CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> permeability of fractured coal subject to confining pressures and elevated temperature: Experiments and modeling

The CO₂ permeability of fractured coal is of great significance to both coalbed gas extraction and CO₂ storage in coal seams, but the effects of high confining pressure, high injection pressure and elevated temperature on the CO₂ permeability of fractured coal with different fracture extents have not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, the CO₂ permeability of fractured coals sampled from a Pingdingshan coal mine in China and artificially fractured to a certain extent is investigated through undrained triaxial tests. The CO₂ permeability is measured under the confining pressure with a range of 10–25 MPa, injection pressure with a range of 6–12 MPa and elevated temperature with a range of 25–70°C. A mechanistic model is then proposed to characterize the CO₂ permeability of the fractured coals. The effects of thermal expansion, temperature-induced reduction of adsorption capacity, and thermal micro-cracking on the CO₂ permeability are explored. The test results show that the CO₂ permeability of naturally fractured coal saliently increases with increasing injection pressure. The increase of confining pressure reduces the permeability of both naturally fractured coal and secondarily fractured coal. It is also observed that initial fracturing by external loads can enhance the permeability, but further fracturing reduces the permeability. The CO₂ permeability decreases with the elevation of temperature if the temperature is lower than 44°C, but the permeability increases with temperature once the temperature is beyond 44°C. The mechanistic model well describes these compaction mechanisms induced by confining pressure, injection pressure and the complex effects induced by elevated temperature.     

Mechanical property and permeability of raw coal containing methane under unloading confining pressure

Based on domestic-developed triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermal–hydrological–mechanical coupling of coal containing methane, an experimental study was carried out to investigate mechanical property and gas permeability of raw coal, under the situation of conventional triaxial compression and unloading confining pressure tests in different gas pressure conditions. Triaxial unloading confining pressure process was reducing confining pressure while increasing axial pressure. The research results show that, compared with the peak intensity of conventional triaxial loading, the ultimate strength of coal samples of triaxial unloading confining pressure was lower, deformation under loading was far less than unloading, dilation caused by unloading was more obvious than loading. The change trend of volumetric strain would embody change of gas permeability of coal, the permeability first reduced along with volumetric strain increase, and then raised with volume strain decrease, furthermore, the change trends of permeability of coal before and after destruction were different in the stage of decreasing volume strain due to the effect of gas pressure. When gas pressure was greater, the effective confining pressure was smaller, and the radial deformation produced by unloading was greater. When the unloading failed confining pressure difference was smaller, coal would be easier to get unstable failure.     

高压下MDEA-TETA溶液吸收CO2动力学模型

研究高压下MDEA-TETA混合胺溶液吸收CO2动力学.采用动态吸收法测定高压下总胺浓度为3.0kmol/m3,活化剂TETA浓度分别为0.3,0.4,0.6kmol/m3的MDEA—TETA混合胺溶液吸收CO2的速率,并基于实验数据建立该溶液吸收CO2的动力学模型.模型的CO2吸收速率预测值与实验值的平均相对误差小于10%,模型可满足工程设计的需要.     

An experimental study of ultra-high temperature ceramics under tension subject to an environment with elevated temperature,mechanical stress and oxygen

Ultra-high temperature ceramic(UHTC) composites are widely used in high-temperature environments in aerospace applications. They experience extremely complex environmental conditions during service, including thermal, mechanical and chemical loading. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate the mechanical properties of UHTCs subject to an environment with elevated temperature, mechanical stress and oxygen. In this paper, an experimental investigation of the uniaxial tensile properties of a ZrB_2-SiC-graphite subject to an environment with a simultaneously elevated temperature, mechanical stress and oxygen is conducted based on a high-temperature mechanical testing system. To improve efficiency, an orthogonal experimental design is used. It is suggested that the temperature has the most important effect on the properties, and the oxidation time and stress have an almost equal effect. Finally, the fracture morphology is characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and the mechanism is investigated. It was concluded that the main fracture mode involved graphite flakes pulling out of the matrix and crystalline fracture, which indicates the presence of a weak interface in the composites.     

