大口径方形非球面镜的高效磨削技术研究

本文基于X/Y/Z三直线轴平面磨床,研究了圆弧砂轮应用于大口径方形非球面镜的平行磨削新技术,介绍了圆弧砂轮平行磨削的机理、重点解决了砂轮形状误差在线检测、元件面形误差在线检测与误差补偿等关键技术问题.以430 mm×430 mm非球面镜为样件,进行了多轮高效精密磨削工艺实验,面形精度PV均值为4.2μm,表面粗糙度约0...     

基于无瞬心包络法的砂轮磨削圆弧直槽的研究

基于无瞬心包络法,提出一种使用CBN圆弧砂轮精确磨削圆弧直槽的方法。从砂轮圆弧母面与工件直槽圆弧面的空间啮合关系出发,采用无瞬心包络法,以两曲面间接触点法矢量方向相同建立啮合方程,通过啮合方程求解得到砂轮初始安装角,以磨削后的工件端截面圆弧圆度和半径误差满足精度要求为目标,设计砂轮安装角调整和控制流程,确定砂轮最终的安装位置和安装角。仿真和实际加工结果表明用圆弧砂轮磨削圆弧直槽工件,通过调整砂轮安装位置和安装角可以控制磨削精度,砂轮不用修形也能实现精确磨削。该方法实现用一种砂轮磨削不同尺寸的工件,减少砂轮的种类,提高生产效率,为注塑机螺杆转子的高效磨削提供了一种可行的方法。     

轴对称非球面加工进给速度控制技术研究

本文根据轴对称非球面的加工误差特性，通过分析轴对称非球面磨削加工中砂轮磨削线速度、进给速度对加工精度影响的条件，提出控制砂轮进给速度使轴对称非球面工件各点磨削量均匀的方法。该技术避免了传统加工方法中原理上固有的磨削量差异缺陷，提高了系统的加工精度。研究结果表明：进给速度控制方法针对轴对称非球面加工中常用的平面砂轮、圆弧砂轮、球面砂轮，均得到了良好的控制效果；采用新方法的数学模型更接近于理论计算轨迹，可以进一步提高工件的加工精度；新方法进给速度由外沿加工至中心部分，进给速度逐渐加快；并且变化率也逐渐增大。     

凸轮型面摆动磨削残余应力有限元建模及分析

为分析摆动磨削工艺参数对表面残余应力的影响规律,基于热-力顺序耦合理论,建立基于温度场的凸轮残余应力有限元仿真模型,研究摆动频率、摆动幅度、砂轮线速度、磨削深度、工件转速、砂轮宽度、砂轮直径等工艺参数对凸轮型面残余应力的影响规律。结果表明：残余应力随工件转速、磨削深度、砂轮线速度的增加而增加,随砂轮宽度的增加先增加然后趋于平缓,随砂轮直径的增加而减少,随摆动频率与摆动幅度的增加而缓慢增加。     

非球面模芯镜面磨削专用杯形砂轮修整技术的研究

针对轴承钢非球面模芯镜面磨削用铸铁结合剂CBN杯形砂轮的修整问题,设计了专用摆动电极和圆弧成形电极修整装置,该装置结构简单,微调精度高;利用电极与CBN砂轮铸铁结合剂之间的电火花放电腐蚀现象,在亚微米机床上,利用高频直流脉冲电源作对砂轮进行电火花整形,整形后的砂轮通过调整放电电压与放电间隙,在电解液作用下进行短时间修锐。通过最终检测结果表明,砂轮的尺寸误差为3．5μm,最大面形轮廓误差约为3μm,修整后砂轮的尺寸误差和形状误差均达到非球面模芯镜面磨削加工要求。     

高精度回转曲面的砂轮磨削点运动规律研究

轨迹包络磨削法是加工高精度回转曲面的重要工艺方法。为了进一步提高轨迹包络磨削加工的精度,本文首先分析了圆弧轨迹包络磨削中砂轮磨削点与加工曲线的位置关系。以加工母线为圆弧曲线、抛物线等典型回转曲面为例,探讨磨削过程中砂轮磨削点的运动规律,并在此基础上得到了圆弧轨迹包络磨削加工回转曲面中砂轮磨削点的运动速度方程。分析表明：（1）砂轮磨削点运动的距离随着砂轮端部圆弧半径增大而增大;（2）砂轮磨削点的角速度大,则意味着在磨削加工中砂轮磨削点的运动速度快;（3）曲率半径大的回转曲面在磨削过程中砂轮磨损严重。     

