Filtration combustion of a carbon-inert material system in the regime with superadiabatic heating

Superadiabatic regimes of combustion of carbon mixed with an inert solid with filtration of the steam-air mixture are studied theoretically and experimentally. The temperature in the combustion wave and the composition of gaseous products are obtained as functions of the fraction of carbon in the fuel and the amount of steam in the gaseous oxidant. In the examined range of the control parameters, the maximum temperature in the combustion wave is shown to depend only slightly on the fraction of carbon in the mixture and the amount of steam in the oxidant gas. Simulations of filtration combustion of carbon with allowance for the kinetics of its oxidation are in good agreement with experimental results. The calculated combustion temperature coincides with that measured in experiments. In calculating the composition of the gaseous products, coincidence with experimental data is observed only for particular compositions with the mass content of carbon under 60%. As the fraction of the fuel exceeds 60%, the yield of CO and H₂ increases in experiments, though such a behavior is not predicted by the theoretical analysis. Hypotheses on the reasons for the disagreement in results are put forward and experimentally checked. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 30–38, May–June, 2008.     

Dynamic behavior of particles across flame propagation through micro-iron dust cloud with thermal radiation effect

In this investigation, a theoretical study is performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of particles across flame propagation through a two-phase mixture consisting of micro-iron particles and air. In the first step for calculation of the particle velocity profile, the Lagrangian approach of particle motion is employed, and then thermophoretic, gravitational and buoyancy forces are taken into consideration. In order to simulate the temperature profile for the thermophoretic force, it is assumed that the flame structure consists of three zones: preheat, reaction, and post flame (burned). It should be noted that the radiative heat-transfer equation is employed to describe the thermal radiation exchanged between the burned zone and the preheat zone. In the resumption, a control volume above the leading edge of the combustion zone is considered and the change in the particle number density in this volume is obtained via the balance of particle mass fluxes passing through it. The results show that the induced thermal radiation plays a significant role in increasing the mixture temperature all over the preheat zone, and that the particle velocity profile and the concentration distribution of particles as a function of distance from the leading edge of the combustion zone also have considerable consistency with published experimental data.     

Analytical investigation of temperature distribution and flame speed across the combustion zones propagating through an iron dust cloud utilizing a three-dimensional mathematical modeling

In the analytical model of iron dust cloud combustion presented in this article, by solving the 3D energy equations, the gas temperature distribution in the channel and a new equation for flame speed are obtained. This equation can determine the relationship between flame speed and particle radius and dust concentration. The equations are written in two limiting cases: lean and rich mixtures. Flame structure consists of preheat, reaction, and post-flame zones for the lean mixture and preheat and reaction zones for the rich mixture. Equations in both mixture conditions are solved using the finite Fourier transform method. By solving the energy equations in each zone and matching the temperature and heat flux at the interfacial boundaries, algebraic equations of flame speed are obtained. The obtained gas temperature distribution in different flame zones in the channel and also flame speed changes in terms of particles?? radius, equivalence ratio, and channel width in both lean and rich mixtures are presented in the results section.     

Modeling filtration combustion of a pyrolyzing solid fuel

A model is proposed for the steady-state combustion of a mixture of a pyrolyzed solid fuel and an inert material in a countercurrent gaseous oxidizer. The chemical scheme includes the pyrolysis of the original fuel with the formation of a coke residue and gaseous products (pyrolysis tar), oxidation of pyrolysis tar, and oxidation of the coke residue. The process in an infinite nonadiabatic reactor is considered. The one-dimensional single-temperature model includes the energy conservation equation for the system and the mass conservation equations for each species. The original system of equations is solved for each type of thermal structure of the combustion wave (normal and inverse) using an asymptotic method and assuming a narrow combustion zone. Analytical relations between the main macrokinetic parameters of the process are obtained. It is shown that at la ow content of the inert components (in the parametric domain of inverse waves), pyrolysis completely proceeds in a zone distant from the combustion front. In the region of normal waves, more complete combustion of the fuel is observed, which is provided by oxidation of part of pyrolysis tar.     

