水库下游近坝段卵石推移质输沙率的研究

水库下游近坝河段推移质输沙问题十分复杂,涉及到多方面因素的影响.本文分析了水库下游近坝河段卵石推移质的产输规律,引入临界起动粒径的概念,建立适用于近坝河段的起动流速公式.选择适用于近坝河段的成勘院经验公式并对参数加以率定,结合近坝河段起动流速公式建立近坝河段的卵石推移质输沙率公式,经检验结果基本吻合.     

北江下游推移质输沙研究

采用数值模拟与实测资料相结合的方法研究了北江下游推移质输沙率公式的适用性、洪枯季推移质输沙率及空间分布。结果表明以切应力为主要参量的推移质输沙率公式较适用于北江下游河道,洪季Bijker公式、枯季Van Rijn公式计算误差较小。石角断面洪季推移质输沙率为9.06万t/月,枯季为2.43万t/月,年推移质输沙量为49.54万t。推移质输沙主要集中在大塘以上河段,洪枯季均在山塘上游、廻岐洲、界牌洲等处出现输沙率峰值,大塘下游推移质输沙较弱。水面比降是推移质输沙率沿程变化的主导因素。     

岷江都江堰河段卵石推移质的横向分布特性

常用的推移质输沙率公式多指单位河宽的输沙率计算，对于全断面的输沙率则涉及推移质输沙带的宽度和横向输沙率分布，本文以岷江都江堰河段卵石推移质输沙率的横向分布实测资料为基础，建立了用自然对数函数描述横向分布的概率分布函数，并对横向强输沙区，弱输沙区和不输沙区给出了量化指标。     

山区河流卵石推移质的输移特性

通过对床面颗粒的受力分析，在岷江都江堰河段和青衣江姜射坝河段的实测资料基础上，导出了卵石推移质运动状态数与爱因斯坦的推移质运动强度函数的关系，能较好地反映四川山区河流卵石推移质时均输沙率与水沙因素的关系，用对数正态分布描述卵石推移质输沙率的随机特性，证明在95％的置信水平下是成立。     

An ANFIS-based approach for predicting the bed load for moderately sized rivers

A total of 346 sets of bed-load data obtained from the Kinta River, Pari River, Kerayong River and Langat River were analyzed using four common bed-load equations. These assessments, based on the median sediment size (d₅₀), show that the existing equations were unable to predict the measured bed load accurately. All existing equations over-predicted the measured values, and none of the existing bed-load equations gave satisfactory performance when tested on local river data. Therefore, the present study applies a new soft computing technique, i.e. an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to better predict measured bed-load data. Validation of the developed network (ANFIS) was performed using a new set of bed-load data collected at Kulim River. The results show that the recommended network can more accurately predict the measured bed-load data when compared to an equation based on a regression method.     

浑水推移质分组输沙研究

天然河流的泥沙输移大多在浑水条件下进行,浑水条件与清水条件下的输沙机理存在一定差异。基于近底泥沙交换三状态随机-力学模式,考虑了床沙与推移质向悬移质的净交换,引入扬动概率,建立了浑水中非均匀推移质分级输沙率公式,进而导出总输沙率及推移质级配的计算式。浑水条件下进行的推移质输移水槽试验和野外实测资料验证了该理论公式的合理性与可靠性,并发现浑水条件下推移质级配可能粗于原始床沙级配。研究结果表明:在浑水中,以悬移质形式存在的砂质泥沙含量对有效估算推移质输沙率有着不容忽视的影响。在某粒级运动泥沙总量不变的前提下,由于一部分沙粒悬浮于水体中,将使得推移质数量相对减少。     

长江上游推移质泥沙输沙率公式的检验

对现有推移质输沙率8个代表性计算公式,采取分散度比较法,利用长江上游8个测站(点)共计1290组实测资料对其进行检验,以探讨其对长江上游输沙律的适用性。分析发现：各公式的计算结果非常分散,其中EngelundHansen公式精度相对最高,Yalin公式次之;若计算水流强度和输沙强度大的河流(如乌江、虎跳峡上峡口)时,Parker公式计算精度较高。各家公式并不适用于受下游峡谷洪水期雍水影响的河段(如奉节河段)。     

Numerical modeling of flow and scouring around a cofferdam

When planning river hydraulic structures, the analysis of the hydrodynamic and bed elevation change is of great importance, particularly the assessment of the scour depth around a cofferdam. In this study, the flow field variation and the corresponding scour depth was simulated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic analysis and a bed-load transport model. The hydrodynamic model used the streamlined upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element scheme to solve the Reynolds-averaged turbulent flow equations. Based on the results of flow field analysis, the bed-load transport model was able to simulate the scour hole development, where it was shown that velocity gradients dramatically increase due to the existence of hydraulic structures. The applicability of the model was tested by simulating the velocity field and bed elevation changes around the cofferdam constructed during the Lock and Dam No. 26 replacement project in the Mississippi River. The model created in this study is able to estimate the maximum scour depth, determine the configuration of the cofferdam to suggest changes to reduce any local scour, and suggest if protection materials around the cofferdam are needed.     

