Flashover mechanism of non-ceramic insulators

The contamination performance of non-ceramic (NC) insulators is better than porcelain insulators. The paper describes the pollution collection mechanism and concludes that silicone rubber insulators collect more pollution than porcelain insulators. Long term exposure of silicone rubber insulators produces a thin layer of pollution, which is a mixture of dust, salt and silicone oil. Fog or morning dew produces droplets on the flat surfaces and forms conductive regions. Spot discharge starts between the regions, which reduces hydrophobicity. Simultaneously, dry-band arcing starts on the shank of the insulator. The two arcs join together, which leads to flashover. The flashover voltage of polluted NC insulators is significantly higher than porcelain ones. Insulator performance is measured with laboratory tests. However, salt-fog and clean-fog tests can give different flashover values     

复合绝缘子憎水性及直流污闪特性的影响因素

复合绝缘子的污闪特性很大程度上受材料的憎水性及憎水性迁移特性的制约。研究了环境因素和污秽成分对高温硫化硅橡胶材料憎水性迁移特性的影响,对灰成分和憎水性迁移时间与复合绝缘子直流污闪特性的关系进行了定量对比试验。试验结果表明,随着灰成分中硅藻土含量的增加,憎水性迁移明显加快,导致静态接触角增大,因而相应的直流污闪电压升高。该文结果可作为分析硅橡胶材料憎水性迁移特性的参考,同时也为直流复合绝缘子人工污秽试验标准的制定提供了试验依据。     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

Extending the applicability of insulator flashover models by regression analysis

A combination of experiments and regression analysis has been utilized to extend the useful range of models for estimating flashover performance of insulators under contaminated conditions. Experiments were performed on distribution class insulators employing porcelain, silicone rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as housing materials. It has been shown that it is possible to include important factors such as hydrophobicity, aging and contamination accumulation in the assessment of insulator performance. The results from this work are useful for selecting the appropriate insulator design (dimensions and material) for different system voltages     

硅橡胶憎水迁移性机理试验分析

论文通过对液体硅橡胶和固体硅橡胶憎水迁移性能的比较，验证了硅橡胶憎水迁移性机理，并通过试验，分析了憎水性对复合绝缘子湿闪电压的影响。     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-II

Flashover mechanisms of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation is presented and experimentally proven. A hydrophobic surface of silicone rubber wets and accumulates contaminants differently compared to conventional porcelain and glass insulators. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators is different than porcelain and glass. This part of the paper experimentally investigates ohmic heating, electrical field caused interaction between water droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharges and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. These studies have resulted in a new flashover mechanism which provides a better understanding of silicone rubber outdoor insulators and their excellent contamination performance. These results will be used for the development of a better laboratory test procedure to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions     

紫外线老化对复合绝缘子硅橡胶憎水性的影响

硅橡胶复合绝缘子的优良耐污闪性能源自于硅橡胶材料的憎水性以及憎水迁移性。本文研究了紫外老化对硅橡胶憎水性影响以及硅橡胶表面积污后的憎水迁移性。研究结果表明：经小分子处理的硅橡胶经过2 000 h紫外线辐射后仍能够保持良好的憎水性,静态接触角仍能达到102.3°,憎水性等级为HC2级;硅橡胶上的污层在较短时间内具有了憎水性,憎水性等级能达到HC2~HC3。并对硅橡胶紫外老化机理以及憎水迁移性机理进行了分析。     

电力外绝缘用硅橡胶清洗修复剂制备及性能研究

硅橡胶广泛应用于电力行业的复合绝缘子和防污闪涂料,然而长时间工况运行后,容易发生老化粉化、污秽沉积,降低了表面憎水性。电网中目前有上亿支硅橡胶绝缘子服役多年,研究能够清除表面污秽,修复硅橡胶老化层的新型清洗剂迫在眉睫。本文探究不同非离子表面活性剂含量和修复剂含量对清洗效率和憎水性的影响。实验表明非离子表面活性剂含量在3%时,洗净率最高达到95%。而修复剂含量为11%时,憎水性最好,其憎水迁移性最佳可以达到HC1级。通过扫描电镜分析,发现清洗后硅橡胶表面微孔和裂缝消失,表面平整,表明该清洗剂具有去除老化层和污秽,修复老化绝缘子的效果。这为继续研发硅橡胶清洗修复剂,延长绝缘子服役期限提供一定的理论和实践基础。     