CO_2和N浓度变化对树木生理的影响

综述了国内外有关CO_2浓度升高与N添加对树木生理影响的研究进展。主要包括CO_2浓度升高、N添加以及C-N交互作用对树木的光合作用、水分利用效率、呼吸作用以及植物的生长等方面的影响。分析表明,环境CO_2浓度升高短期会促进树木的光合作用与生长,但长期可能会产生光合适应。高浓度CO_2可提高水分利用效率,但对树木的呼吸作用存在不确定性。适量的N添加一般会促进树木的光合作用、呼吸作用与生长,但对树木水分利用效率和生物量分配的影响存在不确定性。当N添加过量时会对树木产生不利影响。C-N交互对树木生理特征的作用显著,即N添加可提高高浓度CO_2对树木光合速率和生长的促进程度。因此,大气CO_2浓度升高与N添加的交互作用对树木将产生重要影响。以后相关研究需进一步从多方面、多角度及长时间尺度探讨二者的交互作用对树木影响的生理机制,以期为预测森林应对全球变化下多环境因子改变的能力提供科学依据。     

在用汽车温室气体CO_2排放分布规律及其建模

采用大样本检测、多参数数据分析以及数学建模对在用汽车怠速温室气体CO2排放分布规律进行了研究。利用专用计算机分析程序VRMTDA,对检测得到的某轻型载货汽车怠速CO2排放427个样本数据进行了分析,给出CO2排放分布参数的估计值及其在95%置信度下的置信区间。同时,借助于最小二乘估计方法和相关系数检验建立最优的CO2排放分布模型,模型计算结果与样本实测值之间的相对误差均小于2%。在分别设定不同排放合格率的前提下,由本文所建模型得到了具体的车辆怠速CO2排放限值,为削减温室气体排放,推动国内相关评价体系和标准的建立提供了依据。     

Nitrogen enhanced drainage of CO_2 rich coal seams for mining

Coal seams with high CO_2 gas contents can be difficult to drain gas for outburst management. Coal has a high affinity for CO_2 with adsorption capacities typically twice that of CH_4. This paper presents an analysis of nitrogen injection into coal to enhance drainage of high CO_2 gas contents. Core flooding experiments were conducted where nitrogen was injected into coal core samples from two Australian coal mining basins with initial CO_2 gas contents and pressures that could be encountered during underground mining. Nitrogen effectively displaced the CO_2 with mass balance analysis finding there was only approximately 6%–7% of the original CO_2 gas content residual at the end of the core flood. Using a modified version of the SIMED II reservoir simulator, the core flooding experiments were history matched to determine the nitrogen and methane sorption times. It was found that a triple porosity model(a simple extension of the Warren and Root dual porosity model) was required to accurately describe the core flood observations. The estimated model properties were then used in reservoir simulation studies comparing enhanced drainage with conventional drainage with underground in seam boreholes. For the cases considered, underground in seam boreholes were found to provide shorter drainage lead times than enhanced drainage to meet a safe gas content for outburst management.     

Resistivity response to the porosity and permeability of low rank coal

Laojunmiao coal samples from the eastern Junggar basin were studied to understand the relationship between coal resistivity and the physical parameters of coal reservoirs under high temperatures and pressures.Specifically,we analysed the relationship of coal resistivity to porosity and permeability via heating and pressurization experiments.The results indicated that coal resistivity decreases exponentially with increasing pressure.Increasing the temperature decreases the resistivity.The sensitivity of coal resistivity to the confining pressure is worse when the temperature is higher.The resistivity of dry coal samples was linearly related to φ~m.Increasing the temperature decreased the cementation exponent(m).Increasing the confining pressure exponentially decreases the porosity.Decreasing the pressure increases the resistivity and porosity for a constant temperature.Increasing the temperature yields a quadratic relationship between the resistivity and permeability for a constant confining pressure.Based on the Archie formula,we obtained the coupling relationship between coal resistivity and permeability for Laojunmiao coal samples at different temperatures and confining pressures.     

