几种食前处理对蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除效果

过量摄取硝酸盐超标的蔬菜对人体健康危害严重。以武汉市售典型蔬菜为实验材料,参考国标法采用分光光度法研究浸泡、漂烫和去皮3种食前处理方法对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除效果。结果显示:采用食用白醋、果蔬洗涤剂或食盐水浸泡能不同程度降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量,其中对小白菜和菠菜的硝酸盐降低率最大可达32.5%和23.4%。叶类蔬菜经短时间漂烫可有效降低其硝酸盐含量,小白菜和菠菜用开水漂烫0.5min后,其硝酸盐含量分别降低了26.9%和14.5%。对根茎类和瓜果类蔬菜进行去皮处理亦可降低其硝酸盐含量或亚硝酸盐含量,白萝卜和黄瓜去皮后其硝酸盐含量分别降低6.5%和15.9%,茄子和白萝卜去皮后其亚硝酸盐含量分别降低12.2%和2.7%。可见,食前对蔬菜进行浸泡、漂烫和去皮的处理方式均能有效降低蔬菜硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的含量。     

太原市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况与防治对策

分析了太原蔬菜主产区6大类14种蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,并对蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状进行了评价,提出防治蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染危害的对策。     

太原市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况与防治对策

分析了太原蔬菜主产区6大类14种蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。并对蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状进行了评价,提出防治蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐污染的对策。     

市售新鲜蔬菜硝酸盐含量测定及降低措施

对六盘水市中心区几种市售新鲜蔬菜随机抽取,测定硝酸盐含量.结果表明:蔬菜硝酸盐含量超标率达72.7%,叶菜类、根菜类、茎菜类、瓜类、豆类都有不同程度的超标.不同的蔬菜种类硝酸盐含量差异大,其中叶菜类蔬菜普遍高于其他蔬菜种类.针对六盘水市售蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况,建议在生产、食用环节采取相应措施,降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量,保障市民身体健康.     

青岛市售冬季大棚蔬菜中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量的测定及安全性评价

蔬菜中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量是其卫生品质的重要指标之一,研究运用格里斯试剂比色法及紫外分光光度法检测了青岛市场上冬季大棚蔬菜217个样品中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量。结果表明,青岛市七区蔬菜市场上叶菜类硝酸盐污染较为严重,大部分蔬菜的亚硝酸盐处于轻、中度污染状态。研究为当地蔬菜的安全供应提供了理论依据和数据支持。     

京郊主要蔬菜产品器官硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量分析与评价

对京郊52种蔬菜产品,以及同一种类不同品种、同一品种产品的不同部位的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和VC含量等进行测定。结果表明：供试蔬菜产品器官的硝酸盐含量在不同种类、品种及其不同部位间存在明显差异。以蔬菜鲜质量器官中硝酸盐含量均值计算,根菜类(420.66mg/kg)＞叶菜类(281.24mg/kg)＞茎菜类(279.54mg/kg)＞果菜类(176.54mg/kg)＞花菜类(157.93mg/kg);同种蔬菜品种间的硝酸盐含量相差1.13～5.48倍;产品器官不同部位的硝酸盐含量也有较大差异,如结球叶菜硝酸盐含量外叶＞中叶＞内叶,叶柄＞叶片,黄瓜果实顶部、基部＞中部,果肉＞果心,萝卜根皮＞根肉。各供试蔬菜产品器官的亚硝酸盐含量多在1mg/kg以下,个别蔬菜种类如茼蒿可达6.74mg/kg,不同蔬菜种类、品种和部位间亚硝酸盐含量差异不如硝酸盐含量差异明显。果菜类、叶菜类和花菜类蔬菜产品器官的VC含量普遍较高,如辣椒可达146.56mg/100g,但品种间VC含量差异不显著。由此可见,目前京郊蔬菜产品器官中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量多在安全范围内,但仍建议消费者科学合理进行蔬菜种类搭配以保障人体健康。     

