单颗磨粒磨削钛合金TC4成屑过程仿真研究

采用有限元模拟技术对钛合金TC4材料的单颗磨粒磨屑形成过程进行了仿真研究.研究表明:钛合金TC4在单颗磨粒磨削过程中发生绝热剪切,形成锯齿状磨屑;磨削过程中单颗磨粒磨削力成周期变化;磨粒负前角增大,锯齿化程度加深;磨削速度提高,磨屑剪切带宽度减小;仿真分析得到的磨屑形态与实验结果相一致.     

镍基高温合金高速超高速磨削成屑过程的三维仿真研究

建立单颗磨粒磨削GH4169镍基高温合金的三维有限元仿真模型,研究高速、超高速磨削条件下的磨屑形貌演化过程及磨削力变化规律,观察磨削区域内的应力应变、温度等物理参量的分布和变化,分析磨削速度和单颗磨粒切厚对磨屑形貌、成屑频率及沟槽隆起特征的影响。结果表明:高速、超高速磨削镍基高温合金时,易出现锯齿形磨屑;磨削力呈周期性变化,其周期与磨屑形成过程对应;磨削过程中的温度、应变以及应变率主要集中在剪切带区域,而应力则集中在剪切带的两侧。随磨削速度增大,磨屑锯齿间间距变小,锯齿化程度增强,成屑频率呈线性增大趋势,沟痕隆起比升高。此外,单颗磨粒磨削GH4169的临界成屑切厚约为0.3 μm,当切厚为0.8 μm时有锯齿形磨屑出现,且随单颗磨粒切厚增大,锯齿化程度增强,但成屑频率降低。      

钢轨打磨用钎焊金刚石砂轮研究

为解决传统树脂砂轮打磨钢轨时存在的打磨效率低、易烧伤钢轨和粉尘污染大等问题,分析利用钎焊金刚石技术的优势制备新型钢轨打磨用砂轮的可行性。结合磨粒有序排布工艺,制备具有开槽结构的新型钎焊金刚石砂轮,并对U71Mn钢轨钢进行打磨对比试验。结果表明：相较于树脂锆刚玉砂轮,新型钎焊金刚石砂轮能提高50%左右的打磨效率,并有效降低磨削温度,避免钢轨烧伤。在钢轨打磨过程中,新型钎焊砂轮排屑效果显著,基本不发生磨屑黏附现象;但砂轮开槽导致磨削振动增大,加剧金刚石磨粒破碎,并增大钢轨表面粗糙度。新型砂轮磨屑多为带状,磨屑体积大且无熔融小球。     

基于单颗磨粒切削的CBN铰珩工具磨粒磨损研究

采用单颗磨粒试验方法,以4Cr13不锈钢为修整材料,研究大长径比CBN铰珩工具修整过程中的磨粒磨损特性。试验结果显示:与普通切削相比,超声切削时的平均切削力降低60%～80%,但磨粒在短时间内大块破碎,磨削比严重下降。超声切削时的磨粒?工件接触比在0.6～0.8,磨粒主要处于断续切削过程,其最大切削宽度比普通切削时的增加2.7倍,且磨粒受到的最大瞬时切削力增加。根据点云信息对磨粒进行逆向建模,并对建立的单颗磨粒切削仿真模型的瞬时切削力进行定量分析。仿真结果显示:超声切削时的最大切向力比普通切削时的增加20%以上,且力的波动幅度超过80%。      

单颗刚玉磨粒切削齿轮钢温度场仿真研究

针对单颗磨粒试验法对于磨削温度的研究存在局限性,建立了单颗刚玉磨粒切削齿轮钢的ABAQUS仿真模型和磨粒-工件的热传导模型,利用数值模拟技术研究了单颗磨粒切削过程的温度场,分析了不同的磨粒特性和工艺参数下工件的最高温度的变化;仿真结果可知,切削过程工件的最高温度出现在第二温度区磨粒前刃与工件接触处,切削温度场最高温度随时间趋势呈现先增大后降低至稳定值的特点,切削深度与磨粒锥角对于切削最高温度均有正作用;而当切削速度小于50m/s时,最高温度随速度递增,切削温度对切削最高温度的作用以50m/s为临界,在切削大于50m/s时,切削最高温度出现下降的趋势。     