运行多年RTV涂料绝缘子防污性能的研究

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)涂料具有优异的憎水性和憎水迁移性,可显著提高瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪电压,目前已在电力系统广泛应用。通过以挂网运行多年后的RTV涂料绝缘子为试品,对RTV涂层表面的积污状况、憎水性、憎水迁移性和憎水性丧失后的恢复能力及试品在长时间饱和受潮条件下的耐污闪能力进行研究,研究结果对RTV涂料在输电线路绝缘子上的使用提供了有力的技术支持。     

丧失憎水性的直流复合绝缘子耐污特性

通过人工污秽试验研究了丧失憎水性的复合绝缘子在直流电压下的污秽闪络特性,给出了两种憎水性状态下的复合绝缘子污闪电压,在憎水性完全丧失状态下时不同表面污秽度下的复合绝缘子50%闪络电压,文中还分析了表面污秽不均匀分布对污闪电压的影响。试验结果表明即使复合绝缘子完全丧失憎水性,其污闪电压较相同长度的瓷或玻璃绝缘子串高20%～50%。     

染污硅橡胶在不同憎水性时的污闪特性

研究了硅橡胶平板模型在不同憎水性条件下的污闪特性。试品以定量涂刷的方式染污,通过控制迁移时间,使固体污层获取不同程度的憎水性能。以污层表面的液滴面积最大值来代表污层的憎水性强度,分析污层憎水性能对平板模型的污闪电压、污层电导以及电弧发展过程的影响。随着污层憎水性能的改善,试品污闪电压逐步上升。污闪电压与液滴面积最大值存在关联,但两者间的分散性随污层憎水性能的改善而增加。污层表面水珠形态对电弧发展过程有重要影响,当污层表面水珠能形成连续水膜时,电弧通道集中且污闪电压低;当污层表面水珠呈离散分布时,放电区域分散且污闪电压高。根据污闪试验结果以及不同憎水性强度污层表面的液滴形态,将亲水性表面HC7细分为HC7A、HC7B、HC7C和HC7D四种状态。HC7B状态下,污层憎水性能虽然很微弱,但相对污层完全没有憎水性的情形(HC7C和HC7D),试品的污闪电压有明显的上升。因此,依据HC7B状态下的污闪电压设计复合绝缘子结构,可以在保证绝缘子安全裕度的同时,优化绝缘子的结构高度。     

Sudden flashover of nonceramic insulators in artificialcontamination tests

This paper presents experimental and theoretical results to explain the phenomenon of sudden flashover on artificially contaminated nonceramic insulators. A sudden flashover in this paper is defined as a flashover occurring on a partially contaminated insulator, and which is preceded by little or no surface discharge activity. Sudden flashovers could occur in the field on those insulators where the wet surface resistance varies over a wide range along the insulator length. The mechanism of sudden flashover is significantly different from conventional contamination flashover that occurs in standard contamination tests. The insulators evaluated had weathersheds made from silicone and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubbers. The impact of the present study from the point of view of weathershed material, insulator design, development of a comprehensive laboratory test and field monitoring for evaluating the performance of nonceramic insulators in service are discussed     

用冷雾法研究复合绝缘子污秽闪络特性

针对绝缘子冬季雾闪的典型气象特征,提出了一种研究复合绝缘子污闪特性的冷雾试验方法。设计了冷雾试验的温度控制方法,即试验时环境温度在-2~2℃范围内循环。根据冷雾中随着温度循环次数的增加试样的闪络电压呈"U"形分布的特征,提出冷雾中复合绝缘子污闪特性的评价方法。最后,分别利用该冷雾试验方法和传统蒸汽雾法评价了一种复合绝缘子短串试样的污秽闪络特性。试验选择一种污秽度、两种初始憎水性状态。结果表明：对于2组具有不同初始憎水性状态的污秽复合绝缘子试样,冷雾法试验结果比蒸汽雾法的试验结果分别低12.8%和25.5%,从而证实了用冷雾法研究复合绝缘子污闪特性的必要性。     

