预处理对东江原水超滤过程中膜污染的控制作用

以珠江流域东江水作为原水,研究不同预处理(混凝、吸附、氧化)及其组合对水体中有机污染物的去除效果及对超滤膜污染的控制作用。试验结果表明,针对东江原水中天然有机物的去除,聚合氯化铝(PACl)、粉末活性炭(PAC)和高锰酸钾(KMnO4)的最佳投加量分别为20、30、0. 1 mg/L;三种单一预处理方法能够在一定程度上缓解膜通量衰减,而两两组合预处理则能够进一步提高膜运行通量;对于聚偏氟乙烯膜,PACl+PAC组合预处理对膜污染的控制作用最好。对于UV254和蛋白质,PACl和KMn O4对其去除效果优于PAC;对于多糖,三种预处理方法对其去除效果均不佳(<40%),其中PAC略好于PACl和KMn O4。此外,三种单一预处理方法对腐殖酸类荧光物质的去除效果高于蛋白质类荧光物质,而组合预处理能够更加显著地降低这两类荧光物质的响应强度,其中PACl+PAC组合预处理对有机物各荧光组分的去除效果最佳。通过对膜污染物成分的识别分析可知,东江原水中造成超滤膜污染的物质有腐殖酸类、多糖类和蛋白质类物质,而化学不可逆污染物主要为多糖类物质及少量的腐殖酸类物质,化学可逆污染物主要为蛋白质类物质及部分腐殖酸类物质。     

混凝/沉淀预处理对超滤运行效能的影响研究

通过比较原水直接超滤和沉后水超滤后的水质,研究膜前混凝/沉淀预处理对超滤运行效能的影响。水质检测结果表明:超滤具有高效截留水中颗粒物和微生物的效能,能将出水中的浊度和细菌总数分别控制在0.1 NTU和3 CFU/mL以下,大肠杆菌未检出;混凝/沉淀预处理使CODMn和TOC的平均去除率分别提高了约22.4%和6.5%,有效降低了出水中有机物的含量。跨膜压力监测结果表明:混凝/沉淀预处理通过降低膜表面的污染负荷,有效缓解了超滤膜的可逆和不可逆污染。     

预氧化/超滤组合除锰工艺的膜污染特性

针对饮用水除锰问题,对比研究了次氯酸钠(NaClO)、二氧化氯(ClO₂)和高锰酸钾(KMnO₄)3种氧化剂预处理后与超滤组合的除锰效果和膜污染特性。结果表明,3种组合工艺均能有效去除Mn²⁺,出水Mn²⁺浓度均在5μg/L以下,去除率达到99%以上。超滤膜表面的滤饼层是造成膜污染及膜通量快速下降的重要原因之一。扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现,不同氧化剂预处理后膜表面的滤饼层形态有显著不同,KMnO₄预处理后滤饼层颗粒较大,颗粒间的空隙较为明显;而ClO₂和NaClO预处理后滤饼层颗粒细小且含量少,颗粒间的空隙不明显,从而形成较为致密的滤饼层。由X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析可知,滤饼层的主要成分是Mn³⁺和Mn⁴⁺的混合物,滤饼层表面含有丰富的表面羟基,其对水中游离的Mn²⁺表现出极强的配位吸附作用。     

饮用水超滤处理中的膜污染及减缓技术研究进展

综述了当前使用超滤工艺处理饮用水的现状及其优势特点,介绍了超滤工艺对不同污染物的去除效果,并总结了造成超滤过程中膜污染的污染物种类及膜污染类型;分析了目前超滤工艺中膜污染出现的主要原因,重点总结了当前减缓膜污染所采取的措施,包括膜前预处理、对膜材料的控制及改性操作、优化膜处理工艺以及对污染的膜进行清洗等。同时对当前饮用水超滤技术的局限性和前景进行分析,为超滤技术在今后饮用水处理领域的主要研究方向提供了思路。     

预处理技术在北京自来水厂的应用与分析

针对北京市自来水集团近年来使用的几种预处理技术(传统预氯化、高锰酸钾氧化、粉末活性炭吸附、臭氧氧化、生物预处理等)进行分析和评价,简述各种预处理技术的优、缺点和使用过程中遇到的问题.     

