Effects of glutinous rice flour on the physiochemical and sensory qualities of ground pork patties

The study investigated the effects of glutinous rice flour (GRF) on the quality of ground pork patties. Ground pork patties with 3% of GRF showed better quality compared to addition of 1% and 5% of GRF. Addition of 3% GRF was further compared with 0.5% carrageenan, 3% soy protein isolate, 3% corn starch and 3% potato starch in ground pork patties. The cooking yield in GRF group was significantly higher than that of other treatments due to the increase in moisture and fat retentions (P < 0.05). Comparing with other groups, GRF showed lower texture profile values for hardness and chewiness (P < 0.05). The ground pork patties with GRF were juicier, more tender and showed better flavor and overall acceptability compared to control and the treatments with other additives (P < 0.05). The results indicate that GRF could be an effective functional ingredient in ground pork patties.     

Variability in temperature distribution and cooking properties of ground pork patties containing different fat level and with/without salt cooked by microwave energy

This study was carried out to evaluate the cooking effects of fat level (10% and 20%) with and without NaCl (1.5%) on the microwave cooking pattern and properties of ground pork patties. Each patty was cooked from a thawed state to 76.7°C in a microwave oven with full power (900W). Cooking rate in patties produced without salt was not affected by fat level, but the addition of salt in pork patties decreased cooking rate, regardless of fat levels. The temperatures at the edges of the patties increased faster than those at the center or the mid-way positions. In the patties with NaCl, the temperature of the center position was higher than that of the mid-way position. Patties containing salt within the same fat level had higher moisture content and lower fat content than those without salt, although no significant differences in compositional properties were observed between the center, midway, or edge positions. Total cooking loss, drip loss, and reduction in diameter and thickness were higher in patties with 20% fat compared to those with 10% fat, but the addition of salt resulted in reduction, regardless of fat level. Also, the addition of salt increased the redness and reduced yellowness of the cooked products.     

Inhibition of Lipid Oxidation and Rancidity in Precooked Pork Patties by Radical‐Scavenging Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extract

This study investigated the efficacy of licorice extract (LE) to curtail lipid oxidation and protect sensory attributes of ground pork during refrigerated and frozen storage. Pork patties (20% fat) were formulated with 0%, 0.02%, 0.05%, and 0.1% (meat basis) LE or rosemary extract (RE) as comparison or 0.01% (fat basis) BHA with 0 or 1.5% NaCl. Raw and precooked (75 °C) patties were packaged in polyvinylchloride overwrapped trays and stored at 2 °C up to 7 and 14 d, respectively, or at –20 °C up to 6 mo. Lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances [TBARS]) and sensory attributes of stored patty samples were evaluated, radical scavenging activity of the LE was measured, and the active phenolic compounds were identified. Cooking yield (<85%) was similar among antioxidant treatments, and lipid oxidation was minimal in refrigerated or frozen raw samples. However, TBARS values in refrigerated precooked control patties (0.22 mg/kg) rose to 9.3 to 9.4 mg/kg after 14 d, compared to 3.4 to 4.4 and 4.4 to 6.9 mg/kg in patties treated with 0.1% LE and RE, respectively. In frozen precooked samples, TBARS (0.22 mg/kg) increased to 1.3 mg/kg (P < 0.05) in control patties after 6 mo and had no significant change in patties treated with 0.1% LE or 0.01% butylated hydroxyanisol. Sensory panel evaluation confirmed strong inhibition of rancidity production by LE, corroborating its remarkable antiradical activity due to the presence of multiple phenolics. The results indicate that licorice has great potential as a natural antioxidative additive to extend the shelf‐life of precooked pork.     

