EVA/NBR TPV的压缩Mullins效应及其可逆回复

采用动态硫化法制备了乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),并对其微观结构、压缩Mullins效应及其在不同温度下的可逆回复程度进行了研究,通过模型构建探讨了压缩Mullins效应的形成及其可逆回复机制。结果表明,在单轴循环压缩过程中,TPV存在明显的Mullins效应,在压缩应变一定的条件下,第1次加载-卸载时最大压缩应力、内耗及tanδ均出现最大值,第2次循环压缩时则显著降低,之后下降趋势减缓;提高热处理温度,重加载时最大压缩应力的回复程度增大,且在70℃热处理条件下Mullins效应的可逆回复效果最佳。FE-SEM表明,NBR橡胶相以不规则形状均匀分散于刻蚀样品表面。     

丁腈橡胶/乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物热塑性硫化胶的Mullins效应形成机制及可逆回复

采用动态硫化法制备了丁腈橡胶(NBR)/乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),考察了其压缩Mullins效应及其在不同温度下的可逆回复行为,并与EVA及NBR静态硫化胶进行了对比。结果表明,在单轴循环压缩过程中NBR/EVA TPV及EVA均存在明显的Mullins效应,在一定压缩应变下,第1次加载-卸载的最大压缩应力和内耗出现最大值,第2次循环压缩时则显著降低,之后下降趋势减缓。升高热处理温度,第2次单轴循环压缩时压缩Mullins效应的回复程度增大。在NBR静态硫化胶的单轴循环压缩过程中未观察到明显的Mullins效应。     

EMA/NBR热塑性硫化胶Mullins效应及可逆回复

采用动态硫化法制备了乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),并表征了微观结构,还研究了其压缩Mullins效应及可逆回复机制。结果表明,EMA/NBR TPV在单轴循环压缩过程中存在明显的Mullins效应;在特定压缩应变下,其最大应力、内耗和tanδ在第1次压缩时出现最大值,在第2次循环压缩时内耗和tanδ发生大幅下降,之后下降趋势减弱;提高热处理温度,二次单轴循环压缩最大应力回复明显增强,且在80℃时回复程度最佳。FE-SEM研究表明,外观不规则的NBR硫化胶粒子均匀分散在刻蚀样品表面,粒子尺寸为2~10μm。     

HDPE/EPDM TPV的压缩Mullins效应及其可逆回复

采用动态硫化法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),研究了其压缩Mullins效应及其可逆回复,并探讨了压缩效应的产生及可逆回复机制。结果表明,在TPV单轴循环压缩过程中出现了明显的压缩Mullins效应;当压缩应变一定时,最大压缩应力、内耗和tanδ均在第1次加载-卸载循环中达到最大值,而在第2次循环压缩时下降明显,此后下降趋势减缓;提高压缩后样品的热处理温度,后续压缩时最大压缩应力的回复程度增大,且在100℃热处理时压缩Mullins效应的回复最佳;FE-SEM结果表明,EPDM硫化胶的粒子尺寸为15~25μm,且均匀分散在刻蚀样品表面。     

ABS/NBR热塑性硫化胶压缩Mullins效应及其可逆恢复的研究

研究丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV)的压缩Mullins效应及其可逆恢复。结果表明:NBR粒子均匀分散在TPV表面,其粒径为10~15μm;在循环单轴压缩过程中TPV出现明显Mullins效应,且同一压缩应变下,TPV的最大压缩应力、内耗和损耗因子(tanδ)均在第1次加载-卸载循环时达到最大,在第2次加载-卸载循环时显著下降,此后呈缓慢下降趋势;随着压缩次数增加,TPV的瞬时残余形变和应力软化因子(Ds)增大;随着压缩应变增大,TPV的最大压缩应力、瞬时残余形变、内耗和tanδ均显著增大,Ds减小;随着热处理温度升高,TPV在第2次循环压缩时最大压缩应力的恢复程度增大,热处理温度为110℃时,TPV压缩Mullins效应的恢复效果最佳。     

