单轴压缩下预制裂纹岩石的数值模拟

为了研究单轴压缩作用下预制裂纹对岩石的力学性能、声发射和能量演化的影响,通过室内试验数据反演PFC2D模型的力学参数,然后在数值模拟的基础上分析不同倾角和长度的预制裂纹对岩石力学特性的影响。结果表明：预制裂纹倾角越大,岩石的峰值应力和峰值应变越大,而弹性模量和变形模量也会随着倾角的增大而增大;预制裂纹长度增加时,峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量和变形模量不断减小。在预制裂纹倾角为0°,15°,30°,45°时,微裂纹计数波动较大,在60°,75°,90°时计数较为稳定。预制裂纹倾角为0°,15°,30°,45°,60°时,裂纹以翼型裂纹扩展为主,在75°和90°时,并没有出现翼型裂纹,而是在岩体上出现大量的微破裂,在轴向应力的作用下,这些微破裂逐渐贯通,造成剪切破坏。预制裂纹倾角在0°,15°,30°,45°时岩石内部损伤的出现早于60°,75°,90°的,并且弹性储能极限随着预制裂纹倾角的增大而增大。     

层状岩质边坡临界高度极限分析上限解

为了确定层状岩体边坡稳定的临界高度,把层状岩体视为横观各向同性材料,采用抗剪强度随所求方向与层面之间的夹角线性变化的关系,导出了利用极限分析上限定理计算层状岩体边坡临界高度的方法。应用本方法对文中边坡进行了计算分析,结果表明,对算例中的竖直边坡,岩层倾角在48°~70°时,边坡将发生顺层面的破坏,否则发生切割层面破坏;另外,三峡库区某边坡的计算结果与工程实际相符。该方法可以用于指导层状岩体边坡开挖。     

节理分布对岩体破坏影响的数值模拟研究

为研究含断续节理岩体的宏观破坏过程和特征，采用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA^2D系统，分析了断续节理岩体中裂纹的产生、扩展机理与过程．结果表明，当节理倾角从30°，45°到60°时，岩体强度从小到大增加，并且破坏前期的声发射现象增强、变形增大；随着节理密度的增大，裂纹的产生从互不影响到相互抑制，裂纹扩展长度减小；中间节理受压剪作用很快与相邻节理贯通导致节理岩体破坏．据此，明确界定断续节理产生贯通破坏的范围就是围岩破裂区．     

不同倾角裂隙砂岩单轴压缩颗粒流模拟分析

为探索不同倾角裂隙岩体在单轴压缩作用下的破坏形式,利用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D)对不同倾角裂隙岩体试样进行单轴压缩数值模拟,研究了不同倾角裂隙岩体的强度变化规律、破坏形式以及裂纹扩展路径。结果表明:不同倾角预制裂隙岩体的破坏模式略有不同;不同倾角预制裂隙岩体破坏过程基本一致,都会经历弹性变形阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、岩体失稳阶段3个阶段;不同倾角裂隙的存在使得岩体的抗压强度有不同程度的降低;在单轴压缩破坏中,裂隙的顶点应力集中现象比较严重,沿裂隙岩体对角线方向产生的裂纹最多。该数值模拟分析为进一步探索地下工程中裂隙岩体失稳破坏规律提供了参考。     

基于长期强度的节理岩体洞室蠕变特性研究

为了进一步探究节理岩体蠕变特性,摆脱传统意义上从宏观弹塑或粘弹塑本构的角度分析岩体流变特性的方法,将细观单元视为弹脆性的本构关系,采用考虑岩石长期强度的岩石破裂过程分析系统,通过对不同工况下的节理岩体洞室数值模拟,得到了节理间距和节理夹角对围岩蠕变特性及其破坏特征的影响规律。结果表明：节理岩体洞室围岩的蠕变量随着节理面间距的增大而减小;当节理面的水平夹角小于45°时,节理岩体洞室围岩蠕变量随着节理面夹角的增大而增大,但当节理面倾角大于45°时,蠕变量反而随着节理面倾角的增大而减小,当节理面倾角等于45°时,围岩出现大量破坏,并表现出加速蠕变的特征。     

石灰岩在单轴压缩条件下的声发射特性

为研究岩石受压及破坏失稳过程中的声发射特性，作者利用改进的岩石声发射参数动态测试系统，对广西某矿石灰岩作了岩石的单轴压缩试验，检测了岩样从加载直至破坏过程中的声发射活动，表明内部微裂纹的形成与原有裂纹的扩展是岩石加载过程中声发射活动的主要原因。     

