Improved image classification with neural networks by fusing multispectral signatures with topographical data

Automated schemes are needed to classify multispectral remotely sensed data. Human intelligence is often required to correctly interpret images from satellites and aircraft. Humans succeed because they use various types of cues about a scene to accurately define the contents of the image. Consequently, it follows that computer techniques that integrate and use different types of information would perform better than single source approaches. This research illustrated that multispectral signatures and topographical information could be used in concert. Significantly, this dual source tactic classified a remotely sensed image better than the multispectral classification alone. These classifications were accomplished by fusing spectral signatures with topographical information using neural network technology. A neural network was trained to classify Landsat multispectral images of the Black Hills. Bands 4, 5, 6, and 7 were used to generate four classifications based on the spectral signatures. A file of georeferenced ground truth classifications was used as the training criterion. The network was trained to classify urban, agricultural, range, and forest with a 65.7% correctness. Another neural network was programmed and trained to fuse these multispectral signature results with a file of georeferenced altitude data. This topographical file contained 10 levels of elevations. When this nonspectral elevation information was fused with the spectral signatures, the classifications were improved to 73.7% and 75.7%.     

Application of wavelet transforms and neural networks to the recognition and classification of blemishes

A blemish is a stain or a damage mark on the surface of a product that is unsightly and which may thereby render the product unacceptable. Research is described which seeks to recognise the presence of blemishes and to classify them both in terms of the type of damage sustained and the extent of the damage. This will permit analysis of the cause of the blemishes and the development of ways of preventing marking in the future. It will also permit decisions to be made regarding the acceptability of the product and whether it should be withdrawn or, where appropriate, repaired. The research has led to a new approach to the derivation of shift–invariance by using an overcomplete wavelet transform. The classification performances of a complex orthogonal estimation algorithm, the Fourier transform and the wavelet transform are presented and compared.     

Application of neural networks for sea ice classification inpolarimetric SAR images

Several automatic methods have been developed to classify sea ice types from fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and these techniques are generally grouped into supervised and unsupervised approaches. In previous work, supervised methods have been shown to yield higher accuracy than unsupervised techniques, but suffer from the need for human interaction to determine classes and training regions. In contrast, unsupervised methods determine classes automatically, but generally show limited ability to accurately divide terrain into natural classes. In this paper, a new classification technique is applied to determine sea ice types in polarimetric and multifrequency SAR images, utilizing an unsupervised neural network to provide automatic classification, and employing an iterative algorithm to improve the performance. The learning vector quantization (LVQ) is first applied to the unsupervised classification of SAR images, and the results are compared with those of a conventional technique, the migrating means method. Results show that LVQ outperforms the migrating means method, but performance is still poor. An iterative algorithm is then applied where the SAR image is reclassified using the maximum likelihood (ML) classifier. It is shown that this algorithm converges, and significantly improves classification accuracy. The new algorithm successfully identifies first-year and multiyear sea ice regions in the images at three frequencies. The results show that L- and P-band images have similar characteristics, while the C-band image is substantially different. Classification based on single features is also carried out using LVQ and the iterative ML method. It is found that the fully polarimetric classification provides a higher accuracy than those based on a single feature. The significance of multilook classification is demonstrated by comparing the results obtained using four-look and single-look classifications     

Satellite image analysis using neural networks

The tremendous backlog of unanalyzed satellite data necessitates the development of improved methods for data cataloging and analysis. Ford Aerospace has developed an image analysis system, Satellite Image Analysis using Neural Networks (SIANN), that integrates the technologies necessary to satisfy NASA's science data analysis requirements for the next generation of satellites. SIANN will enable scientists to train a neural network to recognize image data containing scenes of interest and then rapidly search data archives for all such images. The approach combines conventional image processing technology with recent advances in neural networks to provide improved classification capabilities. SIANN allows users to proceed through a four-step process of image classification: filtering and enhancement, creation of neural network training data via application of feature extraction algorithms, configuring and training a neural network model, and classification of images by application of the trained neural network. A prototype experimentation testbed has been completed and applied to climatological data.     

遥感图像分类中的遗传算法LVQ神经网络运用

对于遥感图像分类过程中的问题,提出遗传算法LVQ神经网络来实现遥感图像的分类。将LVQ神经网络结合遗传算法,使用遗传算法最优阈值与权值实现网络训练,使分类精度得到提高。之后融合相似灰度值创建分类图像特征矢量,使特征矢量在神经网络中输入实现训练。学习矢量量化神经算法对初值非常敏感,对遥感图像分类精度具有一定影响。最后,为了对性能进行测试,在实验过程中对比本文分类方法和SVM决策树分类方法,通过实验结果表示,文中提出的分类方法的遥感图像分类精度为95.82%,与其他分类方法相比,分类精度得到进一步提高。     

