-bridge girder structures was conducted with using a 1/40-scaled section model. Objective of the study is the development of an economically superior suspension bridge with 500–1,000 m center span length. The wind-tunnel test showed that an edge-girder type cross section exhibited large amplitude torsional vortex-induced vibration as well as torsional flutter at a low wind speed. Accordingly, aerodynamic countermeasures of open grating deck and triangular faring, and structural countermeasures of center stay, diagonal bracing and mass increase were tried to improve the aerodynamic stability. Finally, feasibility of the best combination to a full-scale bridge was examined by structural analysis.     

风嘴几何参数对双边箱式Π型梁涡振性能的影响

为研究风嘴几何参数对双边箱式Π型梁涡振性能的影响,设计了包括原断面在内的4类试验组合,共计14种试验工况,通过节段模型测振试验,测得不同工况下Π型梁涡振振幅随试验风速的变化,分析了0°风攻角下不同风嘴长度和尖端高度对双边箱式Π型梁涡振振幅、锁定区间长度和起振风速的影响。采用SST k-ω模型进行计算流体力学分析,模拟了原断面和不同风嘴措施下双边箱式Π型梁断面周围的流场特性,结合静态绕流涡量演化图探讨了不同风嘴措施的涡振抑制机理。结果表明:多数风嘴措施能有效抑制双边箱式Π型梁的竖弯涡振,同时降低其扭转涡振振幅; 尖端高度与梁高之比为5/6时,该Π型梁的涡激共振被完全抑制,涡振性能表现良好; 增大风嘴长度和令风嘴尖端朝下有助于减小断面的涡振振幅和锁定区间长度,提高起振风速,对该Π型梁的抑振效果更显著; 双边箱式Π型梁原断面涡激共振明显,安装风嘴能减弱上表面气体的流动分离,减小漩涡尺度,有利于抑制涡振; 双边箱式Π型梁下表面周期性脱落并移动的漩涡是其扭转涡振的驱动性因素。     

流线箱梁风嘴侧主动气动翼板的颤振控制试验研究

基于气动外形优化的传统被动气动措施难以满足跨度不断增大带来的抗风性能新挑战,主动气动措施被寄予期望。结合现实需求,基于主动翼板提出新型桥梁颤振控制方法,设计并制作主梁 主动翼板缩尺检验模型。在箱梁两侧设置一对水平翼板,通过传感器感知主梁的运动行为,对其施加相对主梁振幅的特定放大倍数(增益系数)的反制运动,借助翼板的运动来影响主梁周围的流场,从而提高主梁的颤振稳定性,实现完整的闭环反馈控制系统。在均匀流条件下,通过调整翼板运动函数中的增益系数和翼板与主梁的相位差组合,揭示颤振临界风速的变化规律。研究发现,两侧翼板的相位差组合与增益系数均显著影响系统的颤振性能,当迎风侧翼板与主梁的运动保持相位差180°～360°,背风侧翼板与主梁的运动保持相位差0°～180°时,可以提高系统的颤振性能。当增益系数介于1～9时,过小的增益系数对系统颤振性能改善有限,过大的增益系数会恶化系统的颤振性能,当增益系数介于3～4时存在最佳控制效果。     

半开口分离双箱梁涡振性能及其气动控制措施研究

基于某主跨820m混合梁斜拉桥,利用刚体节段模型风洞试验结合计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟,系统研究了半开口分离双箱梁的涡振性能并进行一系列气动控制措施的探讨。该断面成桥状态在+3°或+5°风攻角下会产生大幅竖弯涡振,来流上游侧检修道栏杆处的气流分离起主导作用,检修车轨道对竖弯涡振有放大作用,这主要源于其后方连续产生的小尺度漩涡在断面下部开口内汇聚,形成了能量集中的大尺度漩涡。采用不同形式的检修道栏杆或改变风嘴角度对竖弯涡振控制效果不理想,将风嘴向外延伸可以有效降低振幅,但要保证检修道栏杆不移动,工程实用性较差。下中央稳定板基本没有抑制效果|水平翼板和抑流板都能有效控制竖弯涡振,其中水平翼板可以延缓漩涡能量的集中降低涡振振幅,但不能完全抑制振动,而且大攻角下会延长涡振风速区间|抑流板则直接通过抑制断面上表面漩涡的形成而有效控制涡振发生。     