预测生物质颗粒热解时热损失影响的分析模型(英文)

This paper presents the combined influence of heat-loss and radiation on the pyrolysis of biomass parti-cles by considering the structure of one-dimensional, laminar and steady state flame propagation in uniformly pre-mixed wood particles. The assumed flame structure consists of a broad preheat-vaporization zone where the rate of gas-phase chemical reaction is small, a thin reaction zone composed of three regions：gas, tar and char combustion where convection and the vaporization rate of the fuel particles are small, and a broad convection zone. The analy-sis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zeldovich number is large and the equivalence ratio is larger than unity （i.e. u 1？ ≥ ）. The principal attention is made on the determination of a non-linear burning velocity correlation. Consequently, the impacts of radiation, heat loss and particle size as the de-termining factors on the flame temperature and burning velocity of biomass particles are declared in this research.     

Combustion of HMX-CMDB Propellants (I)

The combustion wave structure of HMX-CMDB (composite modified double-base) propellants was studied in order to elucidate the gas phase reaction mechanism and to understand the burning rate characteristics. Experiments were conducted to determine the thickness of the reaction zone, gaseous products in the dark zone, and the temperature profile in the combustion waves. The reaction rate in the dark zone is increased by the addition of HMX. This is caused by the equivalence ratio of the oxidizer/fuel in the dark zone shifting towards a stoichiometric ratio when HMX is added. However, the reaction rate in the fizz zone and the heat feedback from the gas phase to the burning surface is decreased by the addition of HMX. Thus, the burning rate of HMX-CMDB propellants decreases when HMX is mixed within double-base propellants.     

Modeling combustion of lycopodium particles by considering the temperature difference between the gas and the particles

The effect of the temperature difference between the gas and the particles on propagation of premixed flames in a combustible mixture containing volatile fuel particles uniformly distributed in an oxidizing gas mixture is analyzed in this paper. It is presumed that the fuel particles vaporize first to yield a gaseous fuel, which is oxidized in the gas phase. The analysis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zel’dovich number is large, which implies that the reaction term in the preheating zone is negligible. Required relations between the gas and the particles are derived from equations for premixed flames of organic dust. Subsequently, the governing equations are solved by an analytical method. Finally, the variation of the dimensionless temperatures of the gas and the particles, the mass fraction of the particles, the equivalence ratio ϕ _g as a function of ϕ _u , the flame temperature, and the burning velocities of the gas and the particles are obtained. The analysis shows that the calculated value of ϕ _g is smaller than unity for certain cases, even though ϕ _u ⩾1. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 49–57, May–June, 2009.     

Monoliths in catalytic oxidation

Catalytic combustion is useful to avoid emission of nitrogen oxides, to combust fuel gas of different calorific levels, and to combust low contents of badly smelling or hazardous gaseous compounds. After dealing with some characteristics of catalytic combustion it is argued that catalytic combustion to a final temperature lower than about 800°C calls for a rapid transport of thermal energy out of the reactor. A fluidized bed in which combustion has been successfully performed is dealt with as well as a reactor filled with metal bodies sintered to each other and to the wall of the reactor. To achieve a sufficiently high catalytically active surface area a thin layer of silicone rubber is applied to the surface of the metal bodies and subsequently pyrolyzed to a highly porous layer of silica. To raise the thermostability alumina can be added to the silica layer.

To establish a final temperature above 900°C the homogeneous gas-phase combustion can be ignited by a solid catalyst or the reaction can be performed completely catalytically. Since the combustion reaction proceeds very rapidly at elevated temperatures, a large gas flow can be utilized, which calls for a reactor exhibiting a low-pressure drop. For catalytic combustion monoliths and gauzes are appropriate. The chemical composition of ceramic and metallic monoliths is dealt with as well as the cell densities and wall thicknesses of commercial monoliths. The application of active components to the surface of the walls of monoliths is subsequently discussed. Since monoliths do not allow radial mixing, a homogeneous gas mixture has to be fed to the monolith to prevent very high temperature levels moving randomly over the channels of the monolith and deactivating the catalyst.

