中间包用的消耗型光纤辐射温度计

最近,日本NKK开发出了全新的消耗型光纤辐射温度计,并已应用于测量京浜铁所3~#连铸机中间包的钢水温度。其测量原理是将光纤前端浸入钢水中,用与光纤另一端相连的辐射温度计测量光纤前端入射的放射光。光纤的直径很细(φ50～125μm),前端与钢水形成一个透明玻璃的均热微小孔穴,成为很好的黑体,从而实现了不依赖放射率的高精确度测温。自动测温装置由与数百米光纤相连的辐射温度计、存放温度计的浇     

新型室温磁热效应直接测量仪研制

采用冷阱技术、高精度温度传感器与高精度测量仪表、制冷/制热功率连续调节技术以及磁场系统可更换方式研制了一台新型室温磁热效应测量仪。该测量仪具有测温温域宽、测温精度高、控温平稳、磁场系统可更换等优点。测量范围-50～70℃,测量精度达到0.01℃,磁场系统为0.8～1.8 T可更换。可用于室温磁制冷材料性能基础研究工作和磁制冷工质的选用。     

光纤测温系统在超高压电力电缆系统中的应用

本文阐述了光纤测温系统引用到超高压电力电缆系统中的意义与重要性.由于将光纤置于电缆的不同位置,其作用与功效性不尽相同,所以人为的将其划分成三种测温系统.列举了三种测温系统的能够实现的用途,并对三种测温系统的相同用途的功效性做了阐述.最后定性的分析了测温系统是如何实现其功能的.     

铝电解槽内槽壳测温方法对比研究及应用

目前铝电解槽槽壳温度的监测方式有人工红外线测温、热电偶测温、红外热成像测温、光纤光栅测温等,对比分析了各测温方式的特点及存在弊端,并对光纤光栅测温方式进行了实践验证,实践证明：应用该系统进行电解槽漏槽监测,可实现测温数据24 h实时在线连续监测,在线监测数据可靠性高,准确率可达90%以上。能及时掌握电解槽的潜在漏槽隐患与风险,对预防漏炉及延长使用寿命具有重要意义。     

黑体空腔钢水连续测温系统的应用实践

莱钢炼钢厂在连铸机生产中采用黑体空腔式钢水测温系统,该系统利用黑体辐射理论,由黑体空腔测量管、测温探头和信号处理器系统等部分构成,运行稳定,可连续准确地(±3℃)监测中间包钢水温度和变化趋势,减少漏钢、冻眼的损失和事故停工时间,提高铸机作业率和产品质量.     

轧钢加热炉钢坯温度测量新技术

这项新技术是从炉内测温数模和辐射传输方程的分析出发,选定炉内红外辐射测温口,应用光谱滤波技术、自相关测量方法及微机软硬件功能,对加热炉燃烧物理过程实行微机控制。该微     

目标距离和视场角变化对红外热像仪测温精度影响的理论分析

红外热像仪进行测温时,目标距离和视场角变化,会大大降低测温精度.根据几何光学和红外目标辐射理论,推导出温度测量误差与目标距离和视场角之间的关系式,并结合研制的一套红外热像仅系统参数,计算了温度测量误差.提出了提高测温精度的方法,采用此方法,对相同条件下的物体测温,测量误差仅为-0.22℃,在很大程度上减小了目标距离和视场角变化对红外热像仪测温精度的影响.     

高压设备在线温度检测方法的探讨

针对高压设备在线温度检测要求,讨论了接触式和非接触式测温的方法,分析了工厂高压设备不同测温要求的热电阻、热电偶测温的工作原理和系统组成,探讨了光纤测温在高压设备中应用的可能性,比较了不同温度测量方法的特点,展望了光纤测温在高压设备温度监控中在线监测技术的发展前景。     

光纤式红外比色高温计

一、前言 近年来光导纤维技术的迅速发展,不仅使通讯技术有很大飞跃,而且在自动化、检测、控制与数据传输技术上也显示出其独特的优越性。光纤传感器已有多种型式问世,其中光纤温度传感器占有相当重要地位。我们所研制的光纤红外比色高温计,是采用光导纤维作光的辐射能量的耦合和传输,并用比     

DS1820在高精度测温仪中的应用

介绍了高精度测温仪系统总体组成，探讨了数字温度传感器DS1820与单片机MCS51（8031）的接 口方法以及由DS1820实现高精度测温的途径，实际使用表明该仪表具有较好的测温效果。     

高温热管的瞬态温度效应

了解高温热管的瞬态操作性能对高温热管换热设备的应用有着重大的意义。对一高温热管进行实验研究,测试其瞬态温度变化过程。结果表明高温热管在起动过程中,当功率由低逐渐增高时,每一瞬时的功率变化热管的升温曲线都将出现一跳跃。在整个起动过程中,温度随时间变化曲线为阶梯式。当热管起动运行的一瞬间,加热段与绝热段温度出现一不变的温度段,冷凝段出现一大幅度的温度跳跃。高温热管在稳态运行过程中,功率的突然变化有时会使热管的冷凝段末端出现瞬间的温度回升现象。随时间变化,这种异常现象会消失,热管进入另一稳定工作状态。     

Granular Temperature

Granular materials consist of a large number of small particles arranged in a random way. However, while the geometrical organization of an individual particle assembly is complex, these materials can nevertheless be well characterized by a small number of parameters. Systems of this type are the subject matter of thermodynamics, and so it seems reasonable to suppose that the methods employed in thermodynamics may be able to be applied to characterizing the behavior of particle assemblies. This paper describes an extension of classic thermodynamics to granular assemblies subjected to an energy flux through the granular assembly. By means of a Carnot engine, the granular temperature and entropy of a particle assembly is defined. The principal value of introducing the notion of granular temperature is that it defines a physically realistic internal variable for the granular assembly, which controls the evolution of the system after it is has been perturbed from its equilibrium state. The concept of granular thermodynamic equilibrium is then extended to non‐equilibrium granular thermodynamics. Chemical kinetic theory is employed to describe the relaxation of a granular assembly after it is perturbed by a sudden change in granular temperature. A particle vibration theory has been introduced to explain the behavior of soil subject to a white noise energy flux. While the theory described provides quantitative information about soil behavior, just as importantly, the theory provides a new qualitative insight into soil behavior.     