基于单颗磨粒切削的钛合金磨削过程仿真研究

采用有限元分析软件DEFORM的Johnson Cook材料模型,模拟了润滑涂层单颗磨粒磨削TC4合金的加工过程,对磨屑形成过程中磨削区温度、磨削力和切削变形区内应力的变化情况进行了有限元分析。结果表明:切削高温和高内应力主要集中在剪切变形区的刀尖位置;随着一个锯齿状磨屑节块的生长,温度降低、内应力减小。磨削力和磨削温度随磨屑的形成过程呈规律性变化:随着磨削进行,磨削力逐渐增大,磨削温度也相应升高;在锯齿状切屑完整形成时,磨削力最小、磨削温度最低。     

单颗金刚石磨粒磨削SiC的磨削力实验研究

选取两种不同锥度角的金刚石磨粒,分别用其对SiC陶瓷和单晶SiC进行了单颗磨粒磨削实验,检测了磨削过程中的磨削力大小,分析了磨削参数对磨削力的影响。实验结果表明:磨削力随着切削深度的增大而增大,随磨削速度的减小而增大;随着磨粒顶锥角的增大,磨削力明显增大;磨削单晶SiC(6H)的磨削力大于磨削SiC陶瓷的磨削力。     

钢轨打磨用新型复合砂轮及其磨削试验

利用钎焊技术和传统热压技术研发出一款钢轨打磨用新型复合砂轮,复合砂轮除含传统树脂砂轮的成分外还含金属结合剂金刚石插片,用其在钢轨打磨试验机上与传统树脂砂轮进行工件打磨对比试验,分析工件打磨后的打磨温度和表面粗糙度变化,并对钢轨打磨后的磨屑进行电镜、能谱分析。试验结果表明:与纯树脂砂轮相比,采用新型复合砂轮打磨工件,其打磨温度峰值下降10%左右,砂轮中插片数越多下降比例越大;工件表面粗糙度下降比例在9%以上,且随着砂轮中插片数量的增加而增大;同时,磨屑中球状磨屑比例更低,球状磨屑中O元素质量分数更小。      

钎焊金刚石砂轮打磨钢轨的性能试验研究

针对树脂砂轮打磨钢轨时存在的火花大、粉尘污染等缺点,设计并制作钢轨打磨用单层钎焊金刚石砂轮。通过钎焊金刚石砂轮和树脂砂轮的钢轨打磨试验对比,对钎焊金刚石砂轮的综合性能进行评价。试验结果表明:在稳定打磨阶段,相比树脂砂轮,钎焊金刚石砂轮的磨削效率高、磨削电流小、磨削火花小,打磨后的工件表面粗糙度好;钎焊金刚石砂轮的主要失效原因是磨屑黏附。      

单晶硅磨抛协同加工的分子动力学

磨削与抛光是实现单晶硅材料超精密表面加工的重要工艺方法,磨抛协同加工过程中由磨粒运动状态主导的二体与三体磨损机制对材料去除效率以及表面加工质量具有重要影响。采用分子动力学方法,建立固结与游离运动状态双磨粒协同作用下的单晶硅表面超精密磨抛加工过程仿真模型,分析磨粒切入深度、横向与纵向间距干涉等因素对磨削力、材料相变、表面损伤及材料去除行为的影响规律,阐释单晶硅磨抛协同超精密加工表面形貌演化规律。研究表明：受磨粒运动状态驱动的单晶硅材料表层损伤原子数量随固结及游离磨粒切入深度增大而增加,磨粒切入深度对工件的材料去除、裂纹生长及损伤行为影响显著;法向和切向磨削力随磨粒切入深度增加而增大,且在同等切入深度变化时法向磨削力增加幅度大于切向磨削力; 通过单晶硅金刚石结构分析磨粒间干涉区域的损伤情况可知,随着磨粒间纵向间距增加时,工件所受干涉作用减小,六角金刚石晶体结构减少;相比较固结磨粒,游离磨粒对工件的损伤区域更深,产生瞬态缺陷原子更多。研究结果可为实现超精密磨抛协同加工工艺高材料去除效率和高表面质量提供理论基础。     

3D laser investigation on micron-scale grain protrusion topography of truncated diamond grinding wheel for precision grinding performance