Antioxidant properties of dried plum ingredients in raw and precooked pork sausage

ABSTRACT:  Raw pork sausages with no antioxidant (control), 3% or 6% dried plum puree (DP), 3% or 6% dried plum and apple puree (DPA), or 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA/BHT) were (1) stored raw in chubs at 4 °C (RR) and evaluated weekly over 28 d, (2) cooked as patties, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 °C (PR) for weekly evaluation over 28 d, or (3) cooked, vacuum packaged, and stored at –20 °C (PF) and evaluated monthly over 90 d. DP at 3% or 6% levels was as effective as BHA/BHT for retarding lipid oxidation in PR sausage patties. Likewise, DP at 3% was equally as effective in PF patties, but DP at 6% was even more effective (lower TBARS values) than BHA/BHT for retarding oxidative rancidity. All treatments decreased the fat and increased moisture content of raw sausages but only 6% DP reduced cooking yields. Inclusion of 6% DP decreased internal redness while both 6% DP and DPA increased yellowness of raw sausage. Trained panel sensory evaluations indicated that DP enhanced sweet taste, decreased salt and bitter tastes, and masked cooked pork/brothy, cooked pork fat, spicy/peppery, and sage flavors. In general, warmed-over flavor notes were not affected by storage treatments. Overall, pork sausage with 3% DP or DPA was as acceptable to consumers as the control or those patties with BHA/BHT, but patties with 6% of either plum product were less desirable. Inclusion of 3% DP was effective as a natural antioxidant for suppressing lipid oxidation in precooked pork sausage patties.     

Lipid and colour stability of M. longissimus muscle from lambs fed camelina or linseed as oil or seeds

Reduced-fat pork patties produced with the addition of Laminaria japonica powder were evaluated for the chemical composition, cooking characteristics and sensory properties. Reduced-fat pork patties containing L. japonica powder had significantly higher moisture, ash, carbohydrate content, yellowness, and springiness than the control sample (P<0.05). Protein and fat contents, energy value, lightness, redness, cooking loss, reduction in diameter, reduction in thickness, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the regular-fat (20%) control samples were significantly higher than reduced-fat pork patties containing L. japonica (P<0.05). The sensory evaluations indicated that the greatest overall acceptability in reduced-fat pork patties was attained at a L. japonica concentration of 1 or 3%. Pork patties with fat contents reduced from 20% to 10% and supplemented with 1 or 3% L. japonica had improved quality characteristics that were similar to the control patties containing a fat content of 20%.     

Antioxidative Fat Replacer and High-Monounsaturated Oil Used for Pork Fat in Precooked Sausage

One high-fat and four low-fat pork sausage formulations were made: P30 with 30% pork fat (P); P11-W with 11% P and 10% added water (W); P11-WC with 11% P, 9.5% W and 0.5% carrageenan (C); Pso11-WC with 6% P plus 5% high-oleic sunflower oil (So), 9.5% W and 0.5% C; and Pso11-WGcf with 6% P plus 5% So, 7.0% W and 3% defatted glandless cottonseed flour (Gcf). Sausage patty cooking yield was highest for P11-WC and Pso11-WGcf. TBA values for refrigerated precooked patties were lowest for Pso11-WGcf, whereas carrageenan had a prooxidant effect in low-fat patties made with all-pork fat. The oil had no adverse effects on lipid oxidation and sensory properties of low-fat patties with C. The monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio increased by 53–71% in the So-containing low-fat patties when compared to P11-W and P11-WC patties.     

蔬菜浆对调理猪肉饼品质特性的影响

为研究蔬菜浆对调理猪肉饼品质特性的影响,将芹菜浆、胡萝卜浆及二者的复合浆分别添加到猪肉饼中,4 ℃冷藏,观察猪肉饼理化性质及成品感官品质的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,添加蔬菜浆的各处理组猪肉饼pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值均降低,冷藏5 d时降低最明显,胡萝卜浆组pH值下降较快,且冷藏5 d时pH值显著低于芹菜浆组（P＜0.05）;添加芹菜浆能够显著降低猪肉饼的亮度值,显著增加红度值（a*）（P＜0.05）,且芹菜浆组a*高于胡萝卜浆组;添加蔬菜浆也可提高猪肉饼的出品率;利用5 点快感标度法对各处理组猪肉饼进行感官评价,猪肉饼的色泽、香气、口感、质地及总体可接受程度评分与对照组相比均有所提高,芹菜浆对猪肉饼的色泽、香气和口感等指标的改善效果优于胡萝卜浆。     