With monoliths in gas turbines often catalytic ignition is used. To limit the temperature a fraction of the fuel feed is injected into the homogeneous combustion chamber. A number of alternatives of transporting the fresh fuel to the homogeneous combustion zone is mentioned. The cause of the catalyst temperature being higher than that of the gas flow is dealt with as well as the low volatility at elevated temperatures required for the catalytic components. Selection of the catalytically active materials is discussed and the procedure to bring the gas flow at the light-off temperature of the catalyst.

Monolithic combustors used in radiant heaters display often an oscillatory behavior. After dealing with the cause of the oscillations, prevention by means of a flame arrestor is mentioned.     

Detonation wave structure in a vacuum with unitary fuel particles

The structure of steady state detonation in a vacuum with unitary fuel particles is studied. It is shown that the detonation structure lacks a shock wave frozen in the gas, and that the detonation wave zone consists of a contact discontinuity with jump in gas temperature and continuous pressure, a compression relaxation wave with contact discontinuity in the ignition plane and adjacent combustion zone. Parameters of the two-phase flow in the reaction zone are calculated.Novosibirsk. Translated from Fizika goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 109–115, November–December, 1991.     

Combustion mechanism of HMX

The combustion wave structure and thermal decomposition process of HMX were examined in order to elucidate the burning rate characteristics of HMX. The combustion wave can be divided into three zones: nonreactive solid-phase, surface reaction, and gas-phase reaction zones. Measurements with micro-thermocouples revealed that the heat flux produced in the surface reaction zone is approximately equal to the heat flux transferred back from the gas phase to the burning surface. Accordingly, the reaction process in the suface reaction and the gas phase zones plays a dominant role in the burning rate of HMX. The gas phase reaction zone consists of a two-stage reaction process: the first stage is the exothermic rapid reaction process between NO₂ and aldchydes, and the second stage is the exothermic slow reaction process between NO and N₂O and remaining fuel species. The luminous flame zone which is determined to be the second stage reaction process approaches rapidly the burning surface as pressure increases. However, the luminous flame reaction appears to be little responsible for the burning rate of HMX. Examinations of the quenched burning surface of HMX samples revealed that the burning surface melts and forms a noncrystallized intermediate material. The surface structure appears to be different from the structure of thermally degraded HMX samples which were obtained by a thermogravnmetric analysis.     

Combustion of pyrotechnic mixtures with heat transfer from gaseous reaction products

The existence of a steady combustion wave in the porous reacting mass of a chemical gas generator, with heat transfer to the original substance from the gaseous reaction products, has been confirmed theoretically and by experimental data. In this case, the combustion temperature exceeds the adiabatic combustion temperature. Possible combustion mechanisms are discussed.Leningrad. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 56–60, November–December, 1991.     

Reaction of a Particle Suspension in a Rapidly‐Heated Oxidizing Gas

The reaction of a suspension of solid particles in a rapidly‐heated oxidizing gas is relevant to metalized explosives and propellants, as well as to combustion of solid fuel‐particle suspensions in premixed‐gaseous‐fuel clouds encountered in accidents within the mining and process industries. A simplified model is considered, using a constant‐volume approximation, which assumes that non‐volatile particles react heterogeneously via a one‐step surface reaction. The resulting unified particle reaction rate includes both kinetic and diffusive reaction resistances. It is shown that the onset of the chemical reaction in a rapidly heated particulate suspension may occur by two different physical mechanisms. The first mechanism, realized in a dilute suspension of particles, is defined by the ignition of a single particle, i.e., by the critical phenomenon associated with the rapid transition from a kinetically‐ to diffusively‐limited reaction regime. The second mechanism dominates the reaction onset in a dense particulate suspension and occurs in a similar manner to the reaction onset in a rapidly‐heated homogeneous gas mixture, where the highly‐activated reaction occurs in an explosion‐like manner after some time delay and preheating. Unlike the single particle ignition phenomenon, the second mechanism lacks criticality and is not limited to particles above a certain size. The interplay between these two reaction‐onset mechanisms leads to a nontrivial dependence of the total reaction time on the particle size and solid‐fuel concentration within the suspension.     

