The role of proteins in animal nutrition

Summary 1. Proteins are an essential nutrient required for the proper nutrition of all animals. 2. The animal kingdom is dependent on the plant kingdom for the major portion of the protein. 3. The ruminants are not as specific in their protein requirements as the animals with small stomachs. 4. Proteins for monogastric animals are sources of undefined nutrients along with certain amino acids. 5. Biological value of proteins is an expression of the nutritional value of a protein for animals with small stomachs. 6. More information is required on the nutrients or compounds furnished by proteins of high biological value. 7. The animal proteins required to supplement vegetable proteins are available in insufficient quantities for the adequate nutrition of swine and poultry. 8. Better methods are needed for the proper evaluation of proteins. Presented as part of the symposium on “Fats and Proteins in Human and Animal Nutrition” at the 37th annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, May 15–17, 1946, in New Orleans, La.     

Large-scale production and application of highly concentrated ozone

With the new, very efficient generating plants, ozone can be produced in high concentrations, at low cost and with high reliability. This versatile reagent is therefore destined, in the near future, to play a more important role in the oleochemical industry than today, since it can help to solve different problems in the synthesis of chemicals as well as in the treatment of waste.     

双相深共熔溶剂提取的银杏果外种皮生物活性成分的分离回收

用双相深共熔溶剂（TP-DES）体系同时提取分离银杏果外种皮中亲水性成分萜内酯、黄酮、原花青素和疏水性成分银杏酚酸，分别利用EOPO（环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷共聚物）和大孔树脂对TP-DES中的亲水性和疏水性活性成分进行回收。萜内酯、黄酮和原花青素用分光光度法测定，银杏酚酸用HPLC测定，并根据回收过程中每一步的活性成分含量计算回收率。相对分子质量（简称分子量）为2650，质量分数为90%的EOPO进行回收萜内酯、黄酮和原花青素的回收率分别可达89.44%、53.27%和29.77%； HYA502B树脂静态吸附-解吸回收银杏酚酸回收率可达93.33%。     

Full-fat and defatted soy flours for human nutrition

Full-fat and defatted soy flours represent basic forms of soy protein that can be produced by simple, uncomplicated and low cost processes, and properly processed soy flours have excellent nutritional value as demonstrated in biological feeding tests with humans and small animals. New, simple production methods for full-fat soy flours, including an extrusion process for use in urban communities and a simple hand process for use in villages where skilled labor, machines and steam power are unavailable, have been developed. Severe heat treatment during processing reduces the availability of amino acids, impairs oxidative stability, reduces vitamin content and develops poor flavor characteristics in the product. Lipoxygenase inactivation before the toasting treatment is important to obtain a stable, high fat product. Good flavor in soy flours can be achieved to make them acceptable to the consumer as constituents in a wide range of processed foods. Presented at UNIDO-NU Soybean Conference, Peoria, Illinois, November 1969. Northern Marketing and Nutrition Research Division, ARS, USDA.     

Antibody-drug conjugates as drug carrier systems for bioactive agents

Conventional therapeutic strategies for the treatment of various types of cancers and tumors are known to have poor therapeutic indexes, lack of specificity, and potential cytotoxic effects on normal healthy tissues. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are considered as novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases especially cancer. ADCs reduce the chances of systemic cytotoxicity and, ultimately, increase the therapeutic index of conjugated drug. ADCs are stable in systemic circulation, but for the success of ADCs, all the components of ADC should function in a flawless manner. Despite of these components of ADCs, target selection is another stringent factor that also needs equal consideration during the development of ADC. The authors briefly discuss the key requirements of ADCs that seek further advancements for the success of ADCs.     

生物腐植酸与水产健康养殖

生物腐植酸应用于水产养殖，能改善水质、改良底质、形成健康养殖的水环境。生物腐植酸在水产养殖中有独特的作用和丰富的功能。     

Methane production/emission in storages for animal manure

Results of extended research on laboratory scale have shown that relatively high gas productions can occur at digestion of animal manure in fed-batch (=Storage)- systems at ambient temperatures. High gas productions are also reported at on-farm storage of animal manure.In order to predict the gas production during the storage of animal manure at different conditions, a model is developed based on first order kinetics for the hydrolysis and on Monod kinetics for methanogenesis. Results of anaerobic digestion of manure in both CSTR- and fed-batch systems have been used for the estimation of constants. The model predicts that, when continuously 15% of the storage is filled, no gas production is produced, at a temperature of 15°C and a storage capacity 100 days and at a temperature of 10°C and a storage capacity 150 days. At higher temperatures and longer storage capacities methane gas is always produced.     

Hydrolyzed and autolyzed vegetable proteins as functional food ingredients

Hydrolyzed vegetable or plant protein (H.V.P. or H.P.P.) can be defined as mixtures containing amino acids and frequently other substances such as salt and peptides, obtained by hydrolysis of vegetable proteins. On an industrial scale two types of hydrolytic processes are applied: acid and enzymic hydrolysis. HVP estimated sales in the western world are at least $100 million. Most HVPs are produced for internal use by soup manufacturers, for use as vital meaty or savory flavoring ingredients in bouillons, soups, sauces, processed meat, fish and poultry products and snacks. Other HVPs are more ready-made products, or have obtained additional meat flavor value by careful blending and/or by processes based on Maillard-type reactions. Of substantially less importance is the use of HVP as whipping, foaming or areating agent, as nutritional ingredients or as bread or baking improver. Most of the HVPs used for these purposes are only partially hydrolyzed by enzymes or by alkaline treatment. The legal status of HVP, food ingredient or food additive, and its safety was discussed recently at various locations. So far these discussions have resulted in the tentative conclusions that HVPs are food ingredients which need standardization, and which, at their presently used levels, can be considered as being GRAS.     