The characteristics of beef patties containing different levels of fat and oat flour

Three concentrations of oat flour (OF), 0, 2 and 4% (w/w), were added to beef patties which had either 5, 10 or 20% fat levels. Raw and cooked patties were analysed for protein, fat, moisture, ash and pH. Patties were further evaluated for cooking characteristics, colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) and sensory properties. Moisture content decreased in raw patties as a result of the addition of OF but OF increased the moisture content of cooked patties. OF addition did not change the protein, fat and ash contents of either raw or cooked patties. Increasing fat concentration decreased cooking yield. OF improved the cooking characteristics of patties. Reducing the fat significantly decreased the lightness values of patties. Patties with OF had slightly higher b* values than control treatments. Increasing fat level increased juiciness, flavour and texture scores and 4% OF increased the juiciness scores, OF had no effect on other sensory properties.     

迷迭香提取物对真空包装熟猪肉饼抗氧化和抑菌效果的影响

以真空包装熟猪肉饼为试材,探讨不同质量分数迷迭香提取物的抗氧化、抑菌能力及其对肉饼品质的影响。将0.03%、0.06%和0.09%的迷迭香提取物分别添加到肉饼中,对肉饼在10 d冷藏期间的硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituricacid reactive substance,TBARS）值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、pH值、红度值（a*）和质构进行测定,并与0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯（butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT）进行比较。结果表明：添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组抗脂肪氧化能力高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的处理组在前7 d的冷藏过程中抑菌能力显著高于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组TVB-N含量在冷藏4 d后显著低于空白对照组,而pH值在整个冷藏过程中均显著低于空白对照组（P＜0.05）。在冷藏1 d后,添加0.09%迷迭香提取物的肉饼a*值与空白对照组相比显著上升,而在冷藏7、10 d后,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组a*值均显著升高（P＜0.05）。此外,添加迷迭香提取物的各处理组咀嚼性在冷藏4、7、10 d后显著升高,硬度在冷藏1、10 d后显著升高,迷迭香提取物添加量为0.09%的肉饼在冷藏4、7 d后硬度也显著提升（P＜0.05）。可见,迷迭香提取物能有效抑制真空包装熟猪肉饼的脂肪氧化及微生物生长,并且能在一定程度上改善其颜色和质构。     

Effect of oat's soluble fibre (β-glucan) as a fat replacer on physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of low-fat beef patties

This study evaluated the effect of adding oat fibre source of β-glucan (13.45%) on physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory traits of low-fat (<10%) beef patties as compared to 20% fat control patties. Significant (p<0.05) improvements in cooking yield (74.19%), and retentions of fat (79.74%) and moisture (48.41%) of low-fat patties were attributed to the water binding ability of β-glucan. Because of larger water retentions moisture contents of raw and cooked low-fat patties were higher (p<0.05) than those of the control patties. Cholesterol content was similar across formulations. Low-fat and control beef patties remained stable in microbiological quality during 60days frozen storage. Low-fat patties were found to be of lower degree of likeness in the taste but juicer than control (p<0.05). Besides appearance, tenderness and colour were not affected by the addition of oat's soluble fibre. Oat fibre can be used successfully as a fat substitute in low-fat beef patties.     

ADDITION OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL AND ZEIN TO GROUND PORK OF VARIOUS FAT PERCENTAGES1

Corn gluten meal and zein at levels of 0, 2.5 and 5% were added to ground pork of three fat percentages. Raw patties were analyzed for fat, moisture, protein contents and color. Selected patties, broiled to 77°C, were evaluated for proximate composition, total cooking loss, color and Instron compression. Five percent zein added to ground pork reduced cooking loss 4.2% when compared with ground pork without zein. Addition of corn gluten meal to pork did not influence yield. Instron compression values increased with the addition of zein and corn gluten meal. Increased fat altered the hue (increased hue angle due to increased b) of the interior of the cooked pork patties. Zein addition also increased the lightness of cooked pork patties. The addition of zein to ground pork patties decreased sensory tenderness and pork flavor intensity and increased off-flavor intensity.     

