工业级FPGA空间应用器件封装可靠性分析

分析了工业级和宇航级FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)在封装结构上的差别。用Ansysworkbench有限元软件对热循环、随机振动和外力载荷下封装的变形和应力以及焊点的塑性应变进行了仿真。依据剪切塑性应变变化范围预测了焊点热疲劳寿命。结果表明,FCBGA(Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array)封装内部倒装芯片焊点可靠性低于CCGA(Ceramic Column Grid Array)封装,其外部焊点的热疲劳寿命、随机振动等效应力均优于CCGA封装;在外力载荷下,其热疲劳寿命下降速率也明显小于CCGA封装。     

温度循环条件下微弹簧型CCGA焊柱的热疲劳寿命仿真研究

对比封装体不同的热疲劳寿命预测模型,选择适用于微弹簧型陶瓷柱栅阵列(CCGA)封装的寿命预测模型,并对焊点的热疲劳机制进行分析。利用Workbench对焊点进行在温度循环载荷作用下的热疲劳分析。对比不同热疲劳寿命预测模型的结果,表明基于应变能密度的预测模型更适用于微弹簧型CCGA。随后对等效应力、塑性应变、平均塑性应变能密度和温度随时间变化的曲线进行分析,结果表明,在温度保持阶段,焊柱通过发生塑性变形或积累能量来降低其内部热应力水平,减少热疲劳损伤累积;在温度转变阶段,焊柱的应力应变发生剧烈变化,容易产生疲劳损伤。     

LCCC封装器件热疲劳失效分析及结构优化研究

针对LCCC封装器件在温度循环载荷下焊点开裂的问题,首先分析其失效现象和机理,并建立有限元模型,进行失效应力仿真模拟。为降低焊点由封装材料CTE不匹配引起的热应力,提出了两种印制板应力释放方案,并分析研究单孔方案中不同孔径和阵列孔方案中不同孔数量对热疲劳寿命的影响。之后,为降低对PCB布局密度的影响,提出一种新型的叠层焊柱应力缓冲方案,进行了不同叠层板厚度和焊柱间距的敏感度分析。结果表明,更大的开孔面积、更小的叠层板厚度、更密的焊柱可有效降低焊点应力,提高焊点热疲劳寿命,使得LCCC封装器件焊点热疲劳可靠性得到有效提高。     

PCBA结构参数与振动谱型对BGA焊点疲劳寿命的影响

为获得印制电路板组件(PCBA)的板厚、芯片布局等结构参数和随机振动谱型(功率谱密度,PSD)变化对球栅阵列(BGA)封装芯片焊点振动疲劳寿命的影响,利用HYPERMESH软件建立了带BGA封装芯片的PCBA三维有限元网格模型,并采用ANSYS软件对PCBA有限元模型进行了随机振动响应分析。结果表明,随着PCB厚度增加,BGA焊点振动疲劳寿命呈现明显提升的趋势,当PCB厚度由1.2 mm增加到2.2 mm时,BGA焊点振动疲劳寿命N由45363大幅增加到557386;合理的芯片安装间距能够明显增加焊点振动疲劳寿命,特别是当芯片安装在靠近固定约束并处于两个约束对称中间位置时;当PCBA的第一阶固有频率位于随机振动谱最大幅值对应的频率区间时,BGA焊点的振动疲劳寿命会明显降低。     

PBGA封装热可靠性分析

对PBGA封装体建立了有限元数值模拟分析模型。模型采用无铅焊点,完全焊点阵列形式。研究了封装体在经历IPC9701标准下的五种不同温度循环加载后,受到的热应力、应变,以及可能的失效形式。结果表明,焊点是封装体结构失效的关键环节,焊点所受应力大小与焊点位置有关。比较了不同温度循环下封装体的疲劳寿命。其结果为提高封装体的可靠性和优化设计提供了理论依据。     

CSP封装Sn-3.5Ag焊点的热疲劳寿命预测

对芯片尺寸封装(CSP)中Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点在热循环加速载荷下的热疲劳寿命进行了预测.首先利用ANSYS软件建立CSP封装的三维有限元对称模型,运用Anand本构模型描述Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点的粘塑性材料特性;通过有限元模拟的方法分析了封装结构在热循环载荷下的变形及焊点的应力应变行为,并结合Darveaux疲劳寿命模型预测了无铅焊点的热疲劳寿命.     

CSP封装Sn-3.5Ag焊点的热疲劳寿命预测

对芯片尺寸封装(CSP)中Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点在热循环加速载荷下的热疲劳寿命进行了预测.首先利用ANSYS软件建立CSP封装的三维有限元对称模型,运用Anand本构模型描述Sn-3.5Ag无铅焊点的粘塑性材料特性;通过有限元模拟的方法分析了封装结构在热循环载荷下的变形及焊点的应力应变行为,并结合Darveaux疲劳寿命模型预测了无铅焊点的热疲劳寿命.     