基于床面层能量平衡关系的推移质输沙率计算式

基于床面层内的水流能量关系,推导了推移质输沙率与床面层内有效水流功率的关系式.实测资料表明,推移质输沙率与床面层内有效水流功率有良好的相关性,且高于推移质输沙率与水流功率的相关性.经2 800组试验资料与天然河流资料的检验表明,该关系式的适应性良好,计算精度较高,并优于同类型的基于水流功率的推移质输沙率公式.     

沙质河床推移质输沙率计算研究

沙质河床推移质输沙计算无论在河流动力学的基本理论研究,还是在工程应用方面都有重要意义。本文回顾了前人主要研究成果,认为因推移质输沙率测验精度低而使现有公式多不适用于典型沙质河床,故在阐明推移质与悬移质泥沙交换运动机理基础上,借助因测验精度较高而在学科研究较成熟的悬移质含沙量垂线分布公式,通过向河底外延推求出推移质泥沙输沙率,并充分考虑泥沙粒径、水流强度及水力摩阻特性对沙质推移质输沙厚度的影响,得到了物理概念清晰、形式较为简明的沙质推移质输沙率公式。通过黄河细沙河床实测资料验证结果表明,本文建立的公式比前人推移质输沙率公式具有较高计算精度,可以应用到推移质输沙率测验精度不能保证的沙质河段的河床变形计算。     

非均匀沙推移质输沙率及其级配计算

本文根据水流功率理论,导出了非均匀沙推移质输沙率公式,并考虑了床沙运动的随机性及床面粗化对输沙率的影响;提出了推移质级配计算的公式。由非均匀推移质输沙率及其级配计算公式的计算值与作者、Samaga、Gilbert试验值及长江新厂(二)站、美国东汊河实测值吻合较好,并且能够用于均匀沙的推移质输沙率计算,具有广泛的通用性。     

山区河流卵石河床的推移质输沙特性

宽级配卵石河床表层大多为不同粗化程度的粗化层覆盖,现有大多数公式只能反映特定粗化程度下的输沙特性,限制了这些公式的适用性。理论分析和试验结果表明:在同样的来水来沙条件下,粗化程度越高,输沙率越小,在计算中引入粗化程度参数可以较好地提升公式的适用性;粗化层的稳定性对卵石推移质输沙有重要影响,粗化层遭受破坏后,推移质输沙率剧增,现有公式计算结果明显偏小。因此,在计算推移质输沙率时需要科学合理地考虑粗化层破坏导致的输沙率剧增问题。     

推移质平衡输沙率公式研究

将确定性方法和随机性方法相结合,以单位时间内单颗粒泥沙的交换次数代替交换时间,基于颗粒受力平衡推导了推移质颗粒的平均运动速度。结合Bagnold水流功率和Einstein起动概率的基本概念,推导了一个推移质平衡输沙率公式。该公式的系数在临界起动时较小,但随水流强度的增加而增大,从而避免了诸如Meyer-Peter、Einstein、Bagnold、Yalin及Engelund等经典推移质公式难以兼顾低强度和高强度输沙率计算的问题。利用经典的推移质输沙率实测数据检验了本文公式,表明该公式具有较好的适用性。     

不连续宽级配床沙推移质输沙率特性试验分析

通过水槽试验对不连续宽级配床沙的推移质输沙率进行试验研究.深入分析、探讨了不同水流强度及不同床沙组成对连续与不连续宽级配床沙输沙率的影响.在已有研究成果的基础上,构造了考虑床沙不均匀性的相对水流强度表达式,着重研究了相对水流强度与推移质输沙率函数的关系.利用试验资料对提出的表达式进行回归分析,确定了有关参数.最终确定的...     

Geschiebemessung in Österreich

Bedload transport is an important aspect in the fields of river engineering, flood protection, torrent and avalanche control and ecology, as well as in the context of hydropower and waterway management. In addition to providing us with a better understanding of the process itself, bedload monitoring allows us to determine the initiation of motion of bedload particles, bedload transport rates and bedload yields – important variables for planning enhanced management strategies and implementing sustainable measures. Further, this monitoring data serves as the basis for selecting, applying, calibrating and validating bedload transport formulae and numerical models. As the bedload transport process is characterized by significant spatial and temporal variability and the specific conditions vary between monitoring stations, determining the most suitable measuring system is of great importance, as are standardization and quality assurance. This article provides an overview of bedload monitoring in Austria, introduces the methodology used to assess the bedload transport process, and presents selected results.     