强化混凝/超滤组合工艺膜清洗技术的研究

强化混凝/超滤技术在去除浊度及有机物等方面具有一定优势,但膜污染造成的性能下降阻碍了其进一步发展。膜清洗能够在一定程度上缓解膜污染、提高膜通量、恢复膜的过滤性能。以湖水为原水,进行强化混凝/超滤试验,考察了物理清洗和化学清洗对膜污染的去除效果。物理清洗以清洗时间为变量,采用先气冲、后水冲的方式;化学清洗以草酸和NaOH为清洗剂,比较不同的组合及清洗条件下的清洗效果。试验结果表明:水力清洗能在一定程度上改善及维持膜通量,清洗后通量上升的比例为50.6%;延长水力清洗时间及在过滤和清洗过程中增加曝气,均有助于通量的恢复。化学清洗后扫描电镜(SEM)的分析结果表明,当以三氯化铁为混凝剂时,采用2%的草酸溶液浸泡40 min后,对膜表面污染的去除效果较好,而先采用2%的草酸溶液浸泡40 m in,再用2%的NaOH溶液反冲30 min,对膜孔内污染的清洗效果相对较好。     

天然有机物在超滤过程中的膜污染和膜清洗

介绍了天然有机物(NOM)造成膜污染的机理。根据相关试验数据，比较了不同化学清洗方法对不同类型NOM造成膜污染的清洗效果。     

混凝-超滤工艺处理滦河水的中试研究

采用混凝—超滤工艺进行了处理滦河水的中试研究,考察了混凝剂投量和混凝反应时间对膜出水水质及跨膜压差的影响。结果表明,在三氯化铁投量为6 mg/L、混凝反应时间为7.5min时,系统对污染物的去除效果较好,对CODMn的去除率为48.7%,膜出水的CODMn〈2.0 mg/L,浊度〈0.1 NTU;此时的跨膜压差相对较小且随运行时间增长缓慢。在高温、高藻期,预氯化有助于提高系统对有机物的去除率并可减缓膜污染;EFM清洗方式可使膜系统长时间在较低的跨膜压差下运行,是延缓膜污染的有效手段。     

臭氧预氧化/MBR工艺的膜污染研究

以受污染地表水为处理对象,通过与单独膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的对比,考察了臭氧预氧化/膜生物反应器(O<,3>/MBR)工艺的除污效果及膜污染情况.两个系统均稳定运行了55d,其中预氧化工艺的臭氧投量为1.5 mg/L,臭氧反应柱的接触时间为15 min.结果表明,臭氧预氧化不仅能够有效提高对有机污染物的去除效率,而且显著降低了膜污染.三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,臭氧预氧化能够以不同方式缓解膜表面及膜孔内污染物质的积累,从而减轻了膜污染.采用凝胶色谱对水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分子质量分布进行了研究,结果显示:在254 nm波长处,O<,3>/MBR工艺混合液中DOM的吸收强度明显低于MBR的,尤其是分子质量为500～2 000 u的有机污染物,说明臭氧预氧化能够减轻这类物质引起的膜污染.运行结束后,通过扫描电镜观察发现,臭氧预氧化能够有效降低膜孔的堵塞,从而有助于控制不可逆污染对膜过滤过程的影响.     

高铁酸盐预氧化强化混凝技术处理微污染原水

通过投加高铁酸盐对微污染原水进行预氧化和强化混凝处理,考察了处理效果,并对药剂投加方式和投加量进行了优化.结果表明,高铁酸盐和硫酸铝复合投加的处理效果优于单独投加高铁酸盐、硫酸铝或聚合氯化铝铁的,可有效去除有机物、浊度和氨氮,在较优药剂组合和投量下,可保证沉后水的CODMn和浊度分别低于3.0 mg/L和0.5 NTU.     

膜生物反应器膜污染及其防治技术

讨论了膜污染对膜生物反应器运行的影响,对膜污染现象、膜污染过程及其种类对膜生物反应器的冲击进行了综述。通过分析认为：膜污染的影响因素主要有膜的性质、活性污泥混合液和膜组件的运行条件等,其中后两者为主要因素。     

Pre-coagulation for microfiltration of an upland surface water

The effect of different coagulants on cake formation and hydraulic resistance in membrane filtration of strongly coloured (SUVA> or =4.8) upland surface water has been studied at bench-scale under constant pressure conditions. Coagulants used were aluminium sulphate, polyaluminium chloride, ferric chloride and ferric sulphate. Optimisation of coagulation parameters was carried by conventional jar testing. The R'c (specific cake resistance in m(-2)) values were determined for all coagulants over a range of coagulant doses and slow mixing flocculation periods. Experiments indicated slight differences in cake formation trends between ferric- and aluminium-based coagulants and chloride and sulphate counterions, but that the range of measured R'c values was small (0.9 and 2.6 x 10(18) m(-2)) over the range of doses studied. Greater than 99% UV(254) removal was achieved with every coagulant, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal ranged from 78% to 88%. Optimisation of the pre-coagulation-membrane filtration process suggests ferric chloride to be slightly superior for the feedwater matrix studied on the basis of DOC removal, whereas ferric sulphate gave slightly lower filter cake specific resistance values.     