Investigation of vortex-induced vibration of a suspension bridge with two separated steel box girders based on field measurements

This paper investigates the vortex-induced vibration of a twin steel box girder suspension bridge with a centre span of 1650 m based on field measurements. Two ultrasonic anemometers, two tri-axial accelerometers and 52 wind pressure sensors are installed at the quarter span section. The other 20 pressure sensors are installed in another 5 sections, and each section has 4 pressure sensors. Four vortex-induced oscillation events are measured. The analytical results indicate that the vortex-induced vibration more likely occurs in a low wind speed range of 6-10 m/s, with the wind direction nearly perpendicular to the bridge line, and low turbulence intensity. The mean pressure distribution on the surface of the bridge deck is obtained and the characteristics of fluctuant pressures are analysed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. Moreover, the spatial-temporal evolution of flow around the bridge deck is investigated. The results indicate that in the beginning stage of vortex-induced resonance, the regular vortex shedding phenomena occur only in the gap of the deck and at tailing region of downstream deck; however, when in the lock-in stage, the vortex shedding is strengthened due to the dramatic vibration, and the regular vortex shedding phenomena extend to the entire lower surface of downstream deck and the tail of upstream deck, the vortex shedding regions in the gap and lower surface link together. In the lock-in range, the span-wise correlation of the wind pressure is analysed, and the correlations of wind pressure along the bridge line are very high and do not decrease with the increase in distance.     

Aerodynamic stability of cable-stayed bridge with new Vierendeel-type girder

An aerodynamic study is described showing the stability of a new type of double deck cable-stayed bridge having both upper and lower flat, shallow, streamlined box girder decks connected by vertical members only. In long span, cable-stayed bridges the longer the span, the more important the aerodynamic stability of the structure becomes. Even though cable-stayed bridges evidence structural damping, the measure of the aerodynamic stability of such a bridge is whether or not a cross-sectional shape of the suspended structure is stable against flutter oscillation and vortex-excited oscillation. The experiments presented in this paper, therefore, focus on the aerodynamic stability against these phenomena in a partial scale model of a cable-stayed bridge of new design. The three aerodynamic components of force have also been measured. For comparison, a wind-tunnel experiment has been carried out using a partial model of a conventional suspended structure of a typical truss type double deck cable-stayed bridge. It is shown that the new system is superior to the truss type from an aerodynamic stability viewpoint.     

基于工程设计的小曲率钢箱梁桥的计算研究

结合具体工程对小曲率钢箱梁桥进行计算研究,对比分析在不同截面形式下的受力特性,并对曲线钢箱梁桥的受力特点、剪力滞效应和最优截面方案进行综述和研究。分析表明:对于大跨度薄腹钢箱梁桥,增设横隔板和必要的纵肋是减小截面畸变变形的最优方案。     

大攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振性能的影响

为探究大攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振性能的影响,对寸滩长江大桥主梁进行了风洞试验。应用Matlab软件模拟桥面粗糙度变化范围,根据模拟结果选取对应的砂纸在试验中模拟桥面粗糙度,分析了攻角及桥面粗糙度对扁平钢箱梁涡振区间及幅值的影响。试验研究表明:在大攻角下扁平钢箱梁的涡振振幅和范围明显增大,对桥址位于山区等容易发生大风攻角的地区的桥梁应进行大攻角试验。扁平钢箱梁的涡振响应随着桥面粗糙度增大而减小。正攻角范围内,桥面粗糙度对涡振响应的影响随着攻角减小而增大。桥面粗糙度发生变化时,扭转涡振响应更加敏感,变化幅度大于竖向涡振响应变化幅度。     

福州市琅岐闽江大桥钢梁设计

流线型扁平钢箱梁作为斜拉桥的加劲梁具有良好的力学和气动性能。以福州市琅岐闽江大桥为例,简要介绍扁平斜拉桥钢箱梁结构构造设计、立面线型的实现、抗风震措施和施工过程中的临时约束设计,以丰富扁平钢箱加劲梁在桥梁设计领域中的应用经验。     