Application of neural networks to AVHRR cloud segmentation

The application of neural networks to cloud screening of AVHRR data over the ocean is investigated. Two approaches are considered, interactive cloud screening and automated cloud screening. In interactive cloud screening a neural network is trained on a set of data points which are interactively selected from the image to be screened. Because the data variability is limited within a single image, a very simple neural network topology is sufficient to generate an effective cloud screen. Consequently, network training is very quick and only a few training samples are required. In automated cloud screening, where a general network is designed to handle all images, the data variability can be significant and the resulting neural network topology is more complex. The latitudinal, seasonal and spatial dependence of cloud screening large AVHRR data sets is studied using an extensive data set spanning 7 years. A neural network and associated feature set are designed to cloud screen this data set. The sensitivity of the thermal infrared bands to high atmospheric water vapor concentration was found to limit the accuracy of cloud screening methods which rely solely on data from these channels. These limitations are removed when the visible channel data is used in combination with the thermal infrared data. A post processing algorithm is developed to improve the cloud screening results of the network in the presence of high atmospheric water vapor concentration. Post processing also is effective in identifying pixels contaminated by subpixel clouds and/or amplifier hysteresis effects at cloud-ocean boundaries. The neural network, when combined with the post processing algorithm, produces accurate cloud screens for the large, regionally distributed AVHRR data set     

Ideal observer approximation using Bayesian classification neural networks

It is well understood that the optimal classification decision variable is the likelihood ratio or any monotonic transformation of the likelihood ratio. An automated classifier which maps from an input space to one of the likelihood ratio family of decision variables is an optimal classifier or "ideal observer." Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are frequently used as classifiers for many problems. In the limit of large training sample sizes, an ANN approximates a mapping function which is a monotonic transformation of the likelihood ratio, i.e., it estimates an ideal observer decision variable. A principal disadvantage of conventional ANNs is the potential over-parameterization of the mapping function which results in a poor approximation of an optimal mapping function for smaller training samples. Recently, Bayesian methods have been applied to ANNs in order to regularize training to improve the robustness of the classifier. The goal of training a Bayesian ANN with finite sample sizes is, as with unlimited data, to approximate the ideal observer. We have evaluated the accuracy of Bayesian ANN models of ideal observer decision variables as a function of the number of hidden units used, the signal-to-noise ratio of the data and the number of features or dimensionality of the data. We show that when enough training data are present, excess hidden units do not substantially degrade the accuracy of Bayesian ANNs. However, the minimum number of hidden units required to best model the optimal mapping function varies with the complexity of the data.     

Efficient classification by neural networks using encoded patterns

The corners and the middle points, which are extracted as features from the line approximation of a given pattern, are overlaid on a radial grid to form the input array for training a backpropagation network for classification. The proposed method is shown to be simple and robust by extensive testing of its performance on patterns both with and without noise     

TBNN: totally-binary neural network for image classification

Most binary networks apply full precision convolution at the first layer. Changing the first layer to the binary convolution will result in a significant loss of accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to solve this problem by widening the data channel to reduce the information loss of the first convolutional input through the sign function. In addition, widening the channel increases the computation of the first convolution layer, and the problem is solved by using group convolution. The experimental results show that the accuracy of applying this paper''s method to state-of-the-art (SOTA) binarization method is significantly improved, proving that this paper''s method is effective and feasible.     

基于神经网络的GSM无源探测系统目标检测算法

对于GSM相控阵无源雷达接收机获取的目标数据提出一种用最佳后验感知的神经网络进行处理的算法,在复杂的杂波及噪声背景下,相比于流行的卡尔曼滤波,提高了目标的检测跟踪精度,对促进GSM无源探测系统实用化具有重要意义。     

Target discrimination in synthetic aperture radar using artificial neural networks

This paper addresses target discrimination in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery using linear and nonlinear adaptive networks. Neural networks are extensively used for pattern classification but here the goal is discrimination. We show that the two applications require different cost functions. We start by analyzing with a pattern recognition perspective the two-parameter constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector which is widely utilized as a target detector in SAR. Then we generalize its principle to construct the quadratic gamma discriminator (QGD), a nonparametrically trained classifier based on local image intensity. The linear processing element of the QCD is further extended with nonlinearities yielding a multilayer perceptron (MLP) which we call the NL-QGD (nonlinear QGD). MLPs are normally trained based on the L(2) norm. We experimentally show that the L(2) norm is not recommended to train MLPs for discriminating targets in SAR. Inspired by the Neyman-Pearson criterion, we create a cost function based on a mixed norm to weight the false alarms and the missed detections differently. Mixed norms can easily be incorporated into the backpropagation algorithm, and lead to better performance. Several other norms (L(8), cross-entropy) are applied to train the NL-QGD and all outperformed the L(2) norm when validated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. The data sets are constructed from TABILS 24 ISAR targets embedded in 7 km(2) of SAR imagery (MIT/LL mission 90).     