深部煤层CO_2置换CH_4过程中煤岩特性变化研究

综述了在高压条件下CO2置换CH4过程中煤岩特性变化的试验及模型等方面的研究进展,分析注入CO2后煤岩特性变化对煤岩结构、渗透率及CH4产量的影响,指出我国深部煤层CO2置换CH4过程中煤岩特性变化的研究方向.分析表明,由于CO2较CH4具有更强的可吸附性,CO2置换CH4过程中煤基质发生吸附膨胀,应力、应变同时增大,造成渗透率下降,初期CH4产量较低,随着CH4气体解吸量的不断增大,开采一段时间后CH4产量将大幅度增加,这种煤岩特性变化规律及CH4产量变化特征与现场试验结果具有很好的一致性.     

Solution of a hollow thick-wall cylinder subject to quadric function pressures and its limit when l→∞

The problem of a hollow thick-wall cylinder subject to quadric function pressures is solved with a new stress function, thus laying the basis for solving the spatial symmetric deformation of a hollow cylinder subject to arbitrarily distributed pressures.     

A case study of gas drainage to low permeability coal seam

Gas drainage at low gas permeability coal seam is a main barrier affecting safety and efficient production in coal mines. Therefore, the research and application of drainage technology at low permeability coal seam is a key factor for gas control of coal mine. In order to improve the drainage effect, this paper establishes a three-dimensional solid-gas-liquid coupling numerical model, and the gas drainage amounts of different schemes are examined inside the overburden material around the goaf. The Yangquan mine area is selected for the case study, and the gas movement regularity and emission characteristics are analyzed in detail, as well as the stress and fissure variation regularity. Also examinations are the released gas movement, enrichment range and movement regularity during coal extraction. Moreover, the gas drainage technology and drainage parameters for the current coal seam are studied. After measuring the gas drainage flow in-situ, it is concluded that the technology can achieve notable drainage results, with gas drainage rate increase by 30%–40% in a low permeability coal seam.     

Gasification kinetic modelling of Victorian brown coal chars and validity for entrained flow gasification in CO_2

The gasification kinetic modelling of two Victorian brown coal(Yallourn and Maddingley) chars and the validity for entrained flow gasification were investigated in this study. The study was conducted in a thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) at 750–1100 ℃, 30%–90% CO_2 concentration using different char particle sizes within 20–106 mm. It was found that random pore model and modified volumetric model are applicable for TGA results, but volumetric model and grain model are not. The effect of particle size under106 mm on gasification rate is very limited. Activation energies of Maddingley char and Yallourn char in CO_2 gasification are 219–220 and 197–208 k J/mol, respectively. The pre-exponential factors are in the same order of magnitude, and they increased as particle size decreased. A mathematical model was developed to predict carbon conversion over time for entrained flow gasification of Victorian brown coal chars at 1000–1400 ℃.     

Ultrasonic vibrations and coal permeability: Laboratory experimental investigations and numerical simulations

Ultrasonic vibrations in coal lead to cavitation bubble oscillation, growth, shrinkage, and collapse, and the strong vibration of cavitation bubbles not only makes coal pores break and cracks propagate, but plays an important role in enhancing the permeability of coal. In this paper, the influence of ultrasonic cavitation on coal and the effects of the sonic waves on crack generation, propagation, connection, as well as the effect of cracks on the coal permeability, are studied. The experimental results show that cracks in coal are generated even connected rapidly after ultrasonic cavitation. Under the effect of ultrasonic cavitation,the permeability increases between 30% and 60%, and the number of cracks in coal also significantly increased. Numerical experiments show that the effective sound pressure is beneficial to fracture propagation and connection, and it is closely related to the permeability. Moreover, the numerical simulations and physical experiments provide a guide for the coal permeability improvement.     