Fatigue crack and its retrofitting method in a curved I girder bridge

In Korea, most of steel bridge have the shape of box type and have been mainly applied to curved section. However, there are some cases that I type girder were applied in curved bridges. Such I type girder has structural disadvantage compared to box type due to torsional forces, and potential of damage by fatigue is considered to become higher as time goes by. In this study, cause of fatigue cracks in a curved steel I girder bridge was investigated through visual inspection and stress and deflection measurement under actual traffic flow, and structural behavior characteristics of the bridge was examined by conducting detailed structural analysis. In addition, a retrofitting method was suggested for the cracks and its validity was confirmed through detailed finite element analysis.     

Wind-tunnel study of effects of geometry modification on aerodynamics of a cable-stayed bridge deck

The results of a wind-tunnel study of the aerodynamic response and stability of a cable-stayed bridge deck are presented. A bridge section model was employed in smooth flow and the effects of modifying the bridge geometry were investigated.The results showed that the original bridge deck was unstable in torsion and exhibited high, vertex-induced, vertical oscillation. Streamlining of the deck resulted in improved aerodynamic performance, with an increase in the critical wind speed for torsional flutter and decrease in the vortex-induced response.     

基于人工神经网络的典型桥梁断面气动参数识别

基于同济大学风洞实验室既有大跨度桥梁试验数据成果,利用Access数据库软件和Java编程语言,集成了大跨度桥梁抗风性能的数据库系统。通过人工神经网络技术对人工神经元的训练和神经元间连接权值的调整,建立大跨度桥梁主梁气动参数（包括静力三分力系数和颤振导数）的智能化识别方法,主要针对扁平箱梁和倒梯形箱梁两种断面。气动参数的神经网络输出与期望输出间的误差符合预期要求,以期可作为桥梁结构初步设计阶段参考。     

Aerodynamic instability of a bridge deck section model: Linear and nonlinear approach to force modeling

The aerodynamic behavior of a bridge deck section model with a simple single-box shape was characterized in wind tunnel. At large nose-up mean angles of attack, a torsional instability arises, outlining a situation in which nonlinear aeroelastic effects may be critical. Such condition represents an interesting case to develop and validate nonlinear models for the aeroelastic problem. The experimental campaign allowed both to characterize the aerodynamic forces using forced motion tests and to study the aeroelastic behavior of the section model, when excited by actively generated turbulent wind. These aeroelastic tests are used to validate a numerical time-domain model for aerodynamic forces that takes into account the nonlinearities due to the reduced velocity and to the amplitude of the instantaneous angle of incidence. Results are critically analyzed and compared with those obtained with a linear model.     

采用支撑杆件提高钢箱梁正交异性板疲劳性能研究

交通运输的迅速发展使得钢箱梁正交异性板的疲劳问题日趋突出。为研究设置支撑杆件对钢箱梁正交异性板疲劳性能的影响,制作试件进行室内试验,并采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立有限元模型,分析在无支撑杆件和有支撑杆件的情况下,钢箱梁正交异性板易疲劳开裂位置应力幅（最大荷载时的应力与无荷载时应力之差）的变化。试验和有限元对比结果表明：试验结果和有限元模拟结果吻合良好,支撑杆件的设置可将钢箱梁正交异性板U肋及T肋开槽处的应力幅减小约40%~60%,其中个别位置应力幅减小占比（无、有支撑时的应力幅差值与无支撑时应力幅之比）可达70%;支撑杆件的设置可将顶板跨中位置应力幅减小约20%~40%,其中个别位置应力幅减小占比可达50%。有限元参数分析结果表明：离支撑杆位置越近,开槽位置处的应力幅减小占比越大;随着支撑杆件直径的增大,应力幅减小占比增大,但增大幅度逐渐减小。合理使用支撑杆件能有效减小钢箱梁正交异性板易疲劳开裂部位的应力幅,可在较低的成本下减少钢箱梁正交异性板疲劳破坏的发生,提高其疲劳寿命。     