Textural and Physicochemical Properties of Low-Fat, Precooked Ground Beef Patties Containing Carrageenan and Sodium Alginate

Textural and physicochemical characteristics of selected hydrocolloids incorporated into low-fat, precooked, beef patties were investigated. Patties with an alginate/carrageenan combination had higher yields and percent moisture but lower shear force values than those of alginate or carrageenan treatments within the same fat level. Alginate appeared to improve texture slightly more than carrageenan, but carrageenan tended to release more free water after cooking and reheating. Patties with 10% fat were generally lower in shear value, cooking yield and percentage free water released as compared to their 5% fat counterparts with the same added ingredient. Low-fat, precooked, ground beef patties containing alginate/carrageenan combinations were comparable to regular beef patties (20% fat control) regarding yields and textural properties.     

Enhancement of the nutritional status of beef patties by adding flaxseed flour

Flaxseed flour was used as a functional ingredient in the production of beef patties. Beef patties were produced with five different formulations; the addition of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% flaxseed flour. Control samples were formulated with 10% and 20% fat addition. Raw and cooked beef patties were analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, pH, color parameters and fatty acid profiles. Beef patties were evaluated for cooking loss and sensory properties. Fat and ash content of raw patties increased, while moisture and protein content decreased with increased flaxseed flour. The same trend (except fat content) was also observed after cooking. The addition of flaxseed flour did not affect pH values of raw and cooked beef patties. The addition of flaxseed flour improved the cooking loss but, increased the energy value (as kcal/100 g). L and a values of raw beef patties containing flaxseed flour were close to controls with 10% fat. α-linolenic acid content of raw and cooked beef patties increased as the level of flaxseed flour increased. The PUFA/SFA ratio increased from 0.04 in the control with 10% fat to 0.62 in the raw beef patties with 15% flaxseed flour. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 5.76 in the control with 10% fat to 0.36 in the raw beef patties with 15% flaxseed flour. The nutritional status of beef patties was enhanced with minimal composition and sensory changes with 3% or 6% flaxseed flour addition.     

Quality characteristics and storage stability of patties from buffalo head and heart meats

The study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using buffalo head and heart meat in emulsion based products preparation and to assess their quality during refrigerated storage. The whole study was carried out in three phases. In phase I, head meat patties (HMP) (treatment I, II and III) were prepared in which head meat was substituted with 15%, 20% and 25% skeletal meat and compared with patties from skeletal meat (control). Treated patties had higher emulsion stability, cooking yield, pH and lower shrink percentage and chewiness than control. Sensory attributes of control and treated patties did not differ significantly. In phase II, HMP were prepared in which head meat was substituted with 20%, 30% and 40% heart meat and similarly compared with control as in phase I. Addition of heart meat in HMP had significantly (P < 0.05) increased pH, cooking yield, moisture, lower protein and fat content than control patties. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness values of control patties were higher than treated patties. HMP with heart meat had higher tenderness than control. Control patties rated better than treated patties during sensory evaluation. In phase III, quality of patties was assessed at refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 15 days. The patties remained stable with minor changes in physico‐chemical, microbiological and sensory quality during refrigerated storage for 15 days. Buffalo head and heart meat effectively be utilised in developing patties.     

Effect of cooking on the chemical composition of low-salt, low-fat Wakame/olive oil added beef patties with special reference to fatty acid content

Changes in chemical composition, with special reference to fatty acids, as affected by cooking, were studied in low-salt (0.5%)/low-fat patties (10%) with added Wakame (3%) and partial or total replacement of pork backfat with olive oil-in-water emulsion. The addition of Wakame and olive oil-in-water emulsion improved (P < 0.05) the binding properties and the cooking retention values of moisture, fat, fatty acids and ash, which were close to 100%. Partial and total replacement of animal fat with olive oil-in-water emulsion reduced (P < 0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while total replacement also reduced (P < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents. The fatty acid concentration in cooked patties was affected by product formulation. Unlike the case of all animal fat patties, when olive oil was added the cooking process increased (P < 0.05) SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and PUFA n-3 (linolenic acid) and n-6 (linoleic acid) contents. Cooked formulated patties with seaweed and partial or total replacement of pork backfat by oil-in-water emulsion and with seaweed added were less calorie-dense and had lower SFAs levels, while samples with olive oil had higher MUFAs levels.     