北京市春季蔬菜硝酸盐含量测定及居民暴露量评估

为了解北京市春季蔬菜中硝酸盐污染及居民硝酸盐暴露情况,于2006年3-5月从北京市16个菜市场采集应季蔬菜7大类26个品种341份样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.33—2003)分析蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量。随机抽取北京市15岁以上常住居民152户428人,以记账法对居民日常蔬菜摄入量进行调查,结合蔬菜硝酸盐含量的检测结果,进行居民蔬菜硝酸盐暴露量评估。叶菜类硝酸盐含量最高(3156.94±1425.62mg/kg),茄果类的含量最低(172.36±148.08mg/kg),硝酸盐含量依次为叶菜类>根茎类>葱蒜类>瓜类>豆菜类>花菜类>茄果类,但同一类蔬菜不同品种的硝酸盐的含量差别较大;同一品种的蔬菜中硝酸盐含量差别也很大。居民每日通过蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量为328.21mg(以中位数计),比WHO/FAO的ADI值(300mg/d)高9.4%。北京市春季蔬菜的硝酸盐污染较严重,居民仅由蔬菜摄入的硝酸盐量已经高于ADI值,因此需要加强监督管理,以保护居民健康。     

子午岭林区常见野生蔬菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C含量的测定

测定了子午岭林区常见19种野生蔬菜中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和维生素C的含量,比较蔬菜中硝酸盐分级评价标准和我国制定的无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐限量标准及维生素C的含量发现,香椿硝酸盐含量处于安全水平,但亚硝酸盐含量高于我国制定的无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐的限量标准,且维生素C含量小于50 mg/100g,不属于无公害蔬菜的范畴,建议少量食用或经过特殊处理后再食用;其余17种野生蔬菜均属于安全无公害蔬菜,且维生素C的含量高,可放心食用.     

蔬菜中硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐的积累规律与控制方法

目前对蔬菜生产和加工中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的形成积累规律还缺乏清楚的认识和理解,对蔬菜中硝酸盐含量也没有系统的控制方法。文章对蔬菜,特别是叶类蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的积累规律和控制方法进行了综述,以指导无公害蔬菜的生产。     

深圳市市售蔬菜中硝酸盐含量调查

随机抽取深圳市市售的7类蔬菜86批次样品,进行硝酸盐含量检测并分析。结果表明,在不同类型的蔬菜中硝酸盐的含量差异较大,总体而言,叶菜类蔬菜的硝酸盐含量最高,其余依次为根菜类、鳞茎类、瓜类、豆类、茄果类与食用菌类。在所调查的86批次样品中,硝酸盐含量低于432 mg/kg的蔬菜所占比为65.1%,高于1 440 mg/kg的蔬菜所占比为16.3%。     

冷藏对蔬菜中亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐含量的影响

目的 探索冰箱冷藏(4℃)条件下蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随时间的变化,对冷藏食品的安全性进行评价.方法 分别采用重氮偶合分光光度法和麝香草酚分光光度法对生菜、菠菜、油麦菜及苦苣4种常用蔬菜在冷藏条件下其亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐的含量变化进行测定.结果 1～4d内,生菜、苦苣中的亚硝酸盐含量随着时间的延长逐渐增加;菠菜、油麦菜中亚硝酸盐含量分别在第2天和第3天达到最大,之后逐渐降低,而菠菜中亚硝酸盐含量在第4天又出现上升趋势.4种蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量4d中最大值仅为0.419 4 mg/kg(生菜),均＜4 mg/kg的限量值.苦苣和油麦菜中硝酸盐含量在1～4d内逐渐上升.菠菜中硝酸盐含量第2天达到418.48 mg/kg,之后又降低至20.83 mg/kg.生菜中硝酸盐含量在第3天达到最大值317.26 mg/kg,之后逐渐下降,但均在安全范围内(432 mg/kg).结论 在4℃下冷藏4d后,4种常见蔬菜均可安全食用.可见,冷藏能有效减缓亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量的升高.     

Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables from north China: content and intake

The contents of nitrate and nitrite in potato, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, scallion (shallot), celery, cucumber, tomato, eggplant and wax gourd taken from the north China market from 1998 to 1999 were determined. These vegetables provide the major contribution to the nitrate intake from the diet. The highest content of nitrate was found in celery followed by Chinese cabbage, cabbage, scallion, wax gourd and eggplant. For all the products, a great variation in the content of nitrate was found. Generally, the nitrite content was low. The average intake of nitrate and nitrite from these vegetables was estimated as approximately 422.8 and 0.68 mg day -1 , respectively.     

