Sensory and Physical Properties of Peanut Butter Treated with Palm Oil and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil to Prevent Oil Separation

Sensory properties of peanut butters stabilized with 0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% palm oil (PO) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and stored for 153 d at 0, 21, 30, and 45 °C were determined. Oxidized flavor in unstabilized peanut butter (UPB) and PO was compared with HVO to determine shelf-life. Shelf-life of UPB stored at 21, 30, and 45 °C was 75 d. Peanut butter with 2.5% palm oil had a shelf-life of 113 d. Regression analysis indicated a linear association for the attributes graininess, hardness, oiliness, mouthdryness, and spreadability with day, treatment, and temperature. No linear relationships existed between stickiness, adhesiveness, and gumminess and day, temperature, and levels of PO.     

Optimization Analysis of Sunflower Butter

A sunflower butter product was formulated and processing conditions were varied to study their effect on the overall sensory and physical characteristics of the final product. Amounts of salt, sugar, and stabilizer as well as roast level were optimized to yield a sunflower butter that most closely resembles peanut butter, in both physical and sensory quality. To produce a wide range of flavor, aroma, color, and texture attributes, 2 roasting levels (high and low), 2 sugar levels (7% and 9%), 2 salt levels (0.9% and 1.1%), and 3 stabilizer (Dritex‐C) levels (1.6%, 1.7%, and 1.8%) were selected. Sunflower butter formulations were rated more “earthy” and less “salty” than peanut butter, but differences in the “sweet” attribute were small. Largest differences in the textural sensory attributes were denoted for the initial firmness and spreadability, with panel judging sunflower butter samples less spreadable and having a higher initial firmness. The panel rated sunflower butters more adhesive at the 1st bite; however, once chewed, sunflower butters were rated as less adhesive and higher on the “ease of swallow”. Cluster analysis on sensory data revealed the “best” formulation to have 1.8% stabilizer, 7% sugar, 1.1% salt, and a low roast level. Cluster analysis on the instrumental hardness, adhesion, oil separation, and color profile revealed the formulation closest to the controls to have the same amount of sugar and roast level, but 1.6% of stabilizer and 0.9% salt instead.     

Unhydrogenated Palm Oil as a Stabilizer for Peanut Butter

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the potential of unhydrogenated palm oil (PO), with and without peanut shell flour (PSF), to prevent oil separation in peanut butter. Percent oil separation, texture and color attributes were measured after 0, 1 and 2 wk storage at 15, 25 and 35°C. Computer-generated contour plots indicated that 2.0–2.5% PO should effectively stabilize peanut butter stored at 21–24°C for ≥ 1 year without affecting color. PSF (≥ 0.8%) decreased L value of color by a 5% but did not increase firmness of experimental products containing PO. Samples stabilized with PO were softer than those containing a commercial stabilizer.     

MICROSTRUCTURE of PEANUT BUTTER STABILIZED WITH PALM OIL

Free oil separation is a problem in "natural" peanut butter. Studies have indicated that palm oil functions as an effective stabilizer in peanut butter. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of palm oil on microstructural features of peanut butter. Samples containing 0, 1.5 and 2.5% palm oil and a control containing hydrogenated vegetable oils were prepared and stored at 0C and 45C for 130 days. Microstructure was examined by light microscopy. Addition of palm oil in peanut butter markedly increased spatial distribution of protein bodies and cell wall fragments when compared to nonstabilized products. Palm oil has potential as a stabilizer in peanut butter, but shelf-life stability is likely to be less than that achieved with presently used stabilizers, at elevated temperatures due to a less stable microstructure resulting in a lower level of solid dispersion in the continuous oil phase.     

Physicochemical Effects of the Lipid Phase and Protein Level on Meat Emulsion Stability,Texture, and Microstructure

ABSTRACT: The effects of beef fat (25%) substitution with rendered beef fat, canola oil, palm oil, or hydrogenated palm oil at varying meat protein levels (8%, 11%, and 14%) were studied in emulsified beef meat batters. There was no significant difference in fat loss among meat batters made with beef fat, rendered beef fat, or palm oil. Hydrogenated palm oil provided the most stable batters at all protein levels. Increasing meat protein to 14% resulted in high fat loss in batters prepared with canola oil, which did not occur in the other formulations. This indicates that the physicochemical characteristics of fat/oil affect emulsion stability. Cooked batter hardness was higher (P < 0.05) when protein level was raised; highest in hydrogenated palm oil batters when compared at similar protein levels. As protein level was raised springiness values were increased in all the meat treatments. Springiness was higher in the canola oil treatments. Light microscopy revealed fat globule coalescence in canola oil meat batters prepared with 14% protein, as well as the development of fat channels and more protein aggregation; both seem to result in lower emulsion stability. Hydrogenated palm oil batters showed fat particles with sharp edges as opposed to the round ones seen in all other treatments.     

