结构可控的纳米多孔气凝胶材料

综述了气凝胶材料的发展及潜在的应用前景。     

纳米多孔材料炭气凝胶及其在电吸附领域的应用

炭气凝胶作为一种新型具有特殊无定型结构的功能材料引起了各国研究者的极大兴趣.随着电吸附理论的发展,炭气凝胶日益成为具有诱人发展前景的电吸附材料.阐述了炭气凝胶的发展、研究动态及应用前景,探讨了电吸附理论及其基本原理,着重就炭气凝胶在电吸附领域的工业应用进行论述.     

气凝胶在气体吸附净化中的应用研究进展

气凝胶(Aerogels)是一种以空气为介质的轻质多孔性凝聚态物质,由胶体粒子或高聚物分子相互聚集构成独特的纳米多孔三维网络结构。气凝胶的颗粒相和孔隙尺寸均为纳米量级,具有相当高的比表面积和孔隙率、可调控的开放孔隙结构、易于化学修饰的表面以及多样化的种类和形态,其气体吸附量可比同等条件下活性炭吸附量高两个数量级,因此在气体吸附净化领域逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。目前,气体吸附净化领域研究较多的气凝胶主要是SiO_2气凝胶和炭气凝胶。此外,近年来对金属氧化物气凝胶以及SiC气凝胶、石墨烯气凝胶、生物质基气凝胶等新型气凝胶的气体吸附应用也有相应的研究报道。吸附材料对目标气体需要同时具有较高的吸附容量和良好的选择性吸附能力。气凝胶的高比表面积和多孔性质提供了众多的吸附位点,但仅依靠自身物理吸附作用的吸附量有限,对目标气体的选择性不高,在实际吸附应用中,往往由于共存气体组分的竞争吸附影响对目标气体的吸附性能。因此,为了进一步提升气凝胶的吸附容量,提高对目标气体的选择性,研究人员围绕气凝胶修饰改性进行了大量的研究探索工作,并取得了一定的进展。目前,气凝胶吸附净化研究报道的目标气体主要是温室气体CO_2和大气中主要的污染物挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。针对目标气体的不同可分别通过氨基功能化、氮掺杂等方法引入碱性位点或通过引入非极性官能团对气凝胶进行疏水改性,以提升气凝胶对CO_2或VOCs的吸附量和选择性。所采用的修饰改性方式主要有以下两种:一是在湿凝胶形成后或超临界干燥后通过嫁接、浸渍等手段对气凝胶表面进行功能化改性,通过引入特定的官能团或活性组分提升气凝胶对目标气体的吸附量和选择性;另一种是在溶胶-凝胶反应过程中引入功能化前驱体,在分子或纳米尺度上赋予气凝胶网络特定的性能,进而有效平衡活性组分稳定性和对目标气体的吸附性能。此外,对于炭气凝胶,还可通过活化进一步增大比表面积,改善孔隙结构和表面化学性质,从而实现对目标气体污染物吸附性能的优化。本文归纳了各类气凝胶在CO_2与VOCs吸附净化方面的研究进展,介绍了气凝胶的制备过程和结构特点,讨论并对比了不同气凝胶对目标气体的吸附性能与吸附机理,总结了当前气体吸附净化研究中对气凝胶进行修饰改性的主要方法,最后指出提高气凝胶的结构稳定性和吸附速率、设计可同时吸附多种目标气体的气凝胶、缩短制备周期并降低成本是未来研究工作的重点。     

轻质纳米多孔性材料—气凝胶

综述了轻质纳米多孔性材料气凝胶的制备方法、基本性能以及在诸多领域的应用。     

有机气凝胶和碳气凝胶的研究与应用

有机气凝胶与碳气凝胶是国际上近年来相继研制成功的新型纳米多孔性材料。介绍了有机气凝胶与碳气凝胶的制备过程、基本性质及应用前景。     

HF催化快速制备SiO2气凝胶

ＳｉＯ２气凝胶晃一种新型轻质纳米多孔泡沫材料,本文以正硅酸乙酯（ＴＥＯＳ）为原料,以乙醇为溶剂,以ＨＦ为催化溶胶－凝胶法快速制备出了ＳｉＯ２气凝胶。ＨＦ的加入大大加速了溶胶－凝胶反应速度,使凝胶时间减少至几分钟甚至更短;同时使凝胶温度降低至室温。ＢＥＴ及ＴＥＭ测试结果表明所制备的ＳｉＯ２气凝胶具有大比表面积（６７３．８ｍ＾２ｇ＾－１）、纳米多孔结构（骨架颗粒为几纳米,孔洞尺寸为５～３０ｎｍ）。     