七种野菜硝酸盐和Vc含量的研究

对采自粤东地区的7种野生蔬菜的可食部分中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和Vc的含量进行测定，并参考WHO建议亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的ADI值，进行卫生评价，结果表明，被测7种野菜的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量都低于限量标准；同时发现这7种野菜的Vc含量很高，营养丰富。     

Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables on the Danish market: content and intake

The contents of nitrate and nitrite in lettuce, leek, potato, beetroot, Chinese cabbage and white cabbage on the Danish market were determined for 3 years in the period 1993-1997 as part of the Danish food monitoring programme. These vegetables are supposed to provide the major contribution to the intake of nitrate from the diet. Results for nitrate and nitrite in fresh and frozen spinach are also shown. The highest content of nitrate was found in lettuce followed by beetroot, Chinese cabbage, fresh spinach, leek, frozen spinach, white cabbage and potatoes. For all the products a great variation in the content of nitrate was found. For lettuce a characteristic variation throughout the year is clearly seen with the highest content in the winter period the lowest content in the summer period. Generally, the content of nitrite was low but in spinach high contents were found, probably due to improper storage conditions during transportation. The intake of nitrate and nitrite from these vegetables is calculated on the basis of two different consumption surveys. For both surveys the average intake of nitrate from the vegetables included in the monitoring programme is estimated to be approximately 40mg day^-1, whereas for nitrite the average intake is approximately 0.09mg day^-1. The total intake of nitrate and nitrite is estimated to be respectively 61mg day^-1 and 0.5mg day^-1.     

SURVEY OF NITRATE, CADMIUM AND SELENIUM IN BABY FOODS — HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

An analytical survey was conducted of the nitrate, cadmium and selenium content of baby foods containing fruits, vegetables or meats. Those containing greenbeans, beets, carrots, spinach, squash and mixed vegetables were notably higher in nitrate ranging up to 5228 ppm (dry weight) in squash. Among the vegetables, beets, carrots and spinach were highest in cadmium, with carrots containing 2467 ppb. Selenium was consistently higher in meats and vegetables. Fruit-containing baby foods were lowest in all three constituents measured. The epidemiologic health implications of this study are discussed.     

A survey of nitrate and oxalate content in fresh vegetables

A survey of nitrate and oxalate ((COO⁻)₂) content in fresh vegetables was conducted in Bari (Italy) over 15 months (from March 1994 to May 1995). A total of 327 samples (edible portions and related sub-samples) were taken from 26 different vegetable types on the wholesale fruit and vegetable market. The data revealed that leaf vegetables (namely rocket, celery, parsley and spinach) contained higher levels of nitrate than bulb, root, shoot, inflorescence and tuber vegetables. Higher oxalate levels were found in spinach and Swiss chard. Based on consumption data for the whole population provided by the National Institute of Nutrition, daily nitrate intake from vegetables was calculated to be 71 mg. Over 30% of nitrate intake was derived from the consumption of lettuce and Swiss chard. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

蔬菜硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性的研究

对镇江地区9种主要蔬菜70个样品的硝酸盐含量测定结果表明, 该地区根、茎、叶类蔬菜硝酸盐污染较严重,其中以小青菜、茼蒿、芹菜、萝卜、蕹菜和苋菜最为突出,莴苣其次,生菜和土豆较轻。50mmol/L硝酸钾诱导下,各种蔬菜幼苗组织的硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)增加,但变化规律不同。不同浓度的硝酸钾诱导2h,蔬菜叶片中NRA也增加,但峰值浓度不同。NRA高的蔬菜对硝酸盐的耐受性好,诱导后高活性作用时间长。     

厦门市售蔬菜重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染研究及评价

为了解厦门市蔬菜中有害重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染情况,于2004年8月至2005年12月从厦门市各超市、农贸市场、蔬菜批发市场和蔬菜产地上采集46个品种532份蔬菜样品,用国标法(GB/T5009.11-17-1996、GB/T5009.33-2003)分别分析蔬菜中的重金属、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。结果表明,检测样品中Pb、Cd、As、Hg、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的平均值分别为0.0099、0.083、0.056、0.003、1090.3、0.59mg/kg;根据国家标准1-2,仅部分品种如菠菜、甘蓝、花菜、萝卜的铅超标,有潜在污染风险;大部分蔬菜中砷、汞、镉三种重金属的含量都较低,潜在的污染风险不大。硝酸盐污染程度严重的占36.5%;中、重度污染的占20.2%;轻度的占43.3%,硝酸盐含量依次为嫩茎叶菜类>根茎类>花菜类>瓜菜类>鲜豆菜>茄果类>水生蔬菜类,各样品间含量差别较大;而蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量相对较低。