添加不同用量花生的重组牦牛肉饼的理化和感官特性研究

探讨在重组牦牛肉饼中添加不同量花生仁粉后的物理化学和感官特性变化,并确定花生仁粉的用量。牦牛肉经绞细后分别添加0、5%、10%、15%、20% 花生仁粉,经过24h 低温腌制,并在－ 20℃冻藏后,对肉饼的解冻损失、保水和保油性、烤制得率、烤制前后pH 值、色差和质构以及烤制后感官特性进行测定。结果表明：生牦牛肉饼中添加花生仁粉有增加黏附性的趋势(P ＜ 0.01),但不影响硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性和韧性(P ＞ 0.05);添加花生仁粉显著降低了烤制后牦牛肉饼的硬度、黏聚性、咀嚼性和韧性(P ＜ 0.01)、提高了肉饼的黏附性(P ＜ 0.01),而不影响肉饼的弹性(P ＞ 0.05)。烤制得率和保水率随着花生仁粉添加量的增加而显著增加(P ＜ 0.01),而保油性则不受影响。添加花生仁粉不影响色差L* 和a* 值(P ＞ 0.05),但是,当花生仁粉添加量为15% 或20% 时,b* 值明显升高。此外,随着花生仁粉用量的增加,质构得分显著减低,总体接受程度以添加5%～15% 为佳。花生仁粉添加量高于15% 时,肉饼产生较强的豆腥味。     

Development of a Hull-Less Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Seed Oil Press-Cake Spread

A stable, oil-based spread rich in the omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids was developed using a hull-less pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) oil press-cake, a by-product of the pumpkin oil pressing process, along with cold-pressed hemp oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of two factors, as the formulation's compositional variables: a commercial stabilizer (X(1) ) and cold-pressed hemp oil (X(2) ) added to the pumpkin seed oil press-cake in the spread formulations. A central composite, 2-factorial experimental design on 5 levels was used to optimize the spreads where model responses were ω-3 fatty acids content, spreadability (hardness), oil separation, and sensory evaluation. The selected responses were significantly affected by both variables (P < 0.05). The spreads resembled commercial peanut butter, both in appearance, texture and spreadability; were a source of ω-3 fatty acids and with no visual oil separation after 1 mo of storage. An optimum spread was produced using 1.25% (w/w) of stabilizer and 80% of hemp oil (w/w, of the total added oil) which had 0.97 g of ω-3 fatty acids per serving size; penetration depth of 68.4 mm; oil separation of 9.2% after 3 mo of storage; and a sensory score of 17.5. Practical Application: A use of by-products generated from different food processing technologies, where the edible waste is successfully incorporated as a value-added ingredient, has become a very important area of research to support global sustainability efforts. This study contributes to the knowledge of a product design process for oil-based spread development, where oil press-cake, a by-product of the oil pressing process of the naked pumpkin seeds, was used and where results have demonstrated that a new product can be successfully developed and potentially manufactured as a functional food.     

TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测花生油中掺入棕榈油的研究

根据棕榈内源基因MT3 -B设计引物和TaqMan探针,采用基因重组技术构建用于检测棕榈基因MT3 -B的重组质粒作为绝对定量标准品,建立标准曲线,对花生油中掺入棕榈油1% ～40%梯度混合油品提取DNA进行棕榈成分定量检测.结果表明,重组质粒标准品荧光定量标准曲线对数线性回归分析相关系数(R2)为0.996;花生油中掺入棕榈油达到5%时,可检出每亳升混合油品中棕榈MT3 -B基因17.431 copies,检测的重复性和特异性好.     

基于可见—近红外光谱的花生油二元掺伪体系鉴别研究

为了建立一种简便有效的花生油掺伪的定性和定量鉴别方法,采集花生油中分别掺伪0~90%大豆油、棕榈油和棉籽油样品的可见—近红外光谱图,结合主成分分析、判别分析、改进偏最小二乘法,建立花生油掺伪的定性鉴别和定量预测模型。结果表明,在定性鉴别中,对花生油中分别掺入大豆油、棕榈油和棉籽油的整体正确判别率分别达到了100%、96.1%和85.3%。在定量分析中,对MPLS法建立的花生油二元掺伪定标模型进行验证,结果表明,掺入大豆油、棉籽油和棕榈油的预测相关系数R_p~2分别为0.998、0.997和0.995,相对标准差RSD分别为2.33%、3.04%和3.83%,相对分析误差RPD分别为3.542、2.642和2.581,说明这三种掺假花生油所建立的最优定标模型的预测精度高,其中花生油中掺入大豆油的预测精度最高,检测花生油中掺入棉籽油与棕榈油的最低掺假量为3%。为花生油二元掺伪模式提供了一种简便、快速、有效的分析方法。     