预应力小箱梁水文计算分析

结合滦河镇大桥工程概况,简述了桥梁截面形式及截面尺寸,根据设计流量进行了小箱梁水文计算,包括冲刷计算及桥孔长度计算,从而为确定桥梁跨径是否合理提供了参考。     

预制钢箱梁节段接口匹配工艺及接口环缝焊接变形的规律

结合天津海河蚌埠桥钢箱梁节段桥位施工,大桥钢箱梁为全焊接结构,钢箱梁断面宽度大,所用钢材厚度较薄,加之钢箱梁环缝桥位施焊在野外作业,施焊环境恶劣,桥位环缝焊接变形、焊接收缩量和焊接质量的控制等有一定的难度。钢箱梁是天津海河蚌埠桥悬索桥上部的承重钢结构,其焊接质量直接关系到桥梁的安全。为保证产品整体质量,控制焊接变形,对钢箱梁焊接和焊接变形控制进行细致地分析,制定合理可靠的焊接工艺流程,采用焊接变形小和焊接收缩量小的焊接工艺措施。在钢箱梁环缝焊接过程中,通过对人、机、料、环等各方面的控制,保证钢箱梁环缝的焊接质量。根据施工经验,探索预制钢箱梁节段接口匹配工艺及接口环缝焊接变形的规律,通过采取工艺措施确保大桥整体线形满足设计要求。     

Flow field control to mitigate airborne sea salt adhesion on bridge girders

In order to realise effective maintenance and enhanced durability of structures, it is important to also reduce corrosion of bridges by airborne sea salt. The objective of this study is to reduce airborne sea salt adhesion amount on steel girder bridges by employing aerodynamic countermeasures. The study bridge is a typical metropolitan highway bridge with 8 I-shaped steel girders located in Japan. Aerodynamic countermeasure devices are employed to change the flow field around the bridge structure in an attempt to reduce wind velocity normal to the bridge girders. Devices existing on urban bridges such as noise barriers, median barriers, and facilities for passage of drainage pipes and electric cables, modelled as horizontal plates, are modified and investigated for their ability to reduce airborne sea salt adhesion amount. As additional devices, vertical plates are installed to change the flow separation and their applicability is also studied. Computational fluid dynamics is employed for flow field simulations and airborne sea salt adhesion amount is estimated by the improved concentration flux method. Findings indicate that horizontal plates and vertical plates significantly reduce airborne sea salt adhesion amount. Noise barriers and median barriers can also reduce airborne sea salt adhesion amount.     

紊流积分尺度对典型桥梁断面静力#br# 系数影响规律的风洞试验研究

为研究紊流积分尺度对典型桥梁断面静力系数影响的规律,文章通过在风洞中模拟紊流对典型桥梁断面进行测力试验。借助尖塔,格栅等方式模拟紊流的传统试验方法,难以模拟实际风场中的大紊流积分尺度。文章采用自主研制的主动控制翼栅,有效增大试验中风场的紊流积分尺度,通过控制主动控制翼栅的振动频率产生不同紊流积分尺度的风场。对单箱梁、双箱梁、桁架梁、边主梁、边箱梁五种典型桥梁断面在紊流下和均匀流下的静力系数进行了测定,其中紊流由主动控制翼栅产生。将五种典型桥梁断面在紊流下的静力系数和均匀流下的静力系数进行对比分析,结果表明在大紊流积分尺度下,阻力系数随紊流积分尺度增大而增大,且小于均匀流下的阻力系数值。结果也表明,在均匀流来测定桥梁断面静力系数对于实际工程应用是偏于安全的考虑,因此建议进行节段模型测力试验时,在均匀流中进行。     

钢筋混凝土加劲桁梁式悬索桥车桥耦合振动特性分析

通过建立车桥耦合振动模型,对一座钢筋混凝土加劲桁梁式悬索桥的车桥耦合振动特性进行了分析。现场试验和理论分析结果表明,钢筋混凝土桁架式悬索桥桥面加速度随车速、局部高差、轮胎刚度的增大而迅速增大,随路面等级的降低而增大,并存在一个最优悬架刚度,使得桥面加速度响应取得较小值;而位移放大系数仅对重车和低等级桥面敏感。研究结果为钢筋混凝土桁架式悬索桥的车辆通行及日常养护提供了参考。