特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子腐蚀失效过程研究

硅橡胶复合绝缘子因其优异的憎水性及憎水迁移性而具备较好的防污闪能力,往往作为应对污闪事故的首选方案。但在部分特殊工业粉尘地区,复合绝缘子在短时间运行后会出现爬电及蚀损现象,并发展为绝缘失效。为研究特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子的腐蚀失效过程,测试了某特殊工业园区内运行的复合绝缘子的表面污秽度及污秽成分、污闪电压梯度、憎水性能及微观性能,并分析了其腐蚀失效过程。主要结论如下:绝缘子表面等值盐密为0.1~0.2 mg/cm²,其污秽成分与化工污源类似;存在自然污秽时绝缘子表面憎水性良好,但其憎水性的减弱、恢复及迁移特性均不能满足运行要求;绝缘失效的起因是电晕放电导致憎水性降低,进而导致伞裙电蚀损,最后发展为绝缘失效。     

带电清洗剂对绝缘子用硅橡胶的溶胀效应及其影响研究

复合支柱绝缘绝缘子由于具有优异的防污性能,在直流换流站得到了广泛应用,但其在空间电荷和静电效应下积污严重而存在大面积污闪风险。为了评估复合支柱绝缘子带电绝缘清洗的可行性,对硅橡胶在新型绝缘清洗下的溶胀特性及其对硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能以及憎水性的影响开展了试验分析。研究结果表明:硅橡胶溶胀随着溶胀时间的增加溶胀指数和直径增长率持续增大,浸泡时间20 min时圆形硅橡胶试样的直径增长率为4.7%、溶胀指数为6.8%。硅橡胶的复介电常数、复电容、介质损耗因素随着频率、溶胀指数增大而减小;在10-2~103Hz频域范围内硅橡胶溶胀不会造成介电性能下降。硅橡胶溶胀对憎水性和憎水迁移性无明显影响,干燥洁净硅橡胶溶胀前后接触角θ平均值在92°~98°范围内浮动,人工积污并经过憎水迁移后θ平均值在119°~128°范围内浮动。硅橡胶在发生溶胀后其力学性能小幅度下降,溶胀20 min的其断裂拉伸强度下降2%。试验结果表明硅橡胶在清洗剂中溶胀度受浸润时间影响较大,溶胀效应对憎水性、电气和力学性能影响较小,可通过采用易挥发配方或强对流措施控制清洗剂残留对硅橡胶的影响。     

复合绝缘子污闪与冰闪特性及临界闪络电流研究

绝缘子的电气特性是进行输电线路外绝缘设计的关键参数之一,其临界闪络电流对绝缘子的状态评估和闪络预警有着重要的作用。以FXBW-110/100型复合绝缘子为试品,在人工气候室对该绝缘子进行了人工污秽试验和人工覆冰试验。试验结果表明：复合绝缘子污闪和冰闪电压随着绝缘子表面盐密的增加而降低,冰闪和污闪电压与盐密均满足负幂指数关系,覆冰条件下的污秽特征指数与污秽无覆冰状态下的特征指数相差不大,可将覆冰视为一种特殊形式的污秽;在相同污秽条件下覆冰复合绝缘子的闪络电压比未覆冰的闪络电压低,随着覆冰厚度的增加,绝缘子闪络电压进一步降低;复合绝缘子污闪和冰闪的临界闪络电流与盐密满足幂指数关系,污闪和冰闪的临界闪络电流均随着绝缘子表面的盐密的增加而增加,在相同污秽条件下覆冰绝缘子的临界闪络电流比未覆冰的临界闪络电流更大。     

Effect of Hydrophobicity on Electric Field Distribution and Discharges Along Various Wetted Hydrophobic Surfaces

