性能化防火设计中确定性标准的探讨

随着经济和社会的发展，性能化防火设计越来越多地被设计者所采用，性能化设计采用的性能化设计规范的成功实施需要建立符合安全要求的性能化标准。性能化标准分为确定性和偶然性的设计标准，着重探讨了确定性标准。确定性标准主要包括火灾点燃标准、火灾发展和蔓延标准、生命安全标准等。讨论了保守设计需要的安全因子，对确定性标准进行了总结和展望。     

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors: A position paper on performance-based design for fire code applications

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors (FORUM) periodically takes a position on a technical issue of international significance confronting the fire safety research community. The position of the FORUM on performance-based regulations, codes and design for fire safety applications, and the rationale leading to it, is described in this paper. Aspects addressed include current capabilities and challenges associated with the application of performance-based design, and possible enhancements (obtained through a coordinated and sustained global effort of research) in next generation tools leading to more certain predictions of the effects on performance of changes in building materials, active and passive fire protection systems, compartmentation, and egress systems; the structural response of a building to large fires including those leading to full building burnout; the impact of fire on neighboring buildings and infrastructure; and the uncertainty in deterministic predictions for incorporation into reliable probabilistic calculations of hazard and risk.     

超限高层建筑结构基于性能抗震设计的研究

基于性能的设计方法已引起工程界的关注 ,在超限高层建筑的结构抗震设计中 ,采用基于性能要求的抗震设计方法 ,有助于提高高层建筑工程抗震设计的可靠性、避免抗震安全隐患 ,同时又促进高层建筑技术发展。本义阐述基于性能抗震设计方法与常规抗震设计方法的比较 ;针对超限高层建筑结构的特点 ,提出结构的抗震性能目标、性能水准以及实施性能设计的主要方法 ,包括性能水准判别准则、性能目标的选用及结构计算和试验要求。文中还列举了应用性能设计理念和要求的部分工程实例。     

钢屋盖结构防火的性能化消防工程分析

因为建筑学上和构造上的原因,越来越多的建筑设计采用了钢结构。为了保证建筑结构构件的完整性,建筑规范提出了结构耐火性能的要求。但是,已规定的要求没有促进具有良好经济效益的设计,并且假定遵照规范是达到安全等级的唯一途径。本论文提出采用以性能设计为基础的消防工程理论方法来证明火灾中钢构件的性能。消防工程准则已发展至符合规范的要求,并能保证结构在火灾中的安全性能。本文采用一个游泳/跳水馆作为例子来讨论对钢屋顶结构进行耐火保护。本例的研究表明,游泳/跳水馆的钢屋顶结构可以不用耐火涂料,并且不会降低整个建筑的防火安全等级。     

发展消防安全工程学和性能化防火规范

本文简要介绍了消防安全工程学和性能化规范的一些基本概念和国外发展概况,并就如何在我国发展消防安全工程学和性能化规范提出了建议。     

Erläuterungen und Anwendungsbeispiel zum vfdb‐Leitfaden Ingenieurmethoden des Brandschutzes

Comment to the vfdb‐guidelines “Methods of fire safety engineering”. In the last eight years the vfdb Working Group 4 elaborated the Guidelines “Methods of fire safety engineering“. They shall give help to choose appropriate methods and input data for fire safety engineering in the framework of a fire safety concept. This paper explains the overall concept and the relations between the different chapters of the Guidelines. Safety objectives and related performance requirements are discussed in more detail because they are important for the choice of relevant fire scenarios and design criteria and appropriate calculation methods. The application of the Guidelines is demonstrated for a convention building which is investigated with respect to smoke control and fire protection of the roof construction.     

Fundamentals of performance-based building design

The paper formulates some fundamental principles of performance-based design (PBD), suggesting a conceptual framework and systematic approach suitable for application in most areas of building design, and in the development of simulation tools and performance test methods required in the design and assessment processes. A schematic algorithm, which has been developed for the common engineering approach, was helpful in identifying the inter-relation with the required knowledge-based databases and tools that are needed for proper implementation of PBD. It is also shown that this schematic algorithm can serve not only as a conceptual model but also as the basic framework for developing or adapting simulation tools that are intended for PBD and assessment. The last part of the paper demonstrates the application of the fundamental approach in several areas of building performance (fire safety, acoustics, moisture safety, indoor air quality, and durability), outlining in each area the main user needs, ensuing performance requirements, and the most significant capabilities required of adequate simulation tools, with an emphasis on input/output.     