The effect of nutrition on the composition and quality of animal fats

Nutritional factors are among the most important of those which determine the composition and quality of animal fats. The composition in terms of fat acid components and characterized by relative firmness, is more affected by ingested fat than by other dietary constituents. Various aspects of the problems of quality in lard and butter are discussed, as well as the relation of nutrition to the composition and quality of the body fats of sheep, cattle and poultry, and of the egg yolk fat of poultry.     

Possibilities of peanut,pecan and safflower seed oils as supplements for olive oil

Summary Samples of completely refined peanut oil, semirefined pecan oil, imported edible grade olive oil and crude safflower seed oil have been examined for composition, spectral transmittance and other properties. Compositions were determined by means of the modified Bertram oxidation method and application of the iodine-thiocyanogen number technique. None of the oils examined simulate olive oil in composition. Peanut and pecan oils appear capable of modification to produce a product chemically similar to olive oil and for certain purposes can replace olive oil without modification. The production of pecan oil under present market conditions with regard to prices for edible oils and seedling pecan nuts does not appear to be very attractive unless the costs of processing pecans for oil can be greatly reduced. Presented before the American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, Houston, Texas, April 30 to May 1, 1942.     

Review of rapeseed meal in animal nutrition: Ruminant animals

During recent years, world literature in this area has increasingly dealt with the assessment of low glucosinolate RSM-type (LGRSM). Generally, the LGRSM-types show clear advantages over the high glucosinolate RSM-types (HGRSM). Acceptibility of concentrates to dairy cattle may be influenced negatively by increasing RSM of commercial Canadian HG-type beyond 15%. LGRSM seems to be acceptable up to at least 20% of the concentrate mixture. LGRSM-type meal of cv. Candle may possibly still be accepted at higher levels. There are indications of a higher nutritive value of the LG vs the HGRSM types. Candle has been found to be as good as, if not better than, Tower RSM. HGRSM of European origin at a level of 15–20% of the concentrate seems to decrease milk production and to influence milk composition negatively. Canadian-type LGRSM feeding at a level of 25% of the concentrate does not seem to be harmful to dairy cattle. Inclusion of 34% LGRSM lowered feed intake and milk yield. Higher milk yields are indicated when Candle is included, in comparison to Tower. Only a limited influence on milk composition (protein, fat, solids—nonfat) has been reported to result from RSM-feeding. Both HG- and LGRSM increase milk SCN⁻ and decrease milk-I contents, the milk-I, however, to a minor extent. A minute part of the OZT has been found to be carried over into milk resulting in levels much below the safe level for human consumption. Inclusion of “gums” at levels up to several times the amount corresponding to normal production has not been found to impair production traits of dairy cattle or growing cattle. Microbiological degradation of RSM in the rumen can be minimized by formaldehyde treatment, which has been reported to increase milk production. Rapeseed and rapeseed expeller seem to be prospective fat and protein sources to dairy cattle, especially in rations low in crude fat (<15 g dig. fat/kg milk). The inclusion of these products increases blood cholesterol and plasma glycerides. The iodine number of milk fat is increased. ISF-AOCS World Congress, New York City, April 1980.     

复混肥料生产配料计量和定量包装系统的设备选型

对国内应用于复混肥料生产的几种比较典型的配料计量系统和定量包装系统的优点和缺点进行分析,并阐述了设备选型和使用中的注意事项,复混肥料生产企业可根据自己的实际情况进行设备选型。     

Future prospects of animal production of fats and protein

Present trends in the global animal production of fats and protein are reviewed. The dominance of the West and the temperate latitudes is underlined, and the uniqueness of China and Japan are analyzed. The global disparities are based primarily on the ample soil resources in the West allowing for extensive production of feed crops, led by oilseeds. A second major input is fish protein, half the catches of fish from the oceans being converted into meal and oil. This kind of secondary or even tertiary production is unlikely to be copied under the parsimonious conditions of the poor world. The relative roles of oilseed and fish proteins are analyzed. Future trends are discussed on the basis of the FAO projections presented in the Indicative World Plan. One of 11 papers presented in the symposium “The World Supply of Edible Oils and Proteins”, AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.     

UV polymerization‐based surface modification technique for the production of bioactive packaging

The term bio‐active packaging refers to a packaging material that has been modified by the attachment or immobilization of bioactive components on the food contact surface. This article describes a novel, economical, and feasible technique for embedding bioactive components in energy curable food contact resins. While the technique is versatile and potentially applicable to any antimicrobial or bioactive compound; the proof of concept discussed in this article has focused on enzyme immobilization. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase were used as representative enzymes. These oxidoreductases are very sensitive to inactivation by extrinsic factors and therefore present a challenging model for immobilization. Embedding of activity occurred via UV polymerization of commercial polymer coatings. The efficiency of immobilization and the performance of bioactive packaging were tested in both food simulants and actual food products. In both cases immobilization resulted in food contact surfaces with high retained enzyme activity as demonstrated by oxygen removal. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008