底部填充物对CSP-LED芯片抗跌落性能研究

为了提高芯片级封装发光二极管(CSP-LED)焊点疲劳寿命,利用有限元仿真软件ABAQUS模拟计算了CSP-LED芯片在跌落冲击载荷下焊点的塑性应变,并研究了裂纹拓展趋势。以焊点失效前跌落次数为指标,利用Coffin-Manson经验公式计算焊点寿命,研究了底部填充物对CSP-LED芯片在不同冲击载荷下焊点寿命的影响。结果表明,随着冲击载荷增大,焊点疲劳寿命减少,使用填充物能使芯片焊点寿命提高4~6倍,其影响通过跌落实验和仿真结果的对比得到了验证。     

LGA焊点可靠性分析及热疲劳寿命预测

针对栅格阵列封装焊点可靠性问题,设计了一种焊料包裹焊盘的倒凹槽焊点,利用有限元分析法和修正的Coffin-Manson寿命预测方程,对其热可靠性进行评估.经仿真和试验验证,初始倒凹槽焊点的热疲劳寿命是1201个周期,为常规焊点的2.08倍.进一步结合田口试验法,以倒凹槽焊点的热疲劳寿命为优化目标,建立L27(39)正交...     

接收前端3D封装结构的可靠性模拟分析

针对三维芯片封装技术的需求,设计了一种基于高温共烧陶瓷(HTCC)的接收前端3D封装结构,通过有限元模型模拟分析了其可靠性。首先通过恒定加速度加载分析研究了焊盘结构可靠性;然后通过预应力模态分析研究了3D封装整体结构模态频率,通过疲劳可靠性分析研究了寿命预测模型;最后通过热模拟研究了稳态热分析以及热应力分析。结果表明:焊盘的应力应变以及位移满足其材料特性;3D封装整体结构谐振频率均在30 kHz以上;50%载荷作用下寿命为10⁶次循环,150%载荷作用下寿命为74561次循环;稳态热分析最高温度为54.2℃;热应力模拟最大应力为33.84 MPa。最终证明了该接收前端3D封装结构是可靠的,可应用在3D射频微系统封装结构设计中。     

CQFP器件板级温循可靠性的设计与仿真

温度循环是考核封装产品板级可靠性的重要试验之一。陶瓷四边引脚扁平封装(CQFP)适用于表面贴装,由于陶瓷材料与PCB热膨胀系数的差异,温循过程中引线互联部分产生周期性的应力应变,当陶瓷壳体面积较大时,焊点易出现疲劳失效现象。CQFP引线成形方式分顶部成形和底部成形两类。针对CQFP引线底部成形产品在板级温循中出现的焊接层开裂现象,采用有限元方法对焊接层的疲劳寿命进行了预测分析。采用二次成形方法对引线进行再次成形以缓解和释放热失配产生的应力。仿真和试验结果显示,引线二次成形有利于提高焊接层的温循疲劳寿命。与引线底部成形相比,当引线采用顶部成形时,焊接层的温循疲劳寿命显著提高。     

Effect of substrate flexibility on solder joint reliability. Part II: finite element modeling

Solder joint fatigue failure is a serious reliability concern in area array technologies, such as flip chip and ball grid array packages of integrated-circuit chips. The selection of different substrate materials could affect solder joint thermal fatigue life significantly. The mechanism of substrate flexibility on improving solder joint thermal fatigue was investigated by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) technique and finite element modeling. The reliability of solder joints in real flip chip assembly with both rigid and compliant substrates was evaluated by accelerated temperature cycling test. Finite element simulations were conducted to study the reliability of solder joints in flip chip on flex assembly (FCOF) and flip chip on rigid board assembly (FCOB) applying Anand model. Based on the finite element analysis results, the fatigue lives of solder joints were obtained by Darveaux’s crack initiation and growth model. The thermal strain/stress in solder joints of flip chip assemblies with different substrates were compared. The results of finite element analysis showed a good agreement with the experimental results. It was found that the thermal fatigue lifetime of FCOF solder joints was much longer than that of FCOB solder joints. The thermal strain/stress in solder joints could be reduced by flex buckling or bending and flex substrates could dissipate energy that otherwise would be absorbed by solder joints. It was concluded that substrate flexibility has a great effect on solder joint reliability and the reliability improvement was attributed to flex buckling or bending during temperature cycling.     

