Notes on automata theory based on quantum logic

The main results are as follows: (1) it deals with a number of basic operations (concatenation, Kleene closure, homomorphism, complement); (2) due to a condition imposed on the implication operator for discussing some basic issues in orthomodular lattice-valued automata, this condition is investigated in detail, and it is discovered that all the relatively reasonable five implication operators in quantum logic do not satisfy this condition, and that one of the five implications satisfies such a condition iff the truth-value lattice is indeed a Boolean algebra; (3) it deals further with orthomodular lattice-valued successor and source operators; (4) an example is provided, implying that some negative results obtained in the literature may still hold in some typical orthomodular lattice-valued automata.     

Mathematical logic and quantum finite state automata

This paper is a review of the connection between formulas of logic and quantum finite-state automata in respect to the language recognition and acceptance probability of quantum finite-state automata. As is well known, logic has had a great impact on classical computation, it is promising to study the relation between quantum finite-state automata and mathematical logic. After a brief introduction to the connection between classical computation and logic, the required background of the logic and quantum finite-state automata is provided and the results of the connection between quantum finite-state automata and logic are presented.     

Constructing quantum error correcting code via logic function

We present a systematic way to construct p-ary quantum error correcting codes using logic functions. As a consequence, for a given function with APC distance d′ 2, we can construct quantum codes with parameters ((n, K, d))p and gain a lower bound of K for all 2 d d′. The basic states of the constructed quantum codes can be stated and the sufficient conditions for saturating quantum Singleton bound are also discussed. We give quantum codes [[5, 1, 3]]p with p prime, [[6, 0, 4]], [[6, 2, 3]]p with p > 2 prime...     

基于量子逻辑的确定型正则文法

基于量子逻辑的文法理论是量子计算模型的一个重要研究方向.给出了基于量子逻辑的确定型正则文法的概念,证明了基于量子逻辑的确定型正则文法与基于量子逻辑的确定型自动机的等价性.利用此等价性,给出了量子确定正则语言的代数刻画和层次刻画,并得到量子确定正则语言关于正则运算的封闭性.     

量子上下文无关文法的代数性质

提出了量子上下文无关文法（l-VCFG）的概念,并研究了其具有的代数性质;证明了量子上下文无关文法（l-VCFG）和Chomsky范式文法（l-VCNF）以及Greibach范式文法（l-VGNF）的相互等价性;详细研究了量子上下文无关语言的代数刻画以及对于正则运算的封闭性。     

Compositional and holistic quantum computational semantics

In quantum computational logic meanings of sentences are identified with quantum information quantities: systems of qubits or, more generally, mixtures of systems of qubits. We consider two kinds of quantum computational semantics: (1) a compositional semantics, where the meaning of a compound sentence is determined by the meanings of its parts; (2) a holistic semantics, which makes essential use of the characteristic “holistic” features of the quantum-theoretic formalism. We prove that the compositional and the holistic semantics characterize the same logic.     

基于Unsharp量子逻辑的自动机和文法理论

初步建立了具有某种分配律的扩展格序效应代数和格序QMV代数这两种unsharp量子结构上的自动机与文法理论的基本框架。引入了ε-值正则文法的概念,证明了任意ε-值自动机识别的语言等价于某种ε-值正则文法所生成的语言;反之,任意[ε]-值正则文法所生成的语言等价于某种ε-值自动机识别的语言。讨论了ε-值正则语言在和、连接及反转运算下的封闭性质。     

量子计算与量子计算机展望

量子计算和量子计算机的研究是当代信息科学所面临的一个重大科学课题。阐述了量子计算、量子逻辑门的基本概念和Shor算法,指出了当前实现大规模量子计算所遇到的困难和可能的解决办法。     

Universality and programmability of quantum computers

Manin, Feynman, and Deutsch have viewed quantum computing as a kind of universal physical simulation procedure. Much of the writing about quantum logic circuits and quantum Turing machines has shown how these machines can simulate an arbitrary unitary transformation on a finite number of qubits. The problem of universality has been addressed most famously in a paper by Deutsch, and later by Bernstein and Vazirani as well as Kitaev and Solovay. The quantum logic circuit model, developed by Feynman and Deutsch, has been more prominent in the research literature than Deutsch’s quantum Turing machines. Quantum Turing machines form a class closely related to deterministic and probabilistic Turing machines and one might hope to find a universal machine in this class. A universal machine is the basis of a notion of programmability. The extent to which universality has in fact been established by the pioneers in the field is examined and this key notion in theoretical computer science is scrutinised in quantum computing by distinguishing various connotations and concomitant results and problems.     

概率逻辑、不确定逻辑和模糊逻辑之比较

通过一个实例分析比较了概率逻辑、主观概率逻辑、不确定逻辑和模糊逻辑的思想方法。提出了自己的观点：基于数据统计的概率逻辑是最科学的。不确定逻辑比主观概率逻辑更科学。当具有不确定性的原子命题具有独立性时,不确定逻辑和模糊逻辑的观点是一致的。而对于处理带有不确定性的相关性命题,不确定逻辑比模糊逻辑更科学。但是模糊逻辑在建立推理理论方面见长。     

Completeness of a combination of neighbourhood logic and temporal logic

This paper presents a completeness result, with respect to a possible world semantics, for a combination of a first-order temporal logic and neighbourhood logic. This logic was considered by Qiu and Zhou (1998, Proceedings of the PROCOMET 98, pp 444–461) to define semantics of a real-time OCCAM-like programming language.Received June 1999Accepted in revised form September 2003 by M. R. Hansen and C. B. Jones     