非球面磨削过程中圆弧形砂轮的磨损分析

针对砂轮磨损会严重影响非球面磨削质量的问题，基于非球面磨削的运动方式，解析了非球面磨削过程中的材料去除体积和砂轮磨损体积公式，并结合砂轮磨损实验，探究非球面磨削用圆弧形金刚石砂轮的磨损规律。结果表明:圆弧形金刚石砂轮在磨削非球面过程中由于磨损会导致其径向尺寸减小，在砂轮失效前其直径变化主要存在3个阶段:即直径快速变化阶段、缓慢变化阶段和微量变化阶段。圆弧形砂轮表面的结构特性，使得砂轮圆弧顶端的结合剂对顶端区域的磨粒把持力要低于其他磨粒的，导致该区域的磨粒和结合剂被快速磨损，直至圆弧形金刚石砂轮的几何结构不再影响其结合剂对磨粒的把持力，此后其磨损过程与平面金刚石砂轮磨损类似。      

非球面超精密磨削误差建模与补偿研究

为提高课题组自研的超精密磨床加工精度,基于多体系统理论,运用齐次坐标变换原理,分析该超精密磨床37项几何误差来源,对非球面超精密磨削的综合误差建模。超精密磨床的多项几何误差元素已在制造阶段标定、补偿,取砂轮对刀误差和砂轮轮廓半径磨损误差作为主要面形误差来源,分别推导其对综合误差的传递函数,分析误差辨识方法,建立误差修正补偿模型,提出基于直接补偿的点补修正法。试验结果表明：建立的综合误差模型正确,根据误差辨识方法和修正补偿模型,修正误差后面形误差显著降低,有效提高面形精度。     

非球面垂直磨削法的砂轮误差分析与实验研究

针对垂直磨削法中砂轮误差对超精密磨削非球面加工质量的影响,通过对多种砂轮误差的逐一理论分析,阐述了各种砂轮误差对非球面磨削加工质量的影响状况,并对部分砂轮误差进行校正和补偿,以提高磨削加工质量。最后,通过非球面磨削加工实验验证了砂轮误差补偿的正确性。该研究为非球面超精密磨削加工中砂轮误差的补偿提供技术参考。      

轴对称非球面磨削加工中砂轮均匀磨损研究

为实现轴对称非球面加工过程中盘形砂轮的均匀磨损,研究平行磨削加工过程中实现恒去除量磨削的办法。首先,分析平行磨削过程中磨削点绕盘形砂轮端部圆弧圆心转动的角速度、砂轮的进给速度和磨削点的线速度。然后,通过建立单位时间内盘形砂轮磨削的体积数学模型,推导平行磨削轴对称非球面过程中不同磨削位置的单位时间磨削量。最后,通过优化进给速度,保持平行磨削加工过程中的砂轮恒去除量进给,基本实现盘形砂轮的均匀磨损。结果表明:平行磨削过程中保持砂轮的恒去除量进给,盘形砂轮边缘部位的磨损明显得到改善,实现了盘形砂轮磨削过程中的较均匀磨损。      

Study on axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials in relation to micron-scale grain protrusion parameters

An axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials is proposed by controlling grain protrusion parameters. In this grinding, the grinding wheel feed is along the wheel axial direction rather than in the traditional wheel cutting direction. The objective is to understand how micron-scale grain protrusion parameters influence ductile-mode grinding and ultimately to realize efficient mirror finish grinding using a coarse diamond grinding wheel. In this study, the grain tip truncation (GT-truncation) was performed after dressing to improve grain protrusion topography. First, a formation model of axial-feed ground surface was constructed to analyze the effect of grain protrusion parameters and grinding parameters on the critical cutting depth transferred from brittle-mode removal to ductile-mode removal; then GC dressing and GT-truncation of #180 diamond grinding wheel were experimentally performed to investigate surface roughness and ductile-mode grinding behavior with reference to grinding parameters and grain protrusion parameters; finally, a truncated coarser #60 diamond grinding wheel was employed for mirror finish grinding to observe active grain number and grain protrusion angle. Theoretical analysis shows that this ductile-mode grinding is dominated by active grain number, active grain protrusion angle, wheel rotating speed and axial-feed speed, but it does not depend on the depth of cut assumed to be less than the grain protrusion height. Experimental results indicate that the GT-truncation may increase active grain number and grain protrusion angle for ductile-mode grinding when the axial-feed speed decreases to some extent. Moreover, the micro tip radius of diamond grain also influences the ground surface. It is confirmed that by increasing active grain number and grain protrusion angle synchronously, a truncated #60 diamond grinding wheel can be applied for efficient mirror finish grinding of the SiC ceramic plate at the axial-feed speed of 50 mm/min and the tool path interval of 0.1 mm.     

A study on optimum grinding factors for aspheric convex surface micro-lens using design of experiments

As the consumer market in the optics, electronics and aerospace industries grows, the demand for ultra-precision aspheric surface micro-lens increases. To enhance the precision and productivity of ultra-precision aspheric surface micro-lens, we present an ultra-precision grinding system and process for the aspheric surface micro-lens. In this paper, an ultra-precision grinding system for manufacturing the aspheric surface micro-lens was developed by considering the factors affecting the grinding surface roughness and profile accuracy. This paper deals with the mirror grinding of an aspheric surface micro-lens by resin-bonded diamond wheel and with the spherical lens of BK7. The optimization of grinding conditions with respect to ground surface roughness and profile accuracy is investigated by design of experiments.     