氨基功能化气凝胶二氧化碳吸附研究进展

高性能CO2吸附剂不仅对控制全球变暖意义重大,而且在航空航天、 国防军工、 能源、 化工等多个领域有广泛应用.多孔材料的氨基功能化是开发高性能CO2吸附剂的有效手段,其中气凝胶具有相互贯通的三维纳米多孔网络结构、 大的比表面积和发达的孔隙,是一种理想的气体吸附材料.探讨了氨基功能化气凝胶材料的CO2吸附机理和吸附性能测...     

厦大研制高效隔热纳米多孔SiO2气凝胶

厦门大学材料学院日前研制出纳米多孔超轻质高效隔热SiO2气凝胶材料。该材料具有极高的孔隙率、比表面积,极低的密度、声传播速度、介电常数等优异性能。该材料阻燃性好,高温使用不分解,可有效解决传统保温隔热材料不能解决的问题,用于太阳能热水器的储水箱、管道和集热器上可将现有太阳能热水器等集热效率提高1倍以上,而热损失将降至现有水平的30%。     

纳米二氧化硅气凝胶新型制备技术及其在建材领域的应用

当今世界能源问题已经成为影响人类发展的重大问题,各国都意识到解决能源危机的出路在于合理开发新能源的同时注重节约能源。由于建筑耗能在人类整个能源消耗中占30%～40%,所以建筑节能意义重大,建筑物使用保温隔热材料是节约能源、提高建筑居住和使用功能的一个重要措施。工程建筑的外墙保温是建筑节能的重要组成部分之一,其主要     

气凝胶材料的研究进展

三维纳米网络结构的气凝胶材料具有许多独特的性能,在光学、热学、声学、微电子学、高功率激光等诸多领域具有广阔的应用前景,是目前材料科学研究领域的热点之一。主要从气凝胶的结构、制备机理、干燥工艺、改性以及应用等方面综述了气凝胶材料的研究进展,并展望了其今后的研究发展方向。     

炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的吸附性能

间苯二酚和糠醛的醇溶液在六次甲基四胺催化下经溶胶-凝胶过程合成醇凝胶,常压干燥后得到有机气凝胶,经炭化获得炭气凝胶.利用TEM和N2吸附表征了炭气凝胶及其有机气凝胶前驱体的结构,并通过有机蒸汽吸附实验研究了气凝胶的结构-吸附性能关系.实验结果表明：有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量高于对非极性有机蒸汽的静态饱和吸附量;提高热处理温度,有利于气凝胶对低浓度极性有机蒸汽和各种浓度非极性有机蒸汽的吸附,但不利于对高浓度极性有机蒸汽的吸附;随着有机蒸汽浓度的提高,气凝胶对极性有机蒸汽的吸附量明显增大,但对非极性有机蒸汽的吸附量影响不大,仅略微上升.此外,气凝胶的室温脱附率高达60 %～85 %.     

间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶的制备及氢吸附性能研究

以间苯三酚和甲醛为前驱体制备出了间苯三酚-甲醛气凝胶(PF)及碳气凝胶(CPF),并对气凝胶的结构进行了表征;采用自动吸附仪测定了1.01×10Pa内和液氮温度下PF/CPF气凝胶的氢吸附性能.实验结果表明在该条件下PF/CPF气凝胶氢吸附等温线为第一类微孔型吸附等温线;氢吸附量质量密度分别为1.73%和2.42%,碳化能显著提高气凝胶的氢吸附性能,有望通过改善气凝胶的结构增加微孔数量来提高氢吸附量以实现实际应用.     

Reversible toluene adsorption on monolithic carbon aerogels

Thirteen monolithic carbon aerogels with different pore textures were used as toluene adsorbents. Adsorption was carried out under both static and dynamic conditions. Under static conditions at 25 degrees C and at saturation, an adsorption capacity as high as 1.36 cm(3) g(-1) or 1180 mg g(-1) was obtained. Toluene adsorption was a reversible process in all carbon aerogels, and the adsorbed toluene was completely recovered by heating them at 400 degrees C. Regenerated adsorbents showed larger surface area and micropore width than the original samples, indicating that no pore blockage was produced. Adsorption under dynamic conditions at 100 degrees C was also completely reversible after at least three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The ability of these carbon aerogels to reversibly adsorb toluene could be useful for their application in thermal swing adsorption or pressure swing adsorption equipment.     