On figures of merit in reversible and quantum logic designs

Five figures of merit including number of gates, quantum cost, number of constant inputs, number of garbage outputs, and delay are used casually in the literature to compare the performance of different reversible or quantum logic circuits. In this paper we propose new definitions and enhancements, and identify similarities between these figures of merit. We evaluate these measures to show their strength and weakness. Instead of the number of gates, we introduce the weighted number of gates, where a weighting factor is assigned to each quantum or reversible gate, based on its type, size and technology. We compare the quantum cost with weighted number of gates of a circuit and show three major differences between these measures. It is proved that it is not possible to define a universal reversible logic gate without adding constant inputs. We prove that there is an optimum value for number of constant inputs to obtain a circuit with minimum quantum cost. Some reversible logic benchmarks have been synthesized using Toffoli and Fredkin gates to obtain their optimum values of number of constant inputs. We show that the garbage outputs can also be used to decrease the quantum cost of the circuit. A new definition of delay in quantum and reversible logic circuits is proposed for music line style representation. We also propose a procedure to calculate the delay of a circuit, based on the quantum cost and the depth of the circuit. The results of this research show that to achieve a fair comparison among designs, figures of merit should be considered more thoroughly.      

Analogic: Inference beyond logic

Analogic is the unique class of many-valued, non-monotonic logics which preserves the richness of inferences in (Boolean) logic and the manipulability of (Boolean) algebra underlying logic, and, in addition, contains a number of unexpected, emergent properties which extend inferentiability in non-trivial ways beyond the limits of logic. For example, one such inference is rada (reductio ad absurdum, reasoning by contradiction, but now in the absence of excluded middle). This is important to retain since direct proofs of many theorems are not known. Another example is chaining. Transitivity is uncommon in many-valued logics; however, in analogic we can carry out inferences in either direction even through weak links in the chain. The latter, impossible in logic, simulate intuitive leaps in reasoning. Protologic effects inferences using only (n+1) implications which require 2ⁿ implications in logic. Indeed protologic has no counterpart in logic, or any other form of reasoning. Analogic is useful in formulating problems which are largely inferential including document and pattern classification and retrieval. These inference properties, long sought after in alternative logics by adding appropriate axioms or other indicative implicit or explicit restrictions, are now available in analogic, in turn the result of removing an axiom and letting inferences become many-valued.     

The completeness of functional logic

A new first-order logic, functional logic, was proposed recently by Staples, Robinson and Hazel. The logic provides a formal means of describing and reasoning about dependence on an implicit parameter, a prime motivation being the unification of the Hoare logic used to reason about procedural programs with the powerful and well established techniques of classical logic. Viewed more abstractly, independently of possible applications, functional logic may be described as a logic with primitives, axioms and inference rules appropriate for reasoning about the properties of mathematical functions. In this paper, the completeness of functional logic is proved; that is, it is shown that any term of a theory in the logic which is true in all models is a theorem.This work was done while the author was a visitor to the Key Centre for Software Technology, Department of Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.     

Taming logic

In this paper, we introduce a general technology, calledtaming, for finding well-behaved versions of well-investigated logics. Further, we state completeness, decidability, definability and interpolation results for a multimodal logic, calledarrow logic, with additional operators such as thedifference operator, andgraded modalities. Finally, we give a completeness proof for a strong version of arrow logic.Thanks to ILLC for financial and CCSOM for technical support.Supported by Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research grant Nos. F17452 and T16448.Supported by Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research grant No. T16448.     

Intuitionistic hybrid logic: Introduction and survey

Intuitionistic hybrid logic is hybrid modal logic over an intuitionistic logic basis instead of a classical logical basis. In this short paper we introduce intuitionistic hybrid logic and we give a survey of work in the area.     

Beyond multi-adjoint logic programming

In ‘multi-adjoint logic programming’, MALP in brief, each fuzzy logic program is associated with its own ‘multi-adjoint lattice’ for modelling truth degrees beyond the simpler case of true and false, where a large set of fuzzy connectives can be defined. On this wide repertoire, it is crucial to connect each implication symbol with a proper conjunction thus conforming constructs of the form (←_i, &_i) called ‘adjoint pairs’, whose use directly affects both declarative and operational semantics of the MALP framework. In this work, we firstly show how the strong dependence of adjoint pairs can be largely weakened for an interesting ‘sub-class’ of MALP programs. Then, we reason in a similar way till conceiving a ‘super-class’ of fuzzy logic programs beyond MALP, which definitively drops out the need for using adjoint pairs, since the new semantics behaviour relies on much more relaxed lattices than multi-adjoint ones.     

A proof–theoretic study of the correspondence of hybrid logic and classical logic

In this paper, we show the equivalence between the provability of a proof system of basic hybrid logic and that of translated formulas of the classical predicate logic with equality and explicit substitution by a purely proof–theoretic method. Then we show the equivalence of two groups of proof systems of hybrid logic: the group of labelled deduction systems and the group of modal logic-based systems.     

一种模糊动态描述逻辑

分析了目前描述逻辑DL的研究现状和存在的问题,特别是动态描述逻辑DDL作为语义Web逻辑基础所存在的问题。针对语义Web需要处理模糊和不精确知识的特点和需求,对DDL进行了模糊化扩充,提出了一种新的描述逻辑,即模糊动态描述逻辑FDDL。给出了FDDL的语法和语义,研究了FDDL的推理机制。与动态描述逻辑DDL相比,该FDDL可以为语义Web提供更为合理的逻辑基础,弥补了DDL作为语义Web逻辑基础的不足。