采用卷积神经网络的红外和可见光图像块匹配

红外和可见光图像块匹配在视觉导航和目标识别等任务中有着广泛的应用。由于红外和可见光传感器有不同的成像原理,红外和可见光图像块匹配更加具有挑战。深度学习在可见光领域图像的块匹配上取得了很好的性能,但是它们很少涉及到红外和可见光的图像块。文中提出了一种基于卷积神经网络的红外和可见光的图像块匹配网络。此网络由特征提取和特征匹配两部分组成。在特征提取过程中,使用对比和三重损失函数能够最大化不同类的图像块的特征距离,缩小同一类图像块的特征距离,使得网络能够更加关注于图像块的公共特征,而忽略红外和可见光成像之间差异。在红外和可见光图像中,不同尺度的空间特征能够提供更加丰富的区域和轮廓信息。红外和可见光图像块的高层特征和底层特征融合可以有效地提升特征的表现能力。改进后的网络相比于先前卷积神经匹配网络,准确率提升了9.8%。     

Application of generalized dynamic neural networks to biomedical data

This paper reviews the application of continuous recurrent neural networks with time-varying weights to pattern recognition tasks in medicine. A general learning algorithm based on Pontryagin's maximum principle is recapitulated, and possibilities of improving the generalization capabilities of these networks are given. The effectiveness of the methods is demonstrated by three different real-world examples taken from the fields of anesthesiology, orthopedics, and radiology.     

SVM在图像分类中的应用

支持向量机(SVM)是一种新的机器学习技术.本文采用一对一方法构建多分类SVM分类器.利用常用的灰度共生矩阵方法提取图像纹理特征,组成特征向量,输入构建好的SVM多分类器中进行分类.对从Brodatz纹理库中选取的4张纹理图像进行了分类实验,取得较好的分类结果.     

混合卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类方法

为了解决高光谱图像领域中,传统卷积神经网络因部分特征信息损失而影响最终地物分类精度的问题,采用一种基于2维和3维的混合卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类方法,从空间增强、光谱-空间两方面分别进行了特征提取.首先从空间增强角度提出一种3维-2维卷积神经网络混合结构,得到增强后的空间信息;其次从光谱-空间角度利用3维卷积网络结构...     

基于SOM神经网络的静止卫星云图分类

利用FY-2C的红外和可见光自旋扫描辐射器（VISSR）多通道云图数据对云进行分类,提出了一种利用云图红外、可见光谱段数据,基于SOM神经网络的云分类算法。设计并编写了实际云图客观云分类程序,该程序输入为9个从VISSR各通道数据中提取出的特征,将数据分为8种不同的类型,并输出分类后的图像。     

Design of neural networks for classification of remotely sensed imagery

As currently planned, future Earth remote sensing platforms (i.e., Earth Observing System [EOS]) will be capable of generating data at a rate of over 50 Megabits per second. To address this issue the Intelligent Data Management (IDM) project at NASA/GSFC has prototyped an Intelligent Information Fusion System (IIFS) that uses backpropagation neural networks for the classification of remotely sensed imagery. This is part of the IDM strategy of providing archived data to a researcher through a variety of discipline-specific indices. In this paper we discuss classification accuracies of a backpropagation neural network and compare it with a maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) with multivariate normal class models. We have found that, because of its nonparametric nature, the neural network outperforms the MLC in this area. In addition, we discuss techniques for constructing optimal neural nets on parallel hardware like the MasPar MP-1 currently at NASA/GSFC. Other important discussions are centered around training and classification times of the two methods, and sensitivity to the training data. Finally we discuss future work in the area of classification and neural nets.     

A comparison of self-organizing neural networks for fast clustering of radar pulses

Four self-organizing neural networks are compared for automatic deinterleaving of radar pulse streams in electronic warfare systems. The neural networks are the Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory, Fuzzy Min–Max Clustering, Integrated Adaptive Fuzzy Clustering, and Self-Organizing Feature Mapping. Given the need for a clustering procedure that offers both accurate results and computational efficiency, these four networks are examined from three perspectives – clustering quality, convergence time, and computational complexity. The clustering quality and convergence time are measured via computer simulation, using a set of radar pulses collected in the field. Estimation of the worst-case running time for each network allows for the assessment of computational complexity. The effect of the pattern presentation order is analyzed by presenting the data not just in random order, but also in radar-like orders called burst and interleaved.     

稀疏表示分类在SAR图像目标识别中的应用分析

文中研究了稀疏表示分类在合成孔径雷达(SAR)目标识别中的应用。稀疏表示分类是基于压缩感知理论的一种新的分类算法,近年来在人脸识别、遥感图像分类等领域得到广泛应用。文中对稀疏表示分类在SAR目标识别中的应用进行分析研究,介绍了稀疏表示的基本原理以及几种典型的稀疏系数求解算法。采用稀疏表示分类器对MSTAR数据集进行了目标识别实验,验证在SAR目标识别上的性能。     

基于神经网络的图像混合噪声消除

神经网络在智能化信息处理和非线性滤波方面的优异表现，使得越来越多的人将神经网络应用到图像处理中。提出一种将非线性滤波器和神经网络结合所构成的滤波器，实验证明这种滤波器在消除图像的混合噪声、保护图像的边缘信息方面具有明显的效果，通过对受到较大噪声影响的输入图像进行滤波，可使输出图像的信噪比提高10dB以上。