板厚影响通孔再流焊点抗热疲劳性能的试验研究

针对不同板厚的通孔再流焊点进行了热冲击的可靠性测试，以非破坏性和破坏性的试验方式，对比分析了板厚对通孔再流焊点的抗热疲劳能力的影响。结果表明，热膨胀系数(CTE)失配是焊点产生裂纹的主要原因，使得板厚严重影响着焊点的抗热疲劳性能：厚板焊点断裂程度重于薄板焊点，其循环后的强度下降也快于后者，但二者的电性能变化差异不大。     

热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

模板对倒装焊焊点形态的影响及其可靠性研究

本文通过用于焊点形态预测软件SURFACE EVOLVER的输入数据文件,得到倒装焊焊点形态.参考模板开口指导说明(IPC-7525),拟定模板开口方案,得到相应的焊点形态.通过建立有限元模型,运用ANSYS软件对含铅焊点在热循环加载条件下的应力应变和疲劳寿命进行分析.根据预测得到的热疲劳寿命,找出了适合本文模型的模板结构参数,同时分析了其它设计与工艺参数和焊点可靠性之间的关系.     

陶瓷阵列封装的两种形式及其接头可靠性

介绍了CBGA及CCGA的基本结构,对它们的优缺点进行了对比,分析了在热循环过程中,CBGA、CCGA封装结构产生的热应变及接头的热疲劳寿命,对目前接头热疲劳失效机理的分析进行了对比,总结了影响接头热疲劳寿命的几种因素。     

Impact of the number of chips on the reliability of the solder balls for wire-bonded stacked-chip ball grid array packages

This investigation examines how the number of chips affects the reliability of solder balls for wire-bonded stacked-chip ball grid array packages under thermal cycling tests. The studied objects were packages with one, two, three and four stacked chips. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was utilized to simulate the stress/strain behavior of all studied packages. Two kinds of properties of 63Sn/37Pb eutectic solder were employed individually in the finite element analyses. One property of the solder was assumed to exhibit the elastic–plastic–creep behavior. Temperature-dependent stress/strain curves and Norton’s steady creep equation were used in the analysis. Another property of the solder governed by the Anand’s viscoplastic model was also employed to describe the behavior of solder balls. The simulation results in the elastic–plastic–creep analyses and viscoplastic analyses reveal that the von Mises stress, the non-linear strain, and the inelastic strain energy density of the critical solder balls increase with the number of stacked chips, but the increments become gradually stable as the number of chips increases. Three fatigue life prediction models—Darveaux’s model, the modified Coffin–Manson model and the creep-fatigue model—were applied to evaluate the fatigue life of the studied packages. Prediction results indicate that the fatigue life of the solder balls decreases as the number of stacked chips increases, and the decrease in predicted life shows stable behavior as the number of chips increases. The stable trend is consistent with experimental observation in the thermal cycling tests. By comparing with the experimental data, it is shown that the Darveaux’s model gives better prediction than the other two models.     

The effects of underfill on the reliability of flip chip solder joints

Thermal fatigue damage of flip chip solder joints is a serious reliability concern, although it usually remains tolerable with the flip chip connections (of smaller chips) to ceramic boards as practiced by IBM for over a quarter century. However, the recent trend in microelectronics packaging towards bonding large chips or ceramic modules to organic boards means a larger differential thermal expansion mismatch between the board and the chip or ceramic module. To reduce the thermal stresses and strains at solder joints, a polymer underfill is customarily added to fill the cavity between the chip or module and the organic board. This procedure has typically at least resulted in an increase of the thermal fatigue life by a factor of 10, as compared to the non-underfilled case. In this contribution, we first discuss the effects of the underfill to reduce solder joint stresses and strains, as well as underfill effects on fatigue crack propagation based on a finite element analysis. Secondly, we probe the question of the importance of the effects of underfill defects, particularly that of its delamination from the chip side, on the effectiveness of the underfill to increase thermal fatigue life. Finally, we review recent experimental evidence from thermal cycling of actual flip chip modules which appears to support the predictions of our model.     

A microstructural study of the thermal fatigue failures of 60sn-40Pb solder joints

When an electronic package encounters thermal fluctuations, cyclical shear strain is imposed on the solder joint interconnections. The thermal cycling leads to a condition of thermal fatigue and eventual solder joint failure. This study was performed in order to understand the microstructural mechanisms that lead to solder joint failures in thermal fatigue. Thermal cycling tests were performed on 60Sn-40Pb joints using a -55° C to 125° C cycle and 19% imposed shear strain. A heterogeneously coarsened region of both Pb and Sn-rich phases develops within the 60Sn-40Pb solder joints. Cracks initiate in the heterogeneously coarsened Sn-rich phase at the Sn-Sn grain boundaries. Heterogeneous coarsening and failure occurs in both high (35 to 125° C) and low (-55 to 35° C) thermal cycles. The elevated temperature portion of the thermal cycle was found to be the most significant factor in the heterogeneous coarsening and failure of the solder joints.