Submerged microfiltration membrane coupled with alum coagulation/powdered activated carbon adsorption for complete decolorization of reactive dyes

Even the presence of very low concentrations of dyes (1mgL(-1)) in the effluent is highly visible and is considered aesthetically undesirable. It must be removed from wastewater completely. This study systematically evaluates the performance of adsorption (three kinds of powdered activated carbons), coagulation (AlCl3.6H2O) and membrane (submerged hollow fiber microfiltration) processes individually in treating two kinds of reactive dyes (Orange 16 and Black 5) and then using a hybrid process with combined coagulation-adsorption-membrane treatment system. Adsorption capacity and kinetics of Orange 16 were much higher and faster than those of Black 5. The dye removal efficiency by coagulation was highly dependent on dye concentration and solution pH. The hybrid process performance was far more superior that individual process in removing both kinds of dyes. It was evident that the combined coagulation-adsorption-membrane process has a great potential application for complete reactive dye removal, production of high-quality treated water and allows the reduction in the use of coagulant and adsorbent.     

Influence of substrate on fouling in anoxic immersed membrane bioreactors

The influence of carbon substrate chemistry on membrane bioreactor (MBR) fouling in anoxic conditions has been evaluated. The use of a weak carboxylic acid (acetic acid) resulted in the production of large open-floc structures (up to 508microm) that were susceptible to breakage. Primary particles (d(10) and d(20) particle sizes, 5.5+/-1.3 and 15.3+/-8.2microm, respectively) and macromolecular soluble microbial products (SMPs) were generated, directly impacting on membrane fouling. The use of a primary alcohol (ethanol), on the other hand, encouraged the growth of flocs similar to activated sludge. These flocs produced low concentrations of primary particles (d(10) and d(20) particle sizes, 120.6+/-36.1 and 185.2+/-62.7microm, respectively) and high-molecular-weight SMP, and the particles had sufficient mechanical integrity to withstand shear. Consequently, the use of ethanol resulted in sufficient suppression of fouling to extend the filtration time by a factor of three. An increase in MLSS concentration did not directly impact upon fouling when operating with ethanol, primarily because of the low concentration of particulate matter produced.     

Effect of temperature shocks on membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors

Temperature is known to influence the biological performance of conventional activated sludge systems. In membrane bioreactors (MBRs), temperature not only affects the bioconversion process but is also shown to have an effect on the membrane performance. Four phenomena are generally reported to explain the higher resistance for membrane filtration found at lower temperatures: (1) increased mixed liquor viscosity, reducing the shear stress generated by coarse bubbles, (2) intensified deflocculation, reducing biomass floc size and releasing EPS into the mixed liquor, (3) lower backtransport velocity and (4) reduced biodegradation of COD. Although the higher resistance at low temperatures has been reported in several papers, the relation with supernatant composition has not been investigated before. In this paper, the composition of the soluble fraction of the mixed liquor is related to membrane performance after exposing the sludge to temperature shocks. Flux step experiments were performed in an experimental system at 7, 15, and 25° Celsius with sludge that was continuously recirculated from a pilot-scale MBR. After correcting the permeate viscosity for temperature, higher membrane fouling rates were obtained for the lower temperature in combination with low fouling reversibility. The soluble fraction of the MBR mixed liquor was analysed for polysaccharides, proteins and submicron particle size distribution. At low temperature, a high polysaccharide concentration was found in the experimental system as compared to the MBR pilot. Upon decreasing the temperature of the mixed liquor, a shift was found in particle size towards smaller particles. These results show that the release of polysaccharides and/or submicron particles from sludge flocs could explain the increased membrane fouling at low temperatures.     