Wheel curve generation error of aspheric microgrinding in parallel grinding method

In aspheric grinding of hard brittle material, in-process wheel wear is a crucial factor affecting the profile error of the ground surface. To suppress wheel wear, parallel grinding is adopted. Since the wheel and workpiece contact point changes during parallel grinding, geometric wheel error influences machining accuracy significantly. In the wheel truing process with a cup truer, the wheel radius is determined by the angle and distance between the wheel and the truer. Through geometric analysis, this paper presents a new equation of wheel radius, which enables process parameters, such as setup error or thermal error, to be determined easily. Simulation results show that wheel radius error is predominantly affected by vertical deviation between the wheel rotation center and the truer center. Experimental results show that wheel radius errors match those from simulation well.     

用金刚石磨头数控加工轴对称非球面光学玻璃透镜

为了提高轴对称非球面透镜的形状精度,降低其精加工成本,用金刚石小磨头在不同的加工参数和数控走刀轨迹条件下对K9光学玻璃透镜进行铣磨实验加工。透镜的轮廓精度用三坐标测量机测量,通过测量的数据点计算非球面透镜的法向轮廓度误差,并用数控加工时磨头的有效切削半径进行补偿。实验结果表明:当数控走刀轨迹为平行精加工和等高精加工时,加工后非球面透镜的面型精度最大轮廓度偏差PV和误差平均值RMS分别为54.48 μm和22.88 μm、98.46 μm和28.88 μm;通过优化金刚石磨头的有效切削半径可以提高非球面透镜加工的面型精度,平行精加工后优化的非球面透镜面型精度PV和RMS值分别为44.52 μm和7.37 μm。      

Development of an on-machine profile measurement system in ELID grinding for machining aspheric surface with software compensation

Efficient manufacture of dimensionally accurate optical surface on hard and brittle materials is a major concern for optoelectronic industry. Electrolytic in process dressing (ELID) grinding is proved as a reliable process to achieve this optical quality nano-surface finish on hard and brittle materials. Besides surface finish it is important to ensure dimensional accuracy by improving profile and form accuracy of the ground aspheric surface. Kinematic factors are commonly considered the reasons for the dimensional inaccuracy in a machined part. Software compensation is a direct and economical method to overcome several kinematic factors and improve the dimensional accuracy. Last, but most important, is the monitoring of achieved surface profile to ensure more accurate profile radius in the finished part. So an on-machine profile measurement system based on coordinate measuring machine (CMM) principle has been developed to check the profile radius of the ground surface. In this study software compensation was applied in ELID grinding of an aspheric surface in order to compensate the wheel wear until the measured surface profile machined on BK7 glass reaches within tolerable limit.     

CBN杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的磨削几何学分析

本文建立了CBN(立方氮化硼)杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的几何模型，从磨削几何学的角度研究了杯形砂轮端面磨削轧辊的磨削特性和输人参数对切人线长度和宽度的影响，分析了端面磨削外圆时的磨削接触弧的特点，结果表明，当切深较小时，砂轮与轧辊为点接触；已加工表面的粗糙度主要取决于砂轮外缘的磨粒密度；磨削效率的高低取决于砂轮内缘的磨粒密度；在磨削过程中，应根据其他参数的变化调节砂轮轴线与轧辊间的偏移量H；提高砂轮转速有利于磨削效率的改善。     

碟轮修整对单层钎焊金刚石砂轮磨粒形貌影响研究

为揭示修整对金刚石砂轮磨粒形貌的影响规律,利用光学显微镜,分别对不同修整量下的磨粒形貌进行追踪观测;针对磨粒形貌变化,对磨粒磨损形式、磨粒切削刃宽度、顶面面积和刃圆半径的变化规律进行了统计分析。结果显示:在碟轮修整过程中,磨粒主要发生磨耗磨损,小部分发生破碎和断裂,且各种磨损比例均逐渐升高。随着修整量增加,磨粒平均切削刃宽度和平均顶面面积逐渐增大,而平均刃圆半径则呈现先增大后减小的变化规律。      

凸轮轴摆动磨削几何学建模及分析

为研究摆动磨削工艺对表面质量的影响机制,基于恒线速度磨削工艺,分析凸轮旋转一周时凸轮轴角速度和角加速度、砂轮进给速度和加速度的变化规律;对比分析摆动磨削与常规磨削时的接触长度和最大未变形磨屑厚度。结果表明：在不同的凸轮基圆速度下,凸轮轴转动的角速度和角加速度、砂轮进给速度和加速度呈线性增长趋势;摆动磨削可改善磨削表面的质量,且改善效果受磨削参数的影响;磨削深度对磨削表面质量有弱化作用;适当提高砂轮直径、砂轮转速、凸轮速度、摆动幅度、摆动频率可提高磨削表面质量。