撕裂模式下EMA/NBR TPV的Mullins效应及其可逆回复行为

采用动态硫化法制备了乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),研究其微观相结构、撕裂模式下的Mullins效应及热处理条件下Mullins效应可逆回复行为。结果表明,EMA/NBR TPV的微观相形貌呈现出典型的"海-岛"结构;撕裂模式下EMA/NBR TPV的单轴循环测试过程中可观察到明显的Mullins效应,且随着应变的增加,最大撕裂强度、瞬时残余应变、内耗及阻尼因子均呈现出上升趋势,但应力软化因子随之下降;经过热处理后EMA/NBR TPV的Mullins效应回复程度显著提高,且在100℃的热处理条件下回复效果最佳。     

EVA/NBR TPV压缩Mullins效应的研究

采用动态硫化法制备了乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),系统研究了EVA/NBR TPV压缩Mullins效应。结果表明,随着EVA/NBR共混比及压缩应变的增大,TPV压缩Mullins行为趋于显著;当压缩应变一定时,首次循环加载-卸载过程中最大压缩应力、内耗和tanδ均达到最大值,而第2次加载-卸载过程中均发生大幅下降,之后下降趋势逐渐减弱。在相同应变下,EVA/NBR共混比60/40的TPV最大压缩应力、残余变形、内耗、应力软化因子和tanδ均大于共混比40/60的TPV,变化幅度较为明显。     

嵌段共聚聚丙烯/三元乙丙橡胶热塑性硫化胶压缩永久变形的可逆回复及Mullins效应

采用动态硫化法制备了嵌段共聚聚丙烯(PP-b-PE)/三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),研究了其力学性能、压缩永久变形的可逆回复、Mullins效应及微观形态。结果表明,当PP-bPE/EPDM质量比为30/70时TPV的综合性能较好;室温条件下压缩永久变形的可逆回复随TPV中橡胶相含量的升高而明显加快,且残余形变较小;提高温度可加速TPV永久变形的可逆回复,且高橡胶含量者的形变完全可逆。PP-b-PE/EPDM TPV的单轴循环拉伸中存在明显的Mullins效应,在同一拉伸比下,内耗和阻尼因子在第1次加载-卸载循环中即达到最大值,第2次循环拉伸时明显下降,但之后下降趋势减缓,应力最大值则呈现缓慢下降的趋势。提高树脂用量,动态硫化产物的最大应力、残余形变、内耗、应力软化因子和阻尼因子均明显升高。拉伸断面的场发射扫描电镜观察结果表明,橡胶相含量的提高赋予了TPV强的弹性回复能力。     

撕裂模式下EAA/CR TPV的Mullins效应及其可逆回复行为

采用动态硫化法制备了乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物(EAA)/氯丁橡胶(CR)热塑性硫化胶(TPV),研究了其微观相结构、撕裂模式下的Mullins效应及热处理条件下的Mullins效应的可逆回复行为。结果表明,TPV的微观形貌呈明显的"海岛"结构;在EAA/CR TPV的单轴循环撕裂过程中出现了明显的Mullins效应,且随着应变的增大,最大撕裂强度、瞬时残余应变、内耗和tanδ呈明显上升趋势,但应力软化因子则持续下降;当应变一定时,随着循环次数的增加,瞬时残余应变和应力软化因子随之增大,最大撕裂强度、内耗和tanδ则逐渐减小;对单轴循环撕裂测试后的样品进行热处理,其Mullins效应的回复程度获得提高,且在100℃的热处理温度下回复效果最佳。     

嵌段共聚聚丙烯/三元乙丙橡胶热塑性硫化胶的压缩Mullins效应及其可逆回复

采用动态硫化法制备了嵌段共聚聚丙烯（PP-B）/三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）热塑性硫化胶（TPV）,对其微观结构、压缩Mullins效应及其可逆性进行了研究。结果表明,粒径为10~20μm的EPDM硫化胶粒子均匀分散于PP-B相中;PP-B/EPDM TPV在单轴循环压缩过程中存在显著的Mullins效应,且在一定压缩应变下,最大压缩应力、内耗和损耗因子均在第1次循环压缩时出现峰值,在第2次循环压缩时即发生大幅度下降,但之后的下降趋势减弱;提高热处理温度,循环压缩的最大应力回复程度增大,且在120℃时回复情况最佳。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。