Effects of super-powdered activated carbon pretreatment on coagulation and trans-membrane pressure buildup during microfiltration

As a pretreatment for membrane microfiltration (MF), the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC) with a particle size much smaller than that of conventional PAC (super-powdered PAC, or S-PAC) has been proposed to enhance the removal of dissolved substances. In this paper, another advantage of S-PAC as a pretreatment for MF is described: the use of S-PAC attenuates trans-membrane pressure increases during the filtration operation. The floc particles that formed during coagulation preceded by S-PAC pretreatment were larger and more porous than the floc particles formed during coagulation preceded by PAC pretreatment and those formed during coagulation without pretreatment. This result was due to increased particle–particle collision frequency and better removal of natural organic matter, which inhibits coagulation by consuming coagulant, before the coagulation reaction. The caked fouling layer that built up on the membrane surface was thus more permeable with S-PAC than with normal PAC. Both physically reversible and irreversible membrane foulings were reduced, and more stable filtration was accomplished with S-PAC pretreatment.     

Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment

Two parallel membrane bioreactors (2 m3 each) were operated over a period of 2 years. Both pilots were optimised for nitrification, denitrification, and enhanced biological phosphorous elimination, treating identical municipal wastewater under comparable operating conditions. The only constructional difference between the pilots was the position of the denitrification zone (pre-denitrification in pilot 1 and post-denitrification in pilot 2). Despite identical modules and conditions, the two MBRs showed different permeabilities and fouling rates. The differences were not related to the denitrification scheme. In order to find an explanation for the different membrane performances, a one-year investigation was initiated and the membrane performance as well as the operating regime and characteristics of the activated sludge were closely studied. MLSS concentrations, solid retention time, loading rates, and filtration flux were found not to be responsible for the different performance of the submerged modules. These parameters were kept identical in the two pilot plants. Instead, the non-settable fraction of the sludges (soluble and colloidal material, i.e. polysaccharides, proteins and organic colloids) was found to impact fouling and to cause the difference in membrane performance between the two MBR. This fraction was analysed by spectrophotometric and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) methods. In a second step, the origin of these substances was investigated. The results point to microbiologically produced substances such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or soluble microbial products (SMP).     

Impact of coagulation and adsorption on DOC fractions of secondary effluent and resulting fouling behaviour in ultrafiltration

Membrane fouling by macromolecular dissolved organic compounds is still a fundamental drawback in low-pressure membrane filtration of secondary effluent. In this study, pre-treatment of secondary effluent by coagulation and/or adsorption was investigated in terms of removal of different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fractions, especially macromolecular substances. DOC fractionation has been characterised by size exclusion chromatography. Adsorption tests using four commercially available activated carbons yielded a removal of small as well as larger organic compounds, revealing differences in the affinity towards macromolecules depending on the type of applied activated carbon. By contrast, coagulation removed predominantly larger molecules, i.e., biopolymers and humic substances. In terms of DOC reduction, the coagulant ferric chloride was superior to aluminium chloride. A combination of coagulation and adsorption resulted in the addition of individual removal efficiencies, suggesting that different fractions of organic compounds were involved in each of the processes. After removal of macromolecular organic compounds either by coagulation or by adsorption, a significant reduction of membrane fouling was observed in tests using two different types of ultrafiltration flat-sheet membranes in 20-h cross-flow filtration tests.     

Influence of filtration conditions on membrane fouling and scouring aeration effectiveness in submerged membrane bioreactors to treat municipal wastewater

Membrane fouling and scouring aeration effectiveness were studied using three large pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) operated at a series of permeate fluxes, scouring aeration intensities and cyclic aeration frequencies to treat municipal wastewater. The results showed that when operated at the sustainable conditions, the MBRs had a stable reversible fouling resistance. At unsustainable conditions, the reversible fouling resistance increased exponentially as filtration progressed. For each of above two cases, the fouling ratios newly defined by Eqs. (7) and (8) were calculated from the transmembrane pressure increases to compare the relative reversible fouling rates. With the range of sustainable filtration conditions, the fouling ratios at the same reference scouring aeration intensity were found to be proportional to permeate flux. Similarly, the fouling ratios calculated with the same reference permeate flux decreased exponentially with increasing scouring aeration intensity. Moreover, the effects of scouring aeration intensity and permeate flux on the fouling ratios were found to be independent of one another. As a result, an empirical relationship was derived to relate the stable reversible fouling resistance to sustainable permeate fluxes and scouring aeration intensities. Its application was demonstrated by constructing transmembrane pressure contours overlaid with scouring aeration effectiveness contours to aid in the selection of optimal MBR filtration conditions.