A grain tip (GT) truncation is proposed to truncate grain protrusion tips of #270 diamond grinding wheel in plunge grinding of hard and brittle material. In this study, a 3D laser microscopy was employed to measure the wheel working surface and parameterize its 3D grain protrusion topography. The objective is to investigate how micron-scale grain protrusion parameters influence grinding performance such as grinding force and surface roughness. First, the GT truncation was performed after dressing of diamond grinding wheel in grinding experiment of quartz glass; then its 3D grain protrusion topography was constructed by smoothing 3D measured noise, matching measured point cloud, transferring protrusion frame and extracting 3D diamond grains; finally, the grain protrusion parameters such as grain protrusion number, grain protrusion height, grain protrusion volume, grain rake angle, grain clearance angle, etc. were investigated in connection with ground surface and grinding force. It is shown that GT truncation averagely decreases grain protrusion number, grain protrusion height, grain protrusion volume, grain rake angle and grain clearance angle by about 44%, 74%, 75%, 24% and 70% on whole wheel surface, respectively. However, it greatly increases active grain number by about 32 times and active grain volume by about 181 times in actual grinding with the depth of cut in 1 μm, thus leading to a decrease (about 80%) in surface roughness and an increase (about 40 times) in grinding force. It is also found that truncated diamond grain tips are mostly shaped with nanometer-scale tip wedges along grain cutting direction, leading to about 75% very large negative grain rake angles and about 75% large grain clearance angles, thus contributing to ductile-mode grinding. It is confirmed that the active grain number and active grain volume for the actual depth of cut may be regarded as main grain protrusion parameters to evaluate and predict the precision grinding performance of a coarser diamond grinding wheel.     

金刚石砂轮磨削钛合金时的磨削力研究

为解决金刚石砂轮磨削钛合金时材料弹性模量低、弹性形变大等问题,从理论上对砂轮的受力状态进行分析。基于切屑分离准则和材料摩擦属性,构建钛合金磨削时的受力模型,并对单颗磨粒的受力状态进行有限元仿真。设计钛合金磨削加工试验,研究工艺参数变化对砂轮磨削力的影响规律。结果表明：砂轮磨削速度增加,磨削力逐渐降低;当进给速度和磨削深度增加时,磨削力增加。当磨削工艺参数改变时,砂轮的切向和法向磨削力的变化趋势大致相同,切向和法向磨削力的比值为0.29～0.37。且磨削力的理论值和试验值的变化趋势基本一致,二者相对误差的平均值在5%以内,验证了磨削力理论模型的正确性。     

小直径磨棒磨削加工TiC颗粒增强钢基复合材料GT35

为探究TiC颗粒增强钢基复合材料GT35合理的加工参数和冷却润滑条件,研究其对切削力、表面质量及刀具磨损的影响规律,采用小直径磨棒以侧面磨削方式开展试验。结果表明：干磨削会引起磨棒烧伤,极压磨削油的润滑效果优于水基合成磨削液的;磨棒在极压磨削油润滑下,磨削工件12 min后进入稳定磨损状态,其主要磨损形式为磨粒破碎、磨粒磨耗和磨粒脱落;主轴转速对切削力的影响大于进给速度的,且转速越高,切削力越小;工件表面粗糙度主要与磨棒磨粒出露高度的平整度有关,受加工参数的影响较小。用小直径磨棒磨削加工GT35材料时,应选择极压磨削油润滑,高主轴转速、中速进给的加工方式,以获得良好的刀具寿命、工件加工表面质量及适当的加工效率。     

单颗CBN磨粒高速磨削过程的仿真研究

为研究单颗CBN磨粒高速/超高速磨削的微观机理,以随机形状CBN磨粒为模型,采用Lagrange/Euler流固耦合方法,仿真分析不同工艺参数下的CBN磨粒磨削SHK-9高速钢的过程。结果表明:CBN磨粒（124~150μm）在切削深度a_p 20 μm、30 μm,切削速度120m/s时,切向磨削力达到最大,但在a_p 40 μm切削深度下反而最小。随着CBN磨料粒度尺寸变小,磨削力下降明显,磨粒可以在工件表面形成更为窄密的耕犁沟痕,配合适当的磨削深度有助于提高表面磨削质量。      

