Structure of occupational diseases in patients examined and treated at the Institute clinic of hygiene, occupational diseases and human ecology

The authors analyze data on patients diagnosed as having occupational disease in 1970-1995 and grouped according to age, sex, length of service, occupational hazards. Incidence of various syndromes in occupational diseases is calculated. The authors detail some items obscuring diagnosis of occupational diseases and necessitate referral to various professionals for precise and early diagnosis.     

Health status of the Russian population and current problems in occupational medicine and industrial ecology

Major goal of occupational medicine--better health of employees--could be reached through integrated theoretical and practical approaches to the issues assigned to different scientific spheres. The article suggests some principles of new direction in prophylactic medicine. Those principles form a theoretical basis for occupational medicine and industrial ecology: being also a powerful instrument for evaluation and management of occupational and ecologic risk. The authors define group and individual risk, base a concept of residual risk and necessitate further improvement of protecting measures to restrict individual risk for every employee.     

韶钢推行清洁生产的探索与展望

简要介绍韶钢近年来在清洁生产方面的探索和实践，并对未来进行展望．     

Goals and scientific achievements of the Institute of Oncology

The Institute of oncology represents an oncological center which renders the measures of prevention, early detection and diagnostic of tumours and multidisciplinary strategy for antitumour treatment, including rehabilitation of patients suffering from tumours. To fulfil the above mentioned aims the Institute is organized in ten completely operative units and several functional centres and committees. The paper presents only few aspects of diagnostic and treatment of tumour, and the implementation of the programmes and targets of individual organizational units within the Institute. This orientation is particularly actual now when epidemiological studies show an increase of disease and mortality incidence in the region of Vojvodina.     

Scientist-administrators at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development as contributors to the scientific enterprise.

Describes the role of the program staff at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, who work to accomplish their organization's set of research priorities using established mechanisms. They disseminate information, review proposals, monitor grants, and provide feedback to investigators. In addition to prioritizing and funding mechanisms, the definition of their work is given to their interpretation, which is guided by their understanding of their scientific discipline and their commitment to it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Work organization research at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

For 25 years, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted and sponsored laboratory, field, and epidemiological studies that have helped define the role of work organization factors in occupational safety and health. Research has focused on the health effects of specific job conditions, occupational stressors in specific occupations, occupational differences in the incidence of stressors and stress-related disorders, and intervention strategies. NIOSH and the American Psychological Association have formalized the concept of occupational health psychology and developed a postdoctoral training program. The National Occupational Research Agenda recognizes organization of work as one of 21 national occupational safety and health research priority areas. Future research should focus on industries, occupations, and populations at special risk; the impact of work organization on overall health; the identification of healthy organization characteristics; and the development of intervention strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

国内外易切削钢的研究现状和前景

易切削钢与普通碳素钢相比,具有优良的切削性能和表面光洁度,介绍了国内外易切削钢的分类、成分控制,并介绍了国内外易切削钢的研究现状,对其研究前景进行了展望.     

Cardiovascular disease prevention research at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

The morphology of endothelial cells in vivo depends on the local hemodynamic forces. Cells are polygonal and randomly oriented in areas of low shear stress, but they are elongated and aligned in the direction of fluid flow in regions of high shear stress. Endothelial cells in vitro also have a polygonal shape, but the application of shear stress orients and elongates the cells in the direction of fluid flow. The corresponding spatial reorganization of the cytoskeleton in response to the applied hemodynamic forces is unknown. In this study, we determined the spatial reorganization of the cytoskeleton throughout the volume of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells after the cells had been exposed to a physiological level of shear stress for 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h. The response of the monolayer to shear stress was not monotonic; it had three distinct phases. The first phase occurred within 3 h. The cells elongated and had more stress fibers, thicker intercellular junctions, and more apical microfilaments. After 6 h of exposure, the monolayer entered the second phase, where the cells exhibited characteristics of motility. The cells lost their dense peripheral bands and had more of their microtubule organizing centers and nuclei located in the upstream region of the cell. The third phase began after 12 h of exposure and was characterized by elongated cells oriented in the direction of fluid flow. The stress fibers in these cells were thicker and longer, and the heights of the intercellular junctions and microfilaments were increased. These results suggest that endothelial cells initially respond to shear stress by enhancing their attachments to the substrate and neighboring cells. The cells then demonstrate characteristics of motility as they realign. The cells eventually thicken their intercellular junctions and increase the amount of apical microfilaments. The time course of rearrangement can be described as a constrained motility that produces a new cytoskeletal organization that alters how the forces produced by fluid flow act on the cell and how the forces are transmitted to the cell interior and substrate.     

Main areas and results of research at the Institute of Biomedical Problems in 1963-1998

The paper features the history of the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), the Russian leading institution in space biology and medicine, and the advances achieved by researchers over 35 years since its foundation. Special attention is devoted to the contribution of the Institute to the establishment of international co-operation in human space flight and space life sciences. Future of the space life sciences and humans in space is outlined.     

Scientific rewards and conflicts of ethical choices in human subjects research.

The primary responsibility of the American Psychological Association's (APA's) Committee on Standards in Research (CSR) is to advise the APA on issues and standards related to the protection of human participants in psychological research. A related goal is to enhance the use of good ethical practices by APA members. The purpose of this article is to foster the view of research ethics not as an affront to the integrity of sound research, but as opportunities for scientific rewards, including increased understanding of the meaning of data, enhanced recruitment, and the inclusion of more representative samples. Three ethical practices are discussed as examples of this general premise: respect for confidentiality, use of debriefing, and assurance that participants are noncoerced volunteers. The CSR's intent is to promote consideration of these issues, not to promulgate specific guidelines or procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intervertebral disc prosthesis. Results and prospects for the year 2000

Presently, the kinematic disc prosthesis model (SB Charité) is the best disc replacement compromise, and is the basis of the evolution of the prosthetic concept at the dawning of the year 2000. Clinical results of a homogeneous series of 105 cases with a mean followup of 51 months show 79% of the patients had an excellent result and 87% returned to work, radiologically, these results correlated with restoration of a well balanced lordosis and with segmental mobility. Factors leading to failure are posterior facet arthritis, osteoporosis, structural deformities, and secondary facet pain. Two- and 3-dimensional numeric modeling enables one to study the total facet joint loading and the maximal local loading on the facet. Dissociation of the stiffness in pure rotation and stiffness in translation of the disc are the bases of the technologic improvement.