掺氢天然气在家用燃烧器中的燃烧特性

为了降低CO2排放,缓解天然气供应压力,促进氢能规模消纳,掺氢天然气被认为是最有前途的途径之一。目前,掺氢天然气的研究主要集中在工业上,本工作基于以掺氢天然气为燃料的家用大气式燃烧器的燃烧特性,利用Fluent软件结合GRI 2.11化学反应机理文件,建立燃烧器二维轴对称模型,对比数值模拟结果与实验结果,验证了数值模型的合理性;分析了燃料与空气不同预混量以及二次风流速对燃烧器的燃烧温度、主要自由基含量、燃烧污染物等的影响规律。结果表明,随着预混量(一次空气系数)增大,峰值温度大幅度升高,NO峰值质量分数先增大后降低,CO峰值质量分数逐渐增大;随着二次风流速(过量空气系数)增大,温度与污染物含量变化很小,与预混量的影响相比,二次风流速的影响几乎可以忽略不计。     

Numerical study of polyethylene burning in counterflow: Effect of pyrolysis kinetics and composition of pyrolysis products

The burning behavior of polyethylene in the counterflow of oxidizing air has been studied numerically with a coupled model describing feedback heat and mass transfer between gas‐phase flame and polymeric solid fuel. A 2‐dimensional elliptic equation in axisymmetric formulation (revealing the cylindrical shape of the polymer sample used in the experiment) has been employed to simulate heat transfer in solid fuel, and a set of 1‐dimensional hyperbolic equations has been used to determine the solid‐to‐gas conversion degree of the pyrolysis reaction. Four sets of products compositions and two modifications for the kinetic parameters of solid fuel pyrolysis reaction have been taken into account. Gas‐phase formulation is presented by set of 1‐dimensional conservation equations for multi‐component flow with detailed kinetic mechanism of combustion. The profiles of temperature and species concentrations in the flame zone have been calculated and compared with the results of experimental study of combustion of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Higher hydrocarbon composition (dodecane) has been found to show the best agreement between the temperature and species concentration profiles with the measurements, especially for the low‐level mass fractions of the by‐product components—propylene, butadiene, and benzene.     

烧结床层的热质分析

基于烧结生产的复杂物理化学过程,建立了烧结床层传热、传质和流动的二维非稳态数学模型,考虑了孔隙率、物料颗粒当量直径等床层结构影响参数的变化,并对气固传热系数进行了修正。通过数值计算,获得了烧结床层的温度场、结构变化和烟气的流场、温度场、浓度场等。烟气出口温度、床层总压降与生产实测值吻合较好,验证了数学模型的正确性。进一步分析了燃料配比、风量和给料温度等操作参数对烧结过程的影响。研究结果表明：燃烧带的厚度、最高温度随着烧结过程的进行而逐渐增加。床层孔隙率、颗粒当量直径的变化主要发生在燃烧带的熔融、冷凝阶段。料层压损最大的是燃烧熔融层,其次是混合料带,最小的是烧结矿层。增加焦粉含量、提高烧结混合料的初温,有利于提高成矿质量;风量过大时,会造成成矿质量下降、生产成本提高。     

A 300 W laboratory reactor system for chemical-looping combustion with particle circulation

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a method to burn gaseous fuels with inherent separation of carbon dioxide. A continuously operated laboratory reactor system for chemical-looping combustion with two interconnected fluidized beds was designed and built. This chemical-looping combustor was designed to operate with a fuel flow corresponding to 100–300 W. The CLC system was operated successfully using a highly reactive nickel-based oxygen-carrier. Furthermore, tests were carried out to determine the degree of gas leakage between the reactors. Although there was some leakage between the fuel and air reactors, it is low enough to enable evaluation of the combustion results. The combustion tests showed a high conversion of the natural gas to carbon dioxide, indicating that the particles are suitable for chemical-looping combustion. No methane was detected in the gas from the fuel reactor, and the fraction of carbon monoxide was in the range 0.5–3%.     