树脂金刚石砂轮加工氧化铝陶瓷的磨削工艺试验研究

为改善氧化铝陶瓷的磨削效果,分别使用粒度尺寸125~150 μm和38~45 μm的金刚石制备树脂结合剂砂轮,并进行磨削实验,研究表面粗糙度、材料去除方式和材料去除比例随磨削参数的变化规律,观察并分析氧化铝陶瓷磨削后的表面微观形貌。结果表明:氧化铝陶瓷的表面粗糙度可以达到R_a 0.418 μm,材料去除比例可达到95%;用粒度尺寸38~45 μm的金刚石制备的树脂结合剂砂轮在切深≤ 2 μm,工件移动速度为0.15 m/min加工时,材料由延性域的塑性去除转变为脆性去除。优化后的加工工艺为先以磨料粒度尺寸125~150 μm的树脂金刚石砂轮在切深为4 μm时进行初步加工,再用磨料粒度尺寸38~45 μm的树脂金刚石砂轮进行光磨,可以兼顾高效与精密两方面的要求。      

3D graphical evaluation of micron-scale protrusion topography of diamond grinding wheel

A new graphical evaluation of micron-scale wheel protrusion topography is proposed by using 3D coordinate data derived from contact measuring of 180 diamond grinding wheel. The objective is to quantify 3D distribution of grain protrusion height, gain rake angle and grain relief angle on wheel working surface in dressing. First adaptive measuring was conducted on the base of topographical curvature to identify grain cutting edge in 3D space, second grain protrusion mode was established by polar coordinate transfer so as to ascertain datum plane of grain protrusion, then linear approximation graphics was conducted to display wheel protrusion topography, finally distributions of gain rake angle and grain relief angle were investigated with reference to grain protrusion height. Analytical results show that higher outer grains have more and shaper cutting edges, but lower layer grains retain approximately original crystal forms. In wheel protrusion topography, grain protrusion heights, grain rake angles and grain relief angles are dispersedly distributed in the range 0–28 μm, −45.0° to −89.1° and 1.2–73.1°, respectively, which can be increased by dressing. It is concluded that 3D grain protrusion attitudes distributed on wheel working surface can be quantified by 3D graphical evaluation method.     

Study on the grinding of advanced ceramics with slotted diamond wheels

Slotted diamond wheel grinding is a new machining technology. In this paper, an experimental study on the cutting force and the grinding temperature for ceramic face grinding using slotted diamond wheels is presented. Moreover, the empirical relationships related with the material removal rate, the surface roughness, the depth of cut, the wheel speed and the grain size are discussed. With these relationships, a temperature field for face grinding has been built. The work contributes to the fundamental theories for optimal design of slotted diamond wheels.     

Analysis and simulation of the grinding process. Part I: Generation of the grinding wheel surface

This paper is in three parts describing the analysis and simulation of the grinding process. This first part is concerned with the generation of the wheel surface by single point diamond dressing. In grinding, the grinding wheel has to be dressed periodically to restore wheel form and cutting efficiency. Understanding the process of generating the grinding wheel surface is important for the control of the grinding process. Generation of the wheel surface is simulated as a single diamond dressing process on a computer generated wheel. The wheel is simulated by grains randomly spaced in the wheel volume. The topography of the wheel cutting surface is generated by simulating the action of an ideal dressing tool as it dresses the wheel. The simulation of the wheel topography takes account of the motion of the dressing tool, grain size, grain spacing, grain fracture and grain break-out. The simulated cutting surface is used for further simulations of grinding. The simulation of grinding using the simulated grinding wheel surface is described in Sections 2 and 3 where a comparison is made of results predicted from simulation with results obtained from experiments. By matching simulated and experimental results, it is possible to explain the relative importance of dressing and grinding parameters.     

Experimental study on grinding force and grinding temperature of Aermet 100 steel in surface grinding

This paper investigates grinding force and grinding temperature of ultra-high strength steel Aermet 100 in conventional surface grinding using a single alumina wheel, a white alumina wheel and a cubic boron nitride wheel. First, mathematical models of grinding force and grinding temperature for three wheels were established. Then, the role of chip formation force and friction force in grinding force was investigated and thermal distribution in contact zone between workpiece and wheel was analyzed based on the mathematical model. The experimental result indicated that the minimum grinding force and the maximum grinding force ratio under the same grinding parameters can be achieved when using a CBN wheel and a single alumina wheel, respectively. When the phenomenon of large grinding force and high grinding temperature appeared, the workpiece material would adhere locally to the single alumina wheel. Grinding temperature was in a high state under the effect of two main aspects: poor thermal properties of grinding wheel and low coolant efficiency. The predicted value of grinding force and grinding temperature were compared with those experimentally obtained and the results show a reasonable agreement.