裂隙岩体断裂破坏扩展数值模拟研究

为进一步了解复杂裂隙断裂破坏过程,基于断裂力学理论,采用PFC2D软件对不同裂隙数量岩体进行数值试验,分析裂隙倾角、围压等因素对岩体强度及裂纹扩展的影响规律。研究表明：随着裂隙倾角增大,单裂隙峰值应力和起裂应力先减小后增大,当围压由2 MPa增加到8 MPa时,峰值应力约从120 MPa增大到160 MPa,且起裂应力随着围压增大而增大,与理论分析结果一致;双裂隙倾角为30°和45°裂隙扩展以翼型裂纹和次生斜裂纹为主,裂隙倾角为60°和90°时主要为共面次生裂纹;不同围压下,随着预制裂隙数量增多,裂隙岩体试样峰值应力逐渐减小。研究成果为进一步探索裂隙岩体失稳破坏规律提供参考。     

单轴压缩下含层理加锚岩石声发射特征研究

为了研究不同层理倾角加锚岩石变形破坏过程中的声发射特征,加工制备了0°和90°两种层理的加锚试样,利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验机和AEwin-USB型声发射信号采集系统,进行了含层理加锚岩石声发射特征试验。研究表明:单轴压缩条件下,90°层理试样声发射累积振铃计数大于0°层理试样,具有明显的层理效应;加锚试样相比无锚试样,在压密阶段就有较强声发射信号产生,而且随着载荷的增加声发射信号越来越强,加锚试样的累计振铃计数大于无锚试样;声发射信号特征可以反映岩石内部裂隙扩展变化,对于揭示层理加锚围岩破坏失稳机制具有一定的参考价值。     

均质度对层理页岩破坏过程声发射影响的数值模拟

采用真实破裂过程分析软件RFPA~(2D)(realistic failure process analysis),结合所取江西页岩岩芯的室内强度、泊松比、弹性模量等实验结果,对不同均质度的不同方向层理面页岩在单轴压缩破坏下的过程及其声发射特性进行了数值模拟。研究表明:页岩层理面方向和均质度对其抗压强度、破坏模式和声发射特性有显著影响。垂直于层理面加载时的抗压强度大于平行于层理面加载时的抗压强度,而其声发射累计数小于平行于层理面加载的声发射累计数。加载方向与层理面垂直时,层理弱面发生剪切破坏,而基质体发生劈裂破坏。加载方向与层理面平行时,主要发生沿层理弱面的竖向劈裂。随着均质度增大,模型峰值应力增大,声发射计数减少,声发射信号出现时间延迟,持续时间变短。声发射的集中带与基元破坏形成的宏观裂纹的位置一致。     

高温后岩石变形破坏过程的能量分析

从非平衡热力学角度出发,结合岩石在不同高温作用后的单轴压缩和声发射试验,详细阐述了岩石变形破坏过程中的声发射特点,分析了经历不同高温后岩石强度与能量耗散和能量释放之间的关系。研究结果表明高温作用后花岗岩声发射曲线大致经历了以下6个阶段:初始沉寂段、上升段、前峰值段、高幅持续段、后峰值段、后期沉寂段。声发射曲线较好地反映了岩石在整个破坏过程中由稳定态向亚稳定态、临界态、失稳破坏直至新的稳定态的发展过程。岩石峰值强度与耗散能呈反比关系,与弹性能呈正比关系,能量耗散使材料发生劣化,强度降低。声发射能率与弹性能呈正比关系,与耗散能呈反比关系,弹性能突然释放引起岩石的失稳破坏。岩石的破坏是能量耗散与能量释放共同作用的结果。研究结果有助于研究高温后受外载岩石微缺陷的演化并最终破裂的过程,对高温后岩体工程起到一定的参考作用。     

Effect of the layer orientation on mechanics and energy evolution characteristics of shales under uniaxial loading

The uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the cylindrical shale specimens with bedding plane inclined at 0° and 90° to the axial loading direction, respectively. Effect of the bedding orientation on the mechanical property and energy evolution characteristics of shales was revealed. The failure mechanisms of the specimens with layers in 0° orientation showed splitting failure along weak bedding, while the specimens with layers in 90° orientation were failed by shearing sliding. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and shear modulus of samples at 0° were higher than those of samples at 90°and there was little difference of Poisson's ratio between samples at 0° and 90°. The analysis of the stress–strain energy and acoustic emission(AE) energy indicated that the growth rate of absorbed energy density and elastic energy density at 0° was significantly faster than that at 90°, hence their final values at 0°were relatively larger than the latter. Moreover, higher energy release was observed for specimens at 0°.The energy release and rapid growth of energy dissipation also appeared more early at 0°. The stress ratio63% was a critical point of energy distribution at which differences started to arise between samples at 0°and 90°. These results indicated that the failure of shale at 0° was more violent and devastative than the failure of shale at 90°.     