3种植物油傅里叶变换红外光谱信息的判别分析研究

针对花生油、大豆油和棕榈油样品,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,采集红外吸收光谱,对光谱预处理后,提取红外特征信息,以1 746 cm-1和2 855 cm-1波数处吸收峰特征参数比值为X轴, 1 099 cm-1与1 119 cm-1波数处吸收峰特征参数的比值为Y轴,及3种油O-C-C对称伸缩振动各自所产生的吸收带所在波数(cm-1)值作为Z轴,绘制三维分布图,对这3种油样进行判别分析.结果显示这3种油样之间有明显区分.     

Influence of the sunflower oil content,cooking temperature and cooking time on the physical and sensory properties of spreadable cheese analogues based on UF white‐brined cheese

In this study, a cheese analogue was produced based on UF white‐brined cheese by replacing the dairy fat with sunflower oil and cooking at different temperatures and times. Hardness, adhesiveness, meltability and oiling‐off were used to evaluate the suitability of the final product. Partial replacement of dairy cream with sunflower oil led to an increase in the adhesiveness, oiling‐off and spreadability while decreasing the hardness of the cheese. Optimum operating conditions were found to be 85 °C for the cooking temperature, 14.12 min for the cooking time and 27.14% w/w for the sunflower oil content.     

Comparison of Oxidative Stability among Edible Oils under Continuous Frying Conditions

The stability of camellia oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 1:7:1) after frying potatoes was compared with palm oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 4:4:1) and peanut oil (saturated fatty acid: monounsaturated fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid = 2:4:4). Oil samples were evaluated for acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, tocopherols content, and fatty acids composition. There was the least change in fatty acid composition in camellia oil among the three edible oils. The α-tocopherol was more vulnerable to heat degradation than γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol was completely degraded before the whole frying process was done for palm and peanut oils. The oxidative stabilities of the three edible oils were in the order of camellia oil > palm oil > peanut oil. The oxidative stability was mainly determined by the calculated oxidizability value related to fatty acid composition, and when calculated oxidizability values were similar, the tocopherol contents of edible oils would be a key factor in affecting their oxidative stabilities.     

不同植物油对植物肉风味及感官特性的影响

为探究不同脂肪酸组成的植物油对植物肉风味及感官品质的影响,将常用于食品加工且脂肪酸组成差异较大的5种植物油(菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、棕榈油)添加到植物肉中,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对其进行风味分析,结合感官评价和质构分析等方法对5组植物肉进行对比。实验结果表明,5组植物肉的挥发性成分、感观属性、质构特性等存在显著差异。5组样品中共鉴定出79种挥发性组分,其中30种可被嗅闻到,主要包括吡嗪类、呋喃类、醛类、含硫类化合物。2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2-戊基呋喃、3-甲硫基丙醛等化合物的嗅闻强度最大。与其他样品相比,添加花生油的样品C和添加菜籽油的样品A中挥发性化合物种类和含量较多,但样品C的香气轮廓中油脂味较为突出,且该组样品的硬度与胶黏性较差,并不适用于植物肉的生产制作。样品A以肉香味为主,其硬度、弹性较大。研究结果表明,含芥酸、油酸较多的菜籽油更适用于植物肉的加工生产,对植物肉的风味、质构等感官品质具有明显增强作用。     

中国花生制品及其工业化对策

系统综述了目前国内花生蛋白,花生油,花生酱,花生皮壳的开发利用的现状,并介绍了花生系列产品的生产。分析了中国花生产业发展的制约因素及存在的问题,并提出了促进我国花生工业化发展的对策。     

A study on monitoring of frying performance and oxidative stability of cottonseed and palm oil blends in comparison with original oils