According to hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity transfer studies on silicone rubber surfaces, although the silicone rubber can transfer its hydrophobicity to various contaminants deposited on its surface, the hydrophobic states of water droplets on clean silicone rubber surfaces and on various contaminated silicone rubber surfaces were found to be different based on evaluation by contact angle measurement. Furthermore, surface discharge and aging of materials decreases the hydrophobicity of the surface. Focused on the difference of hydrophobicity and the effect of water droplets on the hydrophobic contaminated surfaces, some contrastive computations and tests of water droplets on various surfaces were carried out in this study. The results showed that the water droplets existing on the surface of silicone rubber materials might change the electric field and voltage distribution along the surface, and even reduced the initial voltage of the corona discharge, which was verified with a comparison test on a high voltage side of polymer insulator monitored by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) system. Since the leakage current provides much useful information to diagnose the state of outdoor insulation, this study investigates the time and frequency distributions of surface discharges on ceramic insulators, new room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber coated insulators and aging RTV insulators with various hydrophobic states with the short time Fourier transform and Gabor transform methods. Then a correlation was found between the distribution of the spectrum of surface discharges and hydrophobicity via the joint time and frequency analysis of discharges on various hydrophobic surfaces.     

特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子自然积污特性研究

硅橡胶复合绝缘子具备机械强度高、防污闪性能优异、质量轻、运行维护方便等优点,在电网建设中应用广泛。在部分工业化工区,存在特殊工业粉尘污染,该类地区运行的复合绝缘子表面更容易积污,绝缘子表面在积污后憎水性显著降低,绝缘性能明显减弱。为研究特殊工业粉尘地区运行的复合绝缘子自然积污特性,文中对江苏某工业园区运行的复合绝缘子进行取样,使用污秽度与微观分析结合的方法对积污特性进行研究。结果表明,该地区运行的复合绝缘子普遍表面污秽度较重,污秽可溶物等值盐密(ESDD)数值较高,且污秽中存在的不溶灰分主要元素为碳(C)、氧(O)、硅(Si),含碳粉、二氧化硅(SiO 2)、氧化钙(CaO)等影响绝缘子表面导电性及吸水性的物质。文中所提方法能较好地揭示特殊工业粉尘地区的污秽特性。     

Leakage current and flashover of field-aged polymeric insulators

In this paper results from leakage current (LC) measurements under steam fog and voltage withstand tests under rain conditions obtained on various field aged polymeric insulators are reported. Included in this work are several silicone rubber (SIR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber insulators of ac and dc design that have been energized at suitably high ac and dc voltages under coastal conditions for a period of more than nine years. Their performances are compared to two sets of identical insulators, namely one that was outdoors exposed without being energized and one that was stored indoors. The LC of each insulator was studied three times, namely as received from the field, after it was gently washed to remove soluble pollution, and finally after a voltage withstand test. In between the measurements, the insulators were left to recover for a period of a week. The results show that the LC of the SIR insulators were generally lower than those of the EPDM. In both cases, the LC of the insulators that were stored indoors were significantly lower than those of the outdoor exposed insulators. The voltage withstand tests revealed an almost linear relation between the flashover voltage (FOV) and the arcing distance of the insulators. In general, for similar SIR and EPDM insulators the FOV of the SIR ones were higher than those of EPDM insulators     

硅橡胶复合绝缘子运行寿命的试验研究

为评估运行中硅橡胶复合绝缘子安全寿命,提高供电可靠性,从上海电网中实际运行的线路上,选取运行年限>10a的110kV硅橡胶复合绝缘子作为试验研究样品绝缘子,通过对其表面特性及工频和冲击电压的试验研究,并辅助硅橡胶材料的微观试验,分析和探讨硅橡胶复合绝缘子运行寿命特性、电气和机械性能的综合因子老化规律,评估运行中硅橡胶复合绝缘子安全运行状态。研究结果表明:在硅橡胶材料表面特性正常的情况下,其工频和冲击电压试验的干、湿闪电压较接近并与外绝缘结构有关;当硅橡胶材料表面特性老化时,其干、湿闪络电压出现差值,表现出与材料表面特性有关。