Effect of heterogeneity on mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock specimen

The influence of heterogeneity on mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock specimen under uniaxial compress was studied with numerical simulation methods. Weibull distribution function was adopted to describe the mesoscopic heterogeneity of rocks. The failure process of heterogeneous rock specimen under uniaxial loading was simulated using FLAC^3D software. Five schemes were adopted to investigate the influence of heterogeneity. The results demonstrate that as the homogeneity increases, the peak strength and brittleness of rocks increase, and the macro elastic modulus improves as well. Heterogeneity has great influence on macro elastic modulus and strength when the homogeneity coefficient is less than 20.0. The volume expansion is not so obvious when the homogeneity increases. As the homogeneity coefficient increases the acoustic emissions modes change from swarm shock to main shock. When the homogeneity coefficient is high, the cumulative acoustic emission events-axial strain curve is gentle before the rock failure. The numerical results agree with the previously numerical results and earlier experimental measurements.     

Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

混凝土单轴压缩过程中损伤演化与声发射分析

为了研究混凝土单轴压缩状态下的损伤演化过程,利用声发射设备采集试样破坏过程的声发射数据,基于声发射信号建立声发射能量表述的损伤本构方程,对损伤程度进行量化表述,提出了损伤因子在启裂强度和损伤强度的取值区间.基于连续介质损伤力学,对微裂纹的发育过程和声发射能量数综合分析.结果表明,理论应力-应变曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,混凝土单轴压缩过程各阶段吻合度较高,混凝土单轴压缩损伤本构模型具有一定的合理性.     

单轴压缩作用下岩石混凝土一体两介质体破裂过程数值模拟

运用岩石破裂与失稳过程分析RFPA2D系统,结合实验室试验对岩石混凝土一体两介质体单轴压缩作用下的破坏过程进行了数值模拟研究,其模拟结果再现了岩石混凝土一体两介质体破坏的全过程及其声发射分布规律。结果表明:一体两介质模型表现为一体特性,强度低的混凝土材料首先出现裂缝,裂缝逐渐扩展穿越混凝土与砂岩两种介质的界面,两介质协同横向变形,最终一起破坏。     

损伤石灰岩单轴再加载力学特性及破坏机理

为研究卸荷损伤破坏围岩力学特性及破坏机理,选用RMT-150岩石力学试验系统进行三轴岩石加载-卸载过程,制备损伤岩石。结合AEwin声发射系统开展损伤石灰岩单轴再加载试验,测试应力-时间-能量累计值关系曲线,分析阐述岩石宏观破坏特征。结果表明:随着卸荷点的增加,损伤石灰岩破坏程度与破坏形式均发生较明显的变化。石灰岩破坏形式从脆性破坏向延性破坏转化,扩容现象越来越不明显;低于70%峰值强度卸荷点的损伤岩石单轴加载过程中声发射能量累计值增长规律趋于一致,可分为平稳阶段、稳定增长阶段、二次平稳3个阶段;岩石内部微裂纹分布方式对宏观破坏特征影响明显,岩石细观力学响应决定其宏观力学破坏特征。     

Application of a transversely isotropic brittle rock mass model in roof support design

Accurate modelling of the potential failure modes in the rock mass is an essential task towards a robust design of roof support systems in coal mines. The use of generalised rock mass properties based on averaged properties (e.g. Hoek–Brown model) has been found to limit the capability to reproduce the actual rock mass behaviour which may include a wide range of interacting and complex failure mechanisms such as shear and tension fracturing of the intact rock and shear and separation of pre-existing discontinuities, including re-activation. Recent studies have also shown that traditional models, such as the Mohr–Coulomb, may not accurately describe the behaviour of the intact rock, particularly for stress induced failures where spalling and slabbing are observed. This is mainly due to the cohesion and friction components of the shear strength of the intact rock not being mobilised at the same rate with strain-softening of the former component playing an essential role in the post peak behaviour. In addition, coal measure rocks are often transversely isotropic, both by way of the preferred orientation of clay particles within the finer grained lithology and by bedding textures and bedding partings, and this is often ignored in computer simulations. A newly developed transversely isotropic brittle rock mass model is applied in the simulation of a hypothetical and simple roadway development. A Cohesion Weakening-Friction Strengthening (CWFS) approach is adopted to describe the intact rock where the mobilisation and strain-softening of the two shear strength components are linked to plastic deformation. The impacts of anisotropy and brittle rock on the development of the excavation disturbed zone or height of softening, as often referred to, are investigated and their implication in the roof support design discussed.