Blending polyunsaturated oils with highly saturated or monounsaturated oils has been studied extensively; however, in literature there is negligible information available on the blending of refined cottonseed oil with palm olein oil. Blending could enhance the stability and quality of cottonseed oil during the frying process. In the present study, the effects of frying conditions on physicochemical properties of the palm olein-cottonseed oil blends (1:0, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, and 0:1, w/w) were determined and compared to the pure oils. The frying process of frozen French fries was performed in duplicate at 170 ± 5°C for 10 h without interruption. The oil degradations were characterized during deep-frying applications; peroxide, free fatty acid, and iodine value by standardized methods, fatty acid profile by using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, polar and polymeric compounds by using the high-performance size exclusion chromatography/evaporative light scattering detector technique. The present study clearly indicated that the oxidative and frying performances of pure palm olein oil and cottonseed oil significantly improved by blending application. Results clearly indicated that the frying performance of cottonseed oil significantly improved by the blending with palm olein oil. Except that free fatty acid content, all the physicochemical variables were significantly influenced by type of pure and blend oils. By increasing the proportion of palm olein oil in cottonseed oil, the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, while saturated fatty acid content increased. The progression of oxidation was basically followed by detecting polar and polymeric compounds. The fastest increments for polar and polymeric compounds were found as 6.30% level in pure cottonseed oil and as 7.07% level in 40% cottonseed oil:60% palm olein oil blend. The least increments were detected as 5.40% level in 40% cottonseed oil:60% palm olein oil blend and 2.27% level in 50% cottonseed oil:50% palm olein oil blend. These levels were considerably below the acceptable levels recommended by the official codex. Therefore, the present study suggested that blending of cottonseed oil with palm olein oil provided the oil blends (50% cottonseed oil:50% palm olein oil and 40% cottonseed oil:60% palm olein oil, w/w) with more desirable properties for human nutrition.     

食用植物油煎炸过程中的品质变化北大核心CSCD

利用花生油、大豆油、调和油、棕榈油4种食用植物油作为煎炸油对豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条3种食材进行煎炸,研究煎炸时间对煎炸油极性组分含量及羰基值的影响,确定煎炸油时间预警点,同时研究了不同煎炸油品种、不同食材对煎炸油极性组分含量的影响。结果表明:极性组分含量、羰基值均与煎炸时间呈正相关(r_(极性组分)=0.809,r_(羰基值)=0.859,P=0.000);煎炸6~11 h煎炸油极性组分含量均值从初始的11.85%增至20.96%,最大值为34.10%,可作为煎炸油质量不达标的时间预警点;煎炸12 h,极性组分含量从低到高依次为花生油、棕榈油、调和油、大豆油,含量分别为21.1%、24.1%、26.8%、27.8%,豆腐、裹粉鸡柳、油条煎炸油中极性组分含量分别为17.7%、25.0%、32.2%;煎炸18 h,极性组分含量增大程度由低到高为棕榈油/调和油、大豆油、花生油,煎炸食材用油为豆腐煎炸油、裹粉鸡柳煎炸油、油条煎炸油。     

Influence of SFC, microstructure and polymorphism on texture (hardness) of binary blends of fats involved in the preparation of industrial shortenings

Several binary blends of vegetable oils commonly used in industrial shortenings (i.e., palm oil (PO), hydrogenated palm oil (HPO), soybean oil (SO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO), low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (LERO), hydrogenated low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (HLERO)) were studied for their physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and textural properties (hardness). Microstructure was also observed by microscopy in order to explain the variability in hardness for samples having the same SFC values. The blends studied by microscopy were the following: HSO, HPO and HLERO diluted in LERO. For these three blends which had the same SFC, the level of network structure was different. HSO diluted in LERO had more crystals, closer to each other and overlapped. This can explain that HSO has a higher hardness than HPO or HLERO, for a same SFC value, when diluted in LERO. Polymorphism was also observed by powder X-ray diffraction. The variability in hardness for samples having the same SFC is due to various crystal types and/or network structures that are formed upon crystallization of hard fats. This work demonstrates that for binary blends of studied oils, changes in the hardness are controlled mostly by the SFC, polymorphism and also by the material’s microstructure.     

猪血浆蛋白乳化棕榈油对猪肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以质量分数25%和50%猪血浆蛋白乳化棕榈油替代猪背膘,研究其对猪肉糜凝胶特性、流变性、水分分布 状态和水分迁移特性的影响。结果表明：添加乳化棕榈油可显著提高猪肉糜凝胶的L*值、b*值、蒸煮得率、硬度 和弹性（P＜0.05）,在替代量为50%时猪肉糜凝胶有最高的L*值、b*值、蒸煮得率、硬度和弹性。在80 ℃,猪背 膘替代量为50%时猪肉糜的G’最高。低场核磁共振结果表明：添加乳化棕榈油猪肉糜凝胶的T22起始弛豫时间较短, T21的峰面积比例增加,而T22的峰面积比例降低,说明水分可移动性降低,不易流动的水分含量增加,猪肉糜凝胶 的保水性增强。