Gas composition and temperature profiles in a spouted bed coal gasifier

Verification of scale-up models of the spouted bed gasifier requires experimental gas composition and temperature profiles within the reactor. Radial and axial profiles are presented for key gaseous species in a 0.30-m. dia, atmospheric pressure gasifier fed at about 30 kg coal/h. Low calorific value gases were generated at air/coal mass ratios of 2.87-4.08, while medium calorific value gases were produced at an oxygen/coal mass ratio of 0.84 and steam/coal ratios of 2.23-2.84. The combustion zone within the gasifier is delineated and the effects of operating conditions on gas composition and temperature profiles are illustrated for typical sub-bituminous and bituminous coals. Recycle of char to the bed from the primary cyclone and bed depth show little effect on profile shape.     

A model on chemical looping combustion of methane in a bubbling fluidized-bed process

We developed a mathematical model to discuss the performance of chemical looping combustion (CLC) of methane in continuous bubbling fluidized-beds. The model considers the particle population balance, oxidation and reduction rate of particles in fluidized beds. It also considers utilization efficiency of oxygen carrier (OC) particles, residence time of particles in each reactor, and particle size in reaction rate. The model was applied for a bubbling coreannulus fluidized-bed process. The core bed was the fuel reactor (0.08 m-i.d., 2.1 m-height) and the annulus bed was the air reactor (0.089 m-i.d., 0.15 m-o.d., 1.6 m-height). The process employed a type of Ni-based OC particles. The present model agrees reasonably well with the combustion efficiency measured in the process. Simulation was performed to investigate the effects of some variables for the process. The present model revealed that the range of circulation rate of OC particles for achieving complete combustion determined the operating range of the CLC system. The minimum circulation rate of OC particles for complete combustion decreased in the considered operating range as temperature or bed mass increased in the fuel reactor. A large mass of the fuel bed was necessary to obtain complete combustion at low fuel reactor temperature. The fresh feed rate of OC particles for steady state operation increased in complete combustion condition as temperature or static bed height or gas velocity increased.     

扩散过滤燃烧火焰特性

扩散过滤燃烧是新的燃烧技术,具有扩散燃烧和预混过滤燃烧的某些特性。通过二维双温模型,使用单步总包反应,数值研究氮气稀释的甲烷和氧气同轴同平板扩散过滤燃烧特性。模型中考虑热弥散和组分弥散效应。研究小球直径、气体混合物速度和甲烷质量分数对火焰高度和火焰形态的影响。结果表明,与预混过滤燃烧不同,气体和固体高温区存在于燃烧器的不同位置;而在高温区域之外,气体和多孔介质固体的温差很小。当填充床小球直径从6.66 mm减小到2.02 mm,火焰高度从0.048 m增大到0.12 m。增大混合物速度,甲烷的质量分数导致火焰变宽,火焰高度增大。数值模型的有效性得到了实验验证。     

Mathematical model for the ignition of a mixture of a liquid fuel and solid particles in air

A point mathematical model is developed, which describes the ignition in air of composite mixtures of the fine aluminum particles and drops of a hydrocarbon fuel and a gaseous oxidizer. The generalized overall reaction of combustion of hydrocarbon vapors, the difference in temperature between the components, and the build-up of an oxide film on a metallic particle are taken into account. In the particular case of a mixture containing drops of a hydrocarbon fuel, the model is adapted to the experimental data on the dependence of the ignition delay on the ambient temperature. In the case of a composite mixture containing both solid particles and drops, the induction time of “thermal explosion” with oxidizer excess depends to a greater extent on the concentration and sizes of fuel drops than on the amount of aluminum particles. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 86–94, May–June, 1997.