XQD-500B型自动平衡温差记录调节仪现场运行总结

炼油系统的催化重整装置不仅提供高辛烷值车用汽油和航空汽油组分,而且提供三大合成(纤维、橡胶、塑料)的原科(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)。而苯和硝化级甲苯的规格要求很严,初馏点与终馏点之差要小于1℃,相邻芳烃的含量要求小于0.1%,因此     

异丁烷和丁烯烷基化固体催化剂国外研究概况

<正> 一、前言石油炼制工业中采用异丁烷和丁稀烷基化来生产航空汽油和车用汽油的高辛烷值调合组份。辛烷值是衡量汽油抗爆性能的指标。抗爆性能的好坏关系到发动机的效率和燃料消耗。例如,汽油辛烷值由70提高到85,则允许发动机的压缩比提高30％,因此功率提高23％,而产生同一功率所消耗的燃料降低13％。可见提高汽油的辛烷值很有意义。提高汽油辛烷值的方法是生产高辛烷值汽油组分和添加抗爆剂。添加抗爆剂是既有效又经济的办法,常用抗爆剂是四乙基铅。但是近年来,国外由于环保方面的要求日趋严格,对汽油加铅量逐渐加以限制,并开始     

成品汽油组成及馏程与计算辛烷值的分布关系

根据汽油详细烃组成模拟计算了典型成品汽油不同馏分段的研究法辛烷值,获得了汽油馏分不同类型组分辛烷值和沸点分布的关系以及对样品辛烷值的贡献率。结果表明,不同类型组分辛烷值贡献率由大到小的顺序依次为芳烃、异构烷烃、烯烃、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、环烷烃和正构烷烃。92#汽油辛烷值按照沸点的分布,呈现出两头大、中间小的特点。其中小于60℃的轻端馏分辛烷值的贡献主要来源于烯烃组分,大于120℃馏分段的辛烷值贡献主要来源于芳烃组分。90~120℃馏分有最低的辛烷值,60~90℃馏分有最低的辛烷值贡献率。加入一定量的烷基化汽油后,可以提高90~120℃馏分的辛烷值,改善汽油辛烷值的分布。     

催化裂化柴油加氢处理综合利用技术方案

在分析催化裂化柴油(LCO)的烃类组成及杂原子分布的基础上,针对LCO的不同馏分段,提出了不同的加工技术路线。结果表明：LCO中苯胺类氮化物和吲哚类氮化物主要分布在馏程低于290℃的轻、中馏分段,咔唑类氮化物主要集中在馏程高于320℃的重馏分段;LCO中几乎没有噻吩类硫化物,苯并噻吩类硫化物存在于馏程高于290℃的馏分中,且重馏分中的硫化物几乎均为二苯并噻吩类。全馏分LCO需要在较高苛刻度下加氢精制才能实现十六烷值提升;而LCO中馏分段(240～320℃)在较温和条件下加氢饱和,产品十六烷值提高13.9,可用作国Ⅵ车用柴油调合组分;对于LCO轻馏分段(<240℃),可进行催化裂化,生产高辛烷值汽油调合组分。     

无铅航空汽油芳胺类添加剂的功效研究

以航空汽油(马达法辛烷值(MON)为93.7)为基础油,加入芳胺类抗爆剂调配出95号和100号无铅航空汽油。采用环块实验测量发动机40Cr金属材料的磨痕长度,评价航空汽油对发动机排气阀阀座等金属材料抗磨性的影响,并测量经汽油浸泡后橡胶试样所发生的外观、质量变化以考察油品对燃油管路中密封所用橡胶部件溶胀作用的程度。依上述实验结果,分析辛烷值相近的无铅芳胺汽油与加铅汽油在抗磨性、溶胀性上的差异。结果表明,加芳胺无铅航空汽油的抗磨性、溶胀性均较辛烷值相近的加铅汽油差,而在加芳胺类抗爆剂的无铅航空汽油中添加抗氧剂可抑制其对橡胶制品的溶胀作用,减弱发动机中相应部件受到溶胀作用的影响。     

天然气水合物的生产储运技术及现状

以M15甲醇汽油的馏程和饱和蒸汽压数据为基础,考察了甲醇和汽油的辛烷值、蒸汽压和沸点对甲醇汽油性质的影响,分析了M15甲醇汽油挥发性大的原因,探讨了温度及调和比例对M15甲醇汽油饱和蒸汽压的影响,并提出了采取改变基础油比例(催化∶重整=(5～5.5)∶1)、加入添加剂和蒸馏催化改性等措施,降低了M15甲醇汽油的蒸馏温度3～6℃、70℃前馏出量5%～12%,以及饱和蒸汽压5～10kPa,改善了M15甲醇汽油挥发性大、易产生气阻等问题。     