Tailoring mechanical properties of aerogels for aerospace applications

Silica aerogels are highly porous solid materials consisting of three-dimensional networks of silica particles and are typically obtained by removing the liquid in silica gels under supercritical conditions. Several unique attributes such as extremely low thermal conductivity and low density make silica aerogels excellent candidates in the quest for thermal insulation materials used in space missions. However, native silica aerogels are fragile at relatively low stresses. More durable aerogels with higher strength and stiffness are obtained by proper selection of silane precursors and by reinforcement with polymers. This paper first presents a brief review of the literature on methods of silica aerogel reinforcement and then discusses our recent activities in improving not only the strength but also the elastic response of polymer-reinforced silica aerogels. Several alkyl-linked bis-silanes were used in promoting flexibility of the silica networks in conjunction with polymer reinforcement by epoxy.     

Synthesis of hydrophobic aerogels for transparent window insulation applications

Abstract

The present paper deals with the synthesis of hydrophobic aerogels using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as a hydrophobic agent for transparent window insulation applications. The molar ratio of methanol (solvent), water, and ammonia (catalyst) to the tetramethoxysilane (precursor) MeOH/H₂O/NH₄OH/TMOS was fixed at 12/4&/3·6×10^-3/1 throughout the experiments and the MTMS/TMOS molar ratio M was varied from 0 to 1·55. After gelation, the alcogels were dried supercritically using the high temperature alcohol method. It has been found that lower (<0·26) M values resulted in highly transparent (optical transmission >90% for a 10 mm thick sample at 800 mm wavelength) and negligible volume shrinkage (<2%) but less hydrophobic aerogels whereas higher (>1·03) M values resulted in semitransparent (<20% optical transmission of 800 nm for a 1 cm thick sample) aerogels with >10% volume shrinkage but excellent hydrophobicity. A good compromise of acceptable optical transmittance (～85% optical transmission at 800 nm for a 1 cm thick sample), hydrophobicity with 42 kg m^-3 bulk density, and negligible volume shrinkage were obtained at M≈0·70. Hydrophobicity of the aerogels was tested by measuring the contact angle between a water droplet and the aerogel surface. The aerogels were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, bulk density, optical transmittance, and thermal conductivity measurements.     

TEMPO催化氧化对球形再生纤维素气凝胶阳离子吸附性能的影响

采用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧基自由基(TEMPO)选择性催化氧化体系对再生纤维素气凝胶进行表面羧基化改性,制备出羧基化的再生纤维素气凝胶。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外光谱和原子吸收等检测手段对不同氧化处理时间的纤维素气凝胶的微观形貌、化学结构和吸附性能进行表征分析,结果表明,随着氧化处理时间的增加,球形再生纤维素气凝胶的羧基含量逐渐增加,结构稳定性逐渐下降,在改性12h时可以获得羧基含量较高(1.25mmol/g)结构相对稳定的产品;TEMPO氧化处理增加了球形气凝胶表面的透过性,并且避免了内部网络因干燥和氢键缔合而产生的聚集;羧基的引入使球形纤维素气凝胶对阳离子染料和部分金属离子的吸附性能得到改善,其中对金胺O的最大吸附量为1.24mmol/g,对金属离子Cu2+的最大吸附量为0.55mmol/g。     

Nanozyme-involved biomimetic cascade catalysis for biomedical applications

Enzyme cascade reactions in biological systems can effectively improve the catalytic performances owing to their high local concentration, efficient mass transfer and reduced intermediate decomposition. However, the disadvantages of high cost, low stability, and easy inactivation limit their practical applications in harsh environments. Nanozymes as the substitutes for enzymes not only have enzyme-like activities but also possess high stability, tunable catalytic property, and high pH/temperature tolerance, which have been intensively investigated for the establishment of biomimetic catalysis systems. In this review, we first summarized the recent development of the construction and advantage of the nanozyme-involved cascade reaction system. Then, the biomedical applications of the nanozyme-enhanced biomimetic cascade catalytic systems, including biosensing, therapies and antioxidation, were highlighted in detail. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for nanozyme-activated cascade reactions are discussed and outlooked.