水电站引水发电隧洞上平管段支护优化研究

采用ANSYS软件对引水发电隧洞上平管段洞室开挖支护和运行荷载条件下的变形和应力进行了二维有限元计算,根据计算结果分析了不同荷载组合对洞室围岩稳定性的影响,并提出了相应的优化支护方案,对设计和施工具有一定的参考价值.     

考虑围岩稳定性评价的引水隧洞施工过程仿真系统

根据施工过程中的围岩稳定情况确定出合理的施工进尺并实时可视化评价结构安全状况具有重要的工程意义。首先利用BIM建模软件建立三维基础模型,通过对建模软件进行二次开发并结合系统仿真原理得到引水隧洞施工进度;其次将几何模型转换为数值计算模型并建立进度数据库与引水隧洞数值模型之间的映射关系,通过有限元分析围压系统的安全状况,根据不同进尺下的进度计算及围岩稳定分析结果,合理选择施工进尺;最后基于Python+VB.net混合编程技术编制了引水隧洞施工进度与围岩稳定安全仿真系统。工程应用表明,该系统将隧洞施工进度、支护体系与围岩稳定性进行结合,可为合理制定施工计划及施工现场控制提供可视化技术及数据支持。     

洞室围岩应力及破坏模式分析

以大山口水电站引水隧道为例,基于开挖卸荷理论,以径向应力卸荷量作为开挖卸荷分区,通过FLAC3D 中fish语言模拟洞室开挖动态卸荷,计算了开挖围岩第一、第三主应力变化规律,基于卸荷应力分析,采用单元安全系数下降百分比描述围岩可能破坏形式,不同的等值线能较好地对应于3种不同破坏模式,对预测洞室开挖后可能的破坏模式有一定参考价值.     

隧洞开挖引起地下水运动的子模型法数值模拟

基于ANSYS的APDL的二次开发,采用子模型技术处理隧洞开挖后形成的自由面.并以九里湾隧洞为例,分析了隧洞开挖后,隧洞周围孔隙水压力、渗流场流动矢量等分布特征.结果表明,在洞室开挖后形成的自由面所有节点中,洞室的四个角点处的水力梯度较大,其中边墙与顶拱的交叉处节点及边墙在底板稍往上节点处的水力梯度最大,顶拱自由面节点的平均水力梯度最小,为隧洞开挖的排水设计提供了理论依据.     

石英云母片岩时效特性及流变参数反分析

某水电站引水隧洞围岩主要为石英云母片岩,具有显著的蠕变特性。结合该水电站试验洞洞壁位移监测结果,分析了洞室开挖后围岩的时空效应,基于位移反分析法,利用自编神经网络计算程序对幂律型流变模型参数A、n、m进行反演,并将获得的测线位移计算值与实测值相对比,以分析参数的合理性。结果表明,洞壁两侧变形最大,边墙次之,顶拱变形最小;反演得到A为6.687 6×10-17、n为1.967 1、m为-0.918 5,且位移计算值与实测值具有较高的吻合度,表明反演参数合理可靠。最后结合流变参数的反演结果,对该工程调压井开挖后支护时间进行探究,研究发现在洞室开挖15d后进行支护是合理的。     

深埋节理岩体隧洞开挖与支护的3DEC模拟

针对埋深大、结构面复杂的隧洞稳定性及支护效果,应用离散元法对建立的节理岩体隧洞模型分别模拟隧洞开挖与支护后的隧洞围岩应力及位移变化。结果表明,隧洞开挖后围岩变形稍大,并需考虑地下水对隧洞围岩的影响,需对隧洞进行支护处理;支护后的隧洞围岩位移变形减小,围岩稳定性得到增强。     

发电引水隧洞衬砌的有限元分析实例

对于引水隧洞的衬砌计算,一般多采用结构力学程序法计算.当洞室围岩达到三类时,考虑围岩和衬砌的整体承载作用,采用有限元方法计算衬砌结构,所得的配筋率降低较多,投资效益显著.本计算方法有待在实践经验的基础上进一步完善修正.     

大山口引水隧洞开挖与支护的数值分析

基于开挖施工过程,分析计算了开挖卸荷和支护后围岩位移工况及应力分布,并采用有限差分软件FLAC3D对围岩的位移与应力进行了比较,综合评价了洞室在开挖支护后的稳定性.结果表明,开挖卸荷未支护条件下围岩稳定性较差,可能影响开挖施工,及时采取支护措施后围岩的位移场和应力场可得到改善,稳定性提高.可为设计和施工支护提供参考.     

基于离散元法的圆型、城门洞型洞室岩爆现象模拟

针对深埋地下隧洞工程开挖过程中岩爆的破坏机理问题,以齐热哈塔尔水电站的引水隧洞中发生的岩爆现象为例,以室内试验为基础,建立圆型与城门洞型洞室的二维离散元模型,对比分析不同断面形状下岩爆现象的发生情况,探究岩爆的破坏机理。结果表明,不同开挖形状的洞室在岩爆破坏形式及位置上存在一定差别;侧压力系数对洞室开挖后的应力集中区域有较大影响,岩爆破坏随侧压力系数的增大趋于严重;圆型洞室发生岩爆破坏时所需应力较小,相对于城门洞型洞室更稳定;城门洞型洞室在边墙与底板交接处存在易发生岩爆的相对薄弱区,施工时需对其进行加固处理。     

基于卸荷及BP神经网络的地下洞室岩体力学参数反演

实时准确地获得地下洞室岩体的力学参数对地下工程的设计和施工具有重要影响。以某软岩区的水电站引水隧洞为例,基于卸荷岩体力学理论,以大型有限差分程序FLAC3D为计算软件,建立BP神经网络模型对开挖后围岩的力学参数进行反分析,并根据现场实测位移资料对反演所得参数进行工程校核,以保证参数取值的准确性。结果表明,该反演方法合理、有效;得到的参数能满足工程要求,可为隧洞围岩的长期稳定和位移变化预测提供理论依据。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.