A model for predicting heat transfer through noninsulated unloaded steel-stud gypsum board wall assemblies exposed to fire

With the advent of performance-based codes and performance-based fire safety design options, validated fire-resistance models have become essential. In this paper, a one-dimensional heat transfer model for steel-stud, noninsulated, unloaded gypsum board protected wall assemblies is presented. Also presented are a comparison between temperature predictions and measured temperatures at different locations in gypsum board wall assemblies as well as a comparison between the predicted and measured fire-resistance ratings. The model, which predicts slightly conservative fire-resistance ratings compared to the experimental measurements, is appropriate for most fire safety engineering applications. Considerations for further model development are identified.     

消防性能化评估在商业综合体中的应用研究

商业综合体消防性能化评估是在火灾学和消防安全工程学的基础上产生的,研究重点为判定标准、评估流程、火灾场景设计和模拟结果的计算分析。阐述如何对消防性能化设计进行评估检验,提出方案的优化措施,以更好地应用于商业综合体的开发实践。     

某大型芯片生产厂房防火分区的性能化设计

针对某芯片生产厂房由于生产工艺要求，防火分区和安全疏散距离不能满足规范要求的问题，通过性能化分析方法对该设计能否保证内部人员安全疏散进行了评估，得出安全性分析，并在消防系统设置、日常管理及安全疏散方面提出建议。     

我国建筑防火性能化设计的若干看法

建筑防火的安全水准和目标应该是明确的和高水平的 ,但确保安全水准实现的方法则是多种多样的 ,性能化设计就是基于这种新型的防火系统设计思路 ,而建立在更加理性条件上的一种新的设计方法。笔者就我国建筑防火性能化设计的研究与实践 ,从工作方向 ,内容及方法等方面提出一些看法。     

大空间建筑人员疏散问题的性能化设计

通过对大空间建筑火灾特性的研究,结合目前许多大空间建筑的消防设计无法满足现有规范要求的现实问题,分析大空间建筑中火灾状态下人员的具体情况,结合建筑实际情况采用性能化方法,解决大空间、大体量建筑的人员安全疏散的问题,并列举了工程实例进行说明.     

Fire safety engineering: comparison of a new degree programme with the model curriculum

The curriculum design of a new degree programme in Building Services Engineering with Fire Engineering Specialism for the local fire engineering professionals in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is reported. The programme was approved by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and offered in September 1997 with an intake of 25 students per year. The aims are to train fire engineers who can handle not only ‘traditional’ fire engineering systems, but also perform the ‘new’ procedure of fire safety engineering hooked up with the development of ‘performance-based fire codes’ in an ‘engineering approach’. Subject contents to be included in a fire safety engineering degree programme are proposed. A comparison of this new scheme with the model curriculum in Fire Safety Engineering is made. Coverage of topic areas on fire engineering and teaching hours are compared. Differences in the curricula have been identified and discussed.     

Enhancing Building Fire Safety Performance by Reducing Miscommunication and Misconceptions

Building fire safety is driven by regulations and technical building codes, at least as a minimum requirement. As fire protection engineers (FPEs) design fire safety measures based on requirements in the regulations, they are often viewed as the primary agents in ensuring the fire safety of buildings. However, their mission often starts with given building design features, such as interior spatial layout, exterior shape, site plan, and so forth, which are mostly determined by architects. The only exception is where the FPE is invited to assist in the project planning, feasibility and early concept design stages of a project. Regardless, architects also can influence building fire safety performance, whether or not they explicitly acknowledge or understand this. Although architects design buildings within the boundaries of the regulatory requirements, the architect’s focus is often related to the visual and spatial aesthetics of buildings linked to building form and functionality, which are not subject to the regulations. These aesthetics can sometimes compete with fire safety objectives. As such, buildings can be unsafe in certain situations due to unintended effects of building design features on actual fire safety performance. This research describes the relationship between architecturally conceived building design features, design expectations for fire safety systems, and the actual or conceivable fire safety performance of the building. Steps are proposed that FPEs can take to identify and address potentially competing objectives and deliver increased fire safety performance.     

轨道交通枢纽消防安全设计研究

通过分析轨道交通枢纽工程中的消防设计难点,结合天津站综合交通枢纽工程建筑消防安全设计的实例,阐述了消防安全设计中存在的主要问题以及消防性能化设计的解决思路和方法,提出在类似轨道交通和客流量集中的工程项目中,采用消防性能化的设计方法可有效解决建筑消防安全设计问题。