Mobile-bed aggradation and degradation in a narrow flume: Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations

Aggradation and degradation phenomena in fluvial beds having uniform sediments are explored experimentally and simulated numerically. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a narrow mobile-bed flume for different sediment sizes, flow discharges and bed slopes. The flume had a cross-section of curved wall and flat bed, where the shear stress distribution is not same on the bed and the walls. Tests were carried out in two conditions: (1) equilibrium condition, where, once the steady and uniform flow conditions were achieved for a given slope and discharge, the channel was fed with variable sediment discharges until the bed-load sediment transport achieved an equilibrium condition; and (2) non-equilibrium condition, where the sediment feeding was instantaneously stopped (degradation tests) or increased (aggradation tests) and the bed levels were measured over time. Experimental results enabled assessing the deposition and erosion rates and determining the empirical power law for the bed-load discharge. Numerical simulations were then performed with the Double Order Approximation (DORA) model, which solves the one-dimensional shallow water equations governing a free surface gradually varied unsteady flow on mobile beds. As closure relationship, three bed-load formulae were implemented in the numerical code: the Ackers, P. [1984. Sediment transport in sewers and the design implications. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Planning, Construction, Maintenance and Operation of Sewerage Systems, Reading, England, BHRA (Cranfield), pp. 215–230.] and Meyer-Peter, E., Müller, R. [1948. Formulas for Bed-Load Transport. Report on the Second IAHR Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 39–64.] ones and a formula empirically derived at equilibrium in the laboratory tests. The results show that the DORA model can reproduce the bed profiles over time except the local scouring at the transition between fixed and mobile bed. In particular, in the best simulations obtained by using the empirical bed-load power law, the time evolution of bed profiles is in good agreement with the measured data of aggradation and degradation tests, having small average relative errors.     

Innovationen in der Modellierung von Sedimenttransport und Morphodynamik basierend auf dem Simulationsmodell iSed

This work presents recent developments in the simulation of sediment transport and morphodynamics on the basis of the simulation model iSed, which was developed at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. The computer model is coupled with external hydrodynamic models to obtain the flow field as the basis for the simulation of sediment transport processes. The paper first defines the physical processes that must be captured by a model as well as their underlying equations. Thereafter the general model validation based on data from a laboratory flume with a 180° bend under unsteady flow conditions is shown, a model that has also been applied to study a section of the Danube River east of Vienna. The calculated bedload transport rates as well as their spatio-temporal variability showed a very good agreement with measurement data. Moreover the model allowed for the first time a successful simulation of the bed forms present in the Danube as well as their downstream movement. In order to achieve this, non-uniform calculations including grain sorting, as well as detailed field measurement data for the model setup and calibration, constitute essential prerequisites.     

清水冲刷河床粗化数学模型

本文建立了大坝下游清水冲刷河床粗化一维数学模型。该模型考虑了非均匀推移质不平衡输移,并引入混合层模式用于模拟河床组成的变化。利用Preissmann隐式格式求解水流方程组,用显式格式求解河床变形方程及床沙级配调整方程。该模型侧重于模拟河床粗化过程,也能用于河床一维变形计算。利用我们做过的清水冲刷水槽实验资料对模型进行了全面的验证,取得了令人满意的结果。     

非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率试验研究

推移质输沙率是泥沙运动力学的重要内容。目前,推移质输沙率的研究大多集中于时均输沙率,对瞬时输沙率的研究则相对较少。首先,介绍了Ballio提出的均匀沙瞬时输沙率的计算方法,对其进行推导得到非均匀沙瞬时输沙率计算公式;其次,通过非均匀沙水槽试验中得到不同颗粒泥沙的瞬时运动速度,代入改进的Ballio输沙率公式中,计算得到瞬时输沙率;然后,采用定义方法计算瞬时推移质输沙率,并与Ballio方法进行比较,结果表明两种方法得到的推移质瞬时输沙率较为接近,说明采用改进的Ballio方法计算非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率是可行的。同时,通过大量试验,揭示了非均匀推移质瞬时输沙率在时间上不稳定性、在空间上不均匀性以及运动过程中间歇性等特性。     

非均匀沙卵石推移质输移随机特性研究

使用天然尺度的实验室渠道观测了在恒定流的条件下非均匀卵石床面的推移质运动变化过程,采集到了更高精度、更长时间序列的输沙率变化过程,分析了输沙率统计变化对采样时间的依赖性。实测推移质输沙率的脉动现象十分剧烈,且当采样时间越小时,这种脉动现象越剧烈。来流为4300L/s,采样间隔分别为2、5与10min情况下,输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约4.8倍、3.3倍与2.7倍;来流为5500L/s,采样间隔分别为2、5与10min情况下,输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约3.2倍、2.1倍与1.9倍。卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值均随采样历时与无量纲希尔兹切应力的增大而减小。利用本次试验成果,通过多元线性回归得到的卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值与采样历时以及无量纲希尔兹切应力的关系式可为工程应用提供参考。