低碳经济下电厂O2/CO2煤粉燃烧技术的应用

电厂O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧技术是一种新型的煤粉燃烧技术,它采用纯氧和再循环烟气代替空气组织煤粉的燃烧,也被称作富氧燃烧技术或氧气/烟气再循环技术。本文介绍了O_2/CO_2燃烧技术国内外发展现状;阐述了电厂O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧技术的特点,并以某电厂600MW亚临界四角切圆一次中间再热控制循环汽包炉对其特点进行了计算分析。研究表明:电厂O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧技术是一种经济、高效、节能、环保的燃烧技术,正处于试验研究阶段。在低碳经济下,电厂O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧技术的应用有利于推进国家节能减排目标的实现,符合建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的要求。     

煤厚正演模拟与应用

利用地质、地震资料设计了不同煤厚的地震模型,模拟了不同频率子波的时间剖面,在其上提取属性并进行了分析,总结了与煤厚相关的属性,以及属性随煤厚的变化规律.煤厚在小于λ/4范围内,多种属性随煤厚基本呈线性增加关系;煤厚在大于λ/2后,随煤厚呈线性减小关系;煤厚在λ/4~λ/2时,振幅随煤厚变化关系不明显.最后用基于地震属性的多元回归分析方法对河南义马某区的煤厚进行了预测,效果良好.     

温度和有效应力对低渗储层孔渗性质的影响

探讨温度和有效应力对低渗储层渗透率和孔隙度的影响规律及内在机理,用大型岩石高温高压渗透实验仪,结合核磁共振、恒速压汞测试和相对渗透率实验进行研究.结果表明,温度不变时,岩心渗透率随有效应力的增加而递降;有效应力不变时,岩心渗透率随温度的升高而减小.核磁共振和恒速压汞测试结果表明,有效应力增加时,骨架颗粒紧密排列,岩心孔隙平均喉道和主流喉道半径减小,孔隙连通性变差,有些连通孔隙被分隔孤立,成为不可入孔隙,岩心束缚水饱和度增加.     

In-situ observation and modeling approach to evolution of pore-fracture structure in coal

The characterisation of the pore-fracture structure(PFS) and its evolution in coal during mining are essential for preventing gas outbursts and improving gas extraction efficiency. In this study, the evolution of the PFS in coal samples under the condition of mining stress was directly captured in situ by combination of the mechanical testing system with high-precision visualisation nuclear magnetic resonance equipment. A fractional derivative model was established to describe the relationship b...     

热解温度和恒温时间对锦界煤焦-CO_2气化活性的影响

在化学反应动力学控制实验条件下,利用自建固定床实验台研究了常压、不同气化温度下热解温度(650℃、800℃、900℃)、恒温时间(8 min、30 min、60 min)对锦界煤焦等温CO2气化反应活性的影响,并用不同模型求算动力学参数,实验结果表明:随着热解温度的提高和恒温时间的延长,锦界煤焦的气化活性逐渐降低,活化能逐渐增加。热解温度对锦界煤焦气化活性的影响比恒温时间的影响显著些。     

Capacity fading of spinel LiMn_2O_4 during cycling at elevated temperature

A normal spinel LiMn2O4 as cathode material for lithium-ion cells was cycled galvanostatically (0.2C) at 55℃. To determine the contribution of each voltage plateau to the total capacity fading of the cathode upon repeated cycling, the capacities in each plateau were separated by differentiation of voltage vs. capacity. The results show that the capacity fading in the upper voltage plateau is more rapidly than that in the lower during discharging, while in charging process, it fades slower than that in the lower voltage range. The increased capacity shift and aggravated self-discharge/electrolyte oxidation during discharging contribute to a high fading rate in the upper step. Capacity shift also takes place during charging process, which again enhancing the fading rate of the lower voltage plateau. An increase in capacity shift, as a result of an increase in polarization of the cell, plays a major role in determining the fading rate in each voltage plateau, further reflecting the thickening of the passivatio