Practical use of surimi-like material made from porcine longissimus dorsi muscle for the production of low-fat pork patties

This study evaluates the effect of replacing fat with surimi-like material (SLM) made from the porcine longissimus dorsi muscle on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of pork patties. Pork patties were produced with different levels of fat and SLM using a commercial method. Pork patties produced with 20% SLM had the lowest fat content (1.76%, P < 0.001), and had a higher cooking yield (87.41 vs. 78.57%, P < 0.05) and less shrinkage (4.01 vs. 9.02%, P < 0.001) than patties produced with 20% back-fat (control). Moreover, patties produced with SLM exhibited more acceptable organoleptic characteristics, including tenderness (P < 0.01) and overall acceptability (P < 0.001), than full-fat control patties. These results indicated that SLM cannot only be used as a fat replacer, but that it also improves the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-fat pork patties.     

Physicochemical, textural, sensory characteristics and storage stability of goat meat patties extended with full-fat soy paste and soy granules

The performance of full‐fat soy paste (FFSP) with reduced beany flavour made by simple processing technology was compared with the commercially available textured soy granules in goat meat patties. Addition of soy proteins (soy paste and soy granules) did not significantly affect the emulsion stability and product yield. Shrinkage of patties with soy paste was comparable with control. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in redness and increase in yellowness of patties was due to addition of soy proteins than in control. Patties with soy paste had comparable but slightly higher total lipid and cholesterol content with that of control but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than patties with soy granules. Lower force was required to compress or shear the sample, as hardness decreased in soy‐added patties. Flavour and overall acceptability scores between control and patties with soy paste did not differ significantly, whereas patties with soy granules were rated significantly lower. The patties remained stable with minor changes in physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 20 days. It is concluded from this study that FFSP had potential application similar to commercially available textured soy granules in comminuted meat products.     

Effect of a brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extract containing laminarin and fucoidan on the quality and shelf-life of fresh and cooked minced pork patties

A spray-dried seaweed extract containing laminarin (L, 9.3%) and fucoidan (F, 7.8%) (L/F extract) from brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) was added directly to minced pork (M. longissimus dorsi) (LD) at levels of 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% (w/w). Fresh and cooked minced pork patties were stored in modified atmosphere packs containing 80% O₂:20% CO₂ and 70% N₂:30% CO₂, respectively, for up to 14 days at 4 °C. The L/F extract reduced the surface redness (‘a*’ values) of fresh patties as a function of concentration. The L/F extract (0.5%) exerted the greatest lipid pro-oxidant activity in fresh patties. The L/F extract (0.5%) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked patties. The L/F extract had no effect on the microbiological status, pH, water holding capacity (WHC) or cook loss of patties. Pork patties containing 0.01% L/F were preferred by sensory panellists. Further research will focus on the use of refined purified seaweed extracts in functional meat products.     

Cholesterol Content and Sensory Analysis of Ground Pork as Influenced by Fat Level and Heating

Eight treatment combinations for the formulation and heating of fresh ground pork were investigated: four raw fat levels (4, 9, 18, 23%) and two internal end point temperatures (71°C and 77°C). In the raw state, ground pork containing 4 or 9% fat contained less cholesterol, more moisture and was judged to be more red than samples containing 18 or 23% fat. Tenderness, juiciness and amount of mouthcoating increased as fat level in the cooked patties increased. Internal end point temperature (71°C or 77°C) did not affect sensory scores of cooked pork patties. Cooked patty cholesterol content (wet weight) did not differ among the four fat levels. High-fat ground pork retained less cholesterol than low-fat ground pork.