Temperature monitoring

Central temperature is usually tightly regulated in human beings. Anesthesia alters the normal thermoregulatory controls of the body. Intraoperatively, mild degrees of hypothermia may provide some cerebral protection. However, the risk of organ dysfunction and shivering require that the anesthesiologist be prepared to treat severe hypothermia. Appropriate measures such as warning the operating room and using forced air blankets can prevent both intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative shivering. The use of temperature measurement is not limited to the operative and immediate recovery periods. Anesthesiologists practicing in intensive care units and in pain clinics use temperature monitoring as a diagnostic tool in a variety of situations.     

降低出钢温度实现低过热度连铸

通过对钢水过程温度变化及盛钢容器的热损失分析后提出,加 钢包和中间罐的管理,采取有关措施,可使出温度降至１６６０－１６８０℃。采用钢水加热措施对普通钢连铸并不适宜,不仅增加钢的生产成本,而且不利于组织多炉连浇。     

高温蓄热式加热炉内温度场的数值模拟

利用大型软件CFX4.4,建立了高温蓄热式加热炉内温度场和浓度场等的数学模型.通过确定合理的烧嘴布置方式及烧嘴倾斜角度,确保了加热炉内高温空气燃烧的加热效果.     

铌基超高温合金熔体与陶瓷类坩埚的高温反应

分别在陶瓷类ZrO2、Y2O3、BN和Al2O3坩埚内于2053K（或2153K）保温30min（或10min）重熔铌基超高温合金（主要组分为Nb、Si、Ti、Hf等），以研究该合金的高温熔体与不同材料坩埚的反应情况。实验发现Y2O3、BN和Ai2O3坩埚对熔体都发生了不同程度的沾污反应；在ZrO2坩埚壁上出现了50～60μm厚且具有微小裂纹或熔蚀坑的反应层，其内含有HfO2和TiO2，但ZrO2坩埚对熔体内部基本没有污染。在石墨坩埚上进行制备YSZ涂层的实验发现，ZrO2同石墨基体发生反应生成了ZrC0因此，据有关实验结果，可以先在石墨坩埚基体上用CVD法制备一层SiC内层，再在SiC内层上用浸涂法制备ZrO2涂层，以用于铌基超高温合金熔炼。     

磁温度补偿合金对永磁体补偿效果的表征

采用外补偿法改善Nd-Fe-B永磁材料的磁性能温度稳定性。讨论了磁温度补偿合金与永磁体组合后的磁性能和温度稳定性的表征。研究表明:用组合磁体的最大磁能积可以表征其磁性能,用开路法测试的可逆磁通温度系数可表征组合磁体的磁性能温度稳定性。用本实验室开发的磁温度补偿合金得到的组合磁体的可逆磁通温度系数小于0.001%/℃(20~100℃),室温下的最大磁能级达到195 kJ.m-3。外补偿法不仅能够有效地改善Nd-Fe-B永磁材料的磁性能温度稳定性,而且能够保持较高的磁性能。     

低温拜耳法赤泥高温溶出行为

赤泥是氧化铝生产过程中排放的强碱性固体废物,尤其对于三水铝石矿低温拜耳法产生的赤泥,其中含有大量的Al₂O₃未被溶出,造成资源的极大浪费。以低温拜耳法赤泥为原料,通过高温溶出回收其中的Al₂O₃,系统研究了石灰添加量、循环母液苛碱浓度、溶出温度、固含、溶出时间对Al₂O₃溶出性能的影响规律,获得了溶出过程中物相转变机理和溶出动力学。结果表明：低温拜耳法赤泥高温溶出过程中,Al₂O₃溶出率随苛碱浓度、溶出温度、时间的增加而增加,随着石灰添加量和固含的增加而降低。推荐Al₂O₃的溶出条件为：固含500 g/L、苛碱浓度210 g/L、溶出温度270℃、溶出时间60 min、溶出过程不添加石灰,在此条件下Al₂O₃溶出率为50.36%,溶出液硅量指数为260。Al₂O₃溶出过程受内扩散控制...     

Estimating Stream Temperature from Air Temperature: Implications for Future Water Quality

This study examines the air temperature/stream temperature relationship at a geographically diverse set of streams. We evaluate the general temperature relationships (both linear and nonlinear) that apply to these streams, and then examine how changes in stream temperature associated with climate variability or climate warming might affect dissolved oxygen levels. The majority of streams showed an increase in water temperature of about 0.6–0.8°C for every 1°C increase in air temperature, with very few streams displaying a linear 1:1 air/water temperature trend. For most of the streams, a nonlinear model produced a better fit than did a simple linear model. Understanding the relationship between air temperature and water temperature is important if people want to estimate how stream temperatures are likely to respond to anticipated future increases in surface air temperature. Surface water temperature in many streams will likely increase 2 to 3°C as air temperature increases 3 to 5°C. At sites with currently low dissolved oxygen content, an increase in summer stream temperatures could cause the dissolved oxygen levels to fall into a critically low range, threatening the health of many aquatic species.