车用无铅汽油储运过程中的质量变化研究

介绍了车用无铅汽油在储运过程中的质量变化情况。结果表明：汽油中的二烯烃含量影响汽油的洗后实际胶质；汽油的组成直接影响储存后汽油的辛烷值变化；汽油中加入的抗爆剂影响储存后汽油的辛烷值、诱导期、实际胶质等性能。     

国内动态

燕山石化成功产出国Ⅴ标准试验用油燕山石化成功产出国Ⅴ标准试验用油。本次生产92#试验汽油2吨、95#试验汽油4吨。经分析,92#汽油辛烷值达到严格下限92,抗爆指数87.9,硫含量6×10-6。95#汽油辛烷值达严格下限95,抗爆指数90.7,硫含量4×10-6,完全满足试验用油标准。     

基于随机森林回归的汽油研究法辛烷值预测

针对成品油销售企业汽油辛烷值检测难的问题,提出了一种基于随机森林回归算法的研究法辛烷值（RON）预测方法。该方法基于成品油质量数据库中的实测数据,以汽油烯烃含量、芳烃含量、氧含量、馏程（10%,50%,90%馏出温度及终馏点）和密度作为自变量,研究法辛烷值作为因变量,分别建立92号汽油、95号汽油和（92号+95号）汽油的随机森林回归模型。结果表明,92号模型和95号模型的预测精度更高,两个模型的决定系数均达到0.95以上。应用这两个模型进行汽油RON预测,油品质量升级后,模型仍然保持了较高的精度,可靠性和适应性较好。与中红外光谱检测方法相比,随机森林回归模型超过84%的预测结果的绝对误差不大于0.7个单位,精度显著优于中红外光谱检测方法。该预测方法能够为销售企业汽油辛烷值的质量监控提供有益帮助。     

羧酸锂汽油抗爆剂的制备及应用

 利用羧酸和氢氧化锂制备了2种中长链的羧酸锂,并对合成的产品进行了红外光谱表征。在羧酸锂中加入高效增溶剂得到了异辛酸锂抗爆剂（A）和月桂酸锂抗爆剂（B）,将A和B分别加入3种不同的汽油中, 进行辛烷值机台架实验,并考察其对汽油的各项性能的影响。结果表明,3种不同的汽油对研制的羧酸锂抗爆剂均有一定的感受性。当抗爆剂A和抗爆剂B在催化裂化汽油中的添加质量分数均为2%时,可以使汽油的辛烷值（RON）分别提高3.2和1.5。同时,它们对汽油的各项使用性能基本没有不良影响,并且能够提高诱导期至 1400 min以上。     

隔壁精馏塔分离芳烃混合物的模拟研究

采用隔壁精馏塔分离苯-甲苯-对二甲苯物系,用Aspen Plus软件模拟了隔壁精馏塔内温度分布及液相组成分布,考察了汽相和液相分配比对产品纯度的影响。对隔壁精馏塔模拟得到的优化操作条件为:隔壁精馏塔的理论板数为30块,侧线采出在第14块理论板,进料段为15块理论板,在进料段的第7块理论板进料,进料组成n(苯)∶n(甲苯)∶n(对二甲苯)为1∶3∶1,回流比为8.8,液相分配比为2.96,汽相分配比为0.83。在此条件下,各组分的摩尔分数大于98.5%,与实验结果基本吻合。当进料组成n(苯)∶n(甲苯)∶n(对二甲苯)为1∶3∶1时,采用隔壁精馏塔可比常规两塔流程节能27.18%。     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

Influence of ethyl acetate addition on phase stability and fuel characteristics of hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends

Hydrous ethanol or commercial ethanol is regarded as a promising additive for gasoline. Its low cost and many other advantages, such as increasing the octane number and reduction of harmful emissions, motivate the researchers to investigate its use as an economic octane booster. The most common drawback of using hydrous ethanol as a gasoline additive is the phase separation problem. In this study, the effect of adding ethyl acetate (EA) on the phase stability, distillation curve, vapor pressure, vapor lock index and octane number of hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends was investigated. The reference fuel blends were formulated by mixing hydrous ethanol (96%) with hydrocarbon-based gasoline in different percentages (5, 10, 15 and 20?vol%). For studying the effect of ethyl acetate on the fuel specifications, it was mixed with 15% hydrous ethanol-gasoline blend in different percentage (3, 6, 9 and 12?vol%). The experimental results indicated that ethyl acetate has a good ability to increase the phase stability and the octane number of the hydrous ethanol-gasoline blends without causing adverse impacts on the other studied specifications.     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

Properties of gasoline-ethanol-methanol ternary fuel blend compared with ethanol-gasoline and methanol-gasoline fuel blends

Two binary sets of gasoline-methanol (GM) and gasoline-ethanol (GE) blends along with two other ternary sets of gasoline-methanol-ethanol (GME) blends were formulated comprising single and dual alcohol. ASTM-D86 distillation, vapor pressure, and octane number were measured. Also, distillation curves were constructed for each blend and the influence of azeotrope formation was discussed. The obtained results reveal that distillation curves of gasoline blends, comprising from 5 to 15 vol% methanol, display a more significant decrease in distillation temperature than gasoline-ethanol blends. Also, more decrease in distillation temperature is observed by increasing the rate of blended alcohol. At equal rates of blended alcohol, the distillation curve of ternary fuel (GE5M5) is positioned in between distillation curves of binary fuel blends GM10 and GE10. More acceptable vapor pressure is achieved in ternary GEM fuels containing 7.5–15.0 vol% of dual alcohol, the same rate in GM blends increases vapor-lock tendency. At equal alcohol content, GEM blends give a higher octane number than GE one.     

Azeotrope formation in gasoline–ethanol blends. Part 1 – Impact of nonionic on E10 distillation curve

Blending 10?vol% of ethanol into hydrocarbon base gasoline (HBG) increases significantly the vapour pressure of the blend (E10), and exhibits near-azeotrope behaviour that severely affects the shape of E10 distillation curve. The distillation curves of HBG and E10 fuel blend, were constructed using ASTM D86 distillation data, and the areas under each distillation curve, were calculated through the numerical trapezoid rule (NTR) and calculus definite integration (CDI) methods. Consequently, the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF), was estimated. In this paper, we present the impact of small concentration of nonionic surfactant on the area under distillation curve (AUDC) of E10 fuel blend and the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF). Also, the influences of the added surfactant on the volatility criteria of the investigated E10 fuel blend were discussed.     

The effect of methylfurans on the physicochemical and performance characteristics of finished motor gasoline

The physicochemical and performance characteristics of blends of commercial gasoline with the promising oxygenate antiknock additives 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran have been studied. The key parameters determining the compliance of gasoline with the GOST R 51866-2002 (EN 228-2004) requirements have been measured. A high antiknock activity of the test compounds has been demonstrated, and blending octane numbers have been calculated. It has also been found that the addition of 2-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran to gasoline substantially deteriorates its oxidation stability and increases gum content.     

An antiknock additive of the new generation

An antiknock additive which is a mixture of an aromatic amine, an antioxidant, the straight-run naphtha cut of naphthene-aromatic base crude oil, and chloro-and isoparaffins, is proposed. The additive is given antiknock activity by passing it through a catalyst — manganese — at the boiling point and atmospheric pressure. In a concentration of 0.03–0.2 wt. %, the additive increases the motor octane number of low-octane motor fuels by 5–14 points. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 17–19, January–February, 2008.     

生物醇醚在炼油-汽油池中的价值工程研究

生物醇醚在中国清洁汽油发展中的价值分析表明,与单位乙醇直接掺混相比,乙醇醚化(TAEE)可取得2.5倍的降烯烃效应,可通过醚化反应和雷德蒸汽压平衡导入较高辛烷值的廉价FCC轻组分获得15倍的汽油池相对增量,相对于90#汽油其抗爆指数的相对增量可达2.5倍,乙醇醚化转化总量是提升清洁汽油价值的关键。结合乙基叔烷基醚制备价值分析提出的改进复合精馏-萃取新工艺,在允许添加过量乙醇以提高醚化转化率的同时,还可集成利用ETBE/乙醇耦合分离的杠杆平衡作用,节省约75%的乙醇增浓回收能耗,并联产获得醚化反应所需的无水乙醇,从而可对生物醇醚燃料发展以及炼油-